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Question

periosteal reaction divergent spiculated | 7

Answer 1

``` Osteosarc mets ewings haemangioma meningioma TB tropical ulcer ```

Answer 2

aggressive bone tumour | osteomyelitis

Answer 3

Trauma insuff/stress # inflammatory neoplastic : malig/benign + #

Answer 4

``` HPOA vascular insufficiency - venous thyroid acropachy Pachydermoperiostitis fluorosis hypervitaminosis A ```

Answer 5

``` mets osteomyelitis reactive/psoriatic NAI osteoporosis osteomalacia bleeding diathesis sickle cell dactylitis ```

Answer 6

``` LUNG: lung carcinoma >60% bronchiectasis lung mets pleural fibroma mesothelioma pulmonary fibrosis sarcoidosis chronic lung infection pulmonary AVM ``` ``` GI: IBS coeliac Whipples polyposis malignancy cirrhosis HB malignancy ``` Cardiac - cyanotic CHD other malignancy: lymphoma, NPC, RCC, phyllodes, thymic ca, melanoma

Answer 7

hypertrophic fracture non union neuropathic arthropathy steroid/cushings ``` Osteogenesis paralysis renal osteodystrophy MM NAI ```

Answer 8

``` corticosteroids alcohol idiopathic - perthes fractures chemotherapy ``` ``` haemoglobinopathies - SCD radiotherapy metabolic/endocrine CTD/CVD Toxins - nsaid, immuno haemopoetic disorders thrombotic/embolic Others : pancreat, burns, amyloid ```

Answer 9

``` normal chronic rotator cuff tear hyperpara RA malignancy lysosomal storage disorder ```

Answer 10

post traumatic post op RA ``` malignancy septic hyperpara cleidocranial dysplasia pyknodysostosis scleroderma gour ```

Answer 11

``` Growth arrest -injury/infection multiple hereditary exostoses Turner :+ lunatotriq coa achondroplasia leri Weill dyschondroseosis ```

Answer 12

lunato-triquetral 1%

Answer 13

``` inflammatory arthritis - JIA/RA pyogenic arthritis chronic TB post traumatic post surgical ```

Answer 14

``` idiopathic post traumatic post infarction turner pseudo and pseudopseudohypo ```

Answer 15

``` scleroderma raynaud psoriatic hyperpara Trauma ``` ``` peripheral neuropathy Other arthritis : FIA,Reactive, multicentric Other skin : dermato, epidermy phenytoin toxicity snake/scorpion venom pyknodysosto - mimic ```

Answer 16

hyperpara PVC cleaners Hadju Cheney

Answer 17

osteomyelitis mets - lung mc ``` enchondroma joint based implant dermoid glomus sarcoid other rare : fd, abc,gct,sbc,brown, lch ```

Answer 18

``` ABC chondroblastoma GCT SBC FD ``` telangiectatic osteosarc any necrotic bone tumour

Answer 19

``` NPC - post LN, mets 20%, petct Lymphoma : NHL Lymphoid hyperplasia : tiger stripe CE Tornwaldt cyst - ML Juvenile angiofibroma minor salivary gland malignancy ```

Answer 20

Tonsil SCC- II/III LN, HPV Palatine tonsil inflamm/abscess Lymphoma : NHL, waldeyers Minor salivary gland malig Crohns : rare

Answer 21

Abscess Bony lesions of mandible Incidental benign conditions : masticator muscle hypertrophy (>1.5cm) incidental small masticator muscles pterygoid venous plexus asymmetry Motor denervation CN VII : acute,SA, chronic Sarcoma Perineural tumour extension : SCC, mela, sarc, NHL, ad cystic parotid Schwannoma V

Answer 22

Pleomorphic adenoma: hypoec, post enh, homogeneous +/- Ca, T2 low rim, myxoid types Warthins : tail, B/L 20%, 6th decade,, smokers, hetero, cystic change, hypervascular, no Ca, mural nodule suggestive, minmal CE Nodal mets Salivary gland carcinomas : mucoepi, adenoid cystic, ill defined, T2 low, perineural sp First branchial cleft cyst

Answer 23

PArotitis Sjogrens : look MALT lym, other glands involved cf HIV Benign lymphoepithelial lesions HIV : reactive adeno Sarcoidosis : mimics sjogrens, no nhl risk, medisat LN Lymphoma : NHL systemic

Answer 24

Carotid body paraganglioma: check Xd :MEN,carney,NF,vHL salt pepper appearnce Vagal Schwannoma : Jugular vein thrombosis : see Lemierre Xd Glomus vagale : 2cm below skull base, ICA ant, IJV post Pseudoaneurysm Neurofibroma

Answer 25

Vertebral body mets Infection Schwannoma check neural foramen Chordoma - rare in CS Plexiform NF

Answer 26

Lymphadenopathy Third branchial cleft cyst : posterolateral to cartoid space Nerve sheath tumour Nodular fasciitis: SC, muscular fascia Thoracic duct cyst - Left SC fossa Venous diverticulum : IJV:SC

Answer 27

Reactive LN Metastatic LN Lypmhoma MNG Ectopic parathyroid adenoma Schwannoma

Answer 28

Abscess Effusion Suppurative adenopathy Longus colli tendonitis:C1-2, calcific pathog Hypopharyngeal SCC

Answer 29

SCC minor salivary gland Ca Radiation mucositis

Answer 30

Ranula Abscess Sublingual gland sialadenitis SL gland carcinoma: mucoep, adenocys, recur late, 90% SL malignant Sialocoele Dermoid : ecto/meso Epidermoid:ectoderm

Answer 31

SMG sialadenitis DivingRanula Pleomorphic adenoma SMG SMG carcinoma Sjogrens Benign lymphoepithelial lesions Accessory salivary tissue Second branchial cleft cyst Kuttner pseudotumour : ch sclerosing sialdenitis, IgG4

Answer 32

Abscess SCC invasion Thyroglossal cyst Dermoid/epidermoid Ectopic thyroid tissue Foregut duplication cyst:bowel layers on USS

Answer 33

Venous malformation:slow flow, phleboliths Venolymphatic malf : lymp > FF levels Infection SCC Lymphatic malformaton:bld fluid levels no CE Plexiform NF

Answer 34

``` SCC VC paralysis LAryngocoele Laryngeal reflux Other tumours : chondrosarc, para, papilloma, melanoma, infla pseudo ``` Wegeners : subglott sten, PNS RA : cricoary, cricothy Amyloidosis : mc supragl ``` OTHERS thyrogloss duct cyst lymphadenopathy parathyroid adenoma 4th branchial cleft cyst : adj or within thyroid Thymic remnant ```

Answer 35

1. MNG 2. Thyroiditis : Autoimmune >Hashimoto : pappl ca, NHL Graves Riedels: Ig4, woody, mimic anaplas Postpartum 5-9% De Quervains : viral URTI, tender painful Suppurative thyroiditis: rare 3. Primary thyroid Carcinoma Papillary : 3-4th decade, fine microca , F>M, ill defined, 50% LN , cystic, I 123 +ve, pertech negative Follicular: 5-6th, late LN, conc pertech, not I 123; resect Medullary: 5%, 3-4th, MEN 2A/B, coarse Ca, raised calcitonin Anaplastic : 1-2%, 6-7th, 5yr 5%, LN/mets common 4. Thyroid adenoma 5> Lymphoma : NHL, Hashimotot RF, 50-70s 6. Thyroid mets: br, rcc, colon,lung 7. Paraganglioma 8. 4th Branchial 9. Parathyroid adenoma mimic

Answer 36

``` Size Shape : round/oval Echogenicity Nodal border Hilum Calcification Necrosis Vascular pattern Other : matting, oedema ST ```

Answer 37

Periapical/radicular cyst : < 1cm, apex of dead tooth Nasopalatine duct cyst: central incisive canal, heart shaped Dentigereous cyst : crown of unerupted tooth, mandible, third molar, uniloc Odontogenic keratocyst : benign, aggresive,recur, post mandible, 3rd molar, gorlin goltz, near crown, solitary, uniloc, keratin signal Ameloblastoma : benign, aggress, 30-50, mandible, third molar, MULTILOCULAR BUBBLY EXPANSILE CE NODULE/SEPTA, No Ca malig 1% Residual cyst : site of extraction SBC : 10-30y, trauma 50%, uniloc, marg scl FFL ABC : <20, ramus, uni multi, FFL, bubbly, honeycomb CE no nodules Primordial cyst : dental follicle without tooth Stafne cyst : mimic , medial cortical defect, fat/SG, post mandible < 2cm

Answer 38

Malignant infiltration by adjacent tumour Myeloma : post mandible Metastases : mand > max Lymphoma Leukaemia EG Ewings : 5-25y Other malignant: odonto, amelo,sarc Giant cell granuloma: benign Ameloblastic fibroma: multiloc or uni, crown of unerupted Odontogenic myxoma : multiloc, sim amelo Nerve sheath tumour Intra osseous AVM : multiloc

Answer 39

unrelated to teeth Osteoma Mets Exostosis/torus Related to teeth Condensing osteitis Odontoma : benign hamartoma, impacted tooth Cementoblastoma : paed/young adults, well def, round,fused to tooth apex

Answer 40

Unrelated to teeth 8 FD: mono 25%, 50% poly; max>mand>rest of skull Osteonecrosis : 6-12 mnths post Rt peak Renal osteodystrophy: floating teeth Osteosarcoma Pagets : max>mand Ossifying fibroma : well def, solitary, expansile,GG; multiple - hyperpara-jaw tumour Xd Osteoblastoma/OO : painful <20yrs Intra osseous haemangioma Related to teeth Osteomyelitis : Garre's scl Cemento osseous dysplasia : benign hamar, afro/asian Pindborg tumour : rare, well def, driven snow appearance of trabecular Ca Adenomatoid odontogenic : rare, well def, lucent, Ca + flakes Ameloblastic fibroodontoma: rare, well def, lucent, dense mass of enamel

Answer 41

Trauma Cocaine necrosis Rhinitis medicamentosa Wegeners : T2 low rel to mucosa, CE ST masses Sarcoidosis Nasal septal abscess Invasive fungal sinusitis Sinonasal SCC Lymphoma Melanoma : 50-90, CE ++

Answer 42

Chronic rhinosinusitis: > 12 wk Acute rhinosinusitis Retention cyst Mucocoele Sinonasal polyposis Solitary sinonasal polyp : antrochoanal MC Allergic fungal sinusitis Mycetoma : T2 low Silent sinus Xd : ch occlusion, retraction, enoph

Answer 43

Osteoma : gardner multiple Inverted papilloma : benign, entrapped bone, tumorous ca, 40-70yrs, midd meatus, focal hyperostosis, cerebriform CE Juvenile angiofibroma Pleomorphic adenoma ; minor SG Nerve sheath tumour

Answer 44

Sinonasal SCC Invasive fungal sinusitis : acute, granulomatous, chronic Olfactory neuroblastoma : peritumoral cyst, dumbell shaped, two peaks, recur later Wegeners Lymphoma Other carcinomas Sarcoidosis Osteosarcoma : 30-50y Chondrosarcoma

Answer 45

``` Haemorrhage Retinal (V)/choridal detachment Orbital pseudotumour Melanoma Endohthalmitis Ocular calcification : Drusen, choroidal osteoma, phthisis Surgical inserts : scleral buckle, silicone oil Staphyloma (acq)/ coloboma ( congenital) : post outpouchings Choroidal haemangioma Lymphoproliferative lesions Ocular mets Sarcoidosis Retinoblastoma ```

Answer 46

ON sheath meningioma : tram track, ca, CE, spares distal end Optic pathway glioma: ca rare Optic neuritis : 15-50, MS 50% Orbital pseudotumour 5. Lymphoproliferative lesions ‘tram-track’ enhancement. 6. Sarcoidosis*— May ‘tram-track’ enhancement

Answer 47

Orbital pseudotumour cavernous haemangioma venous varix : valsalva, intense CE, phelob Lymphoproliferative Sarcoidosis Erdheim chester - T1/T2 low Nerve sheath tumour

Answer 48

Thyroid oph : AI, Graves, IM SLO EOM involvement, > 5mm belly Orbital pseudo:painful, unilat SR/MR/SO, Ig4 Lymphoprolifer Sarcoid Mets Extra ocular myositis Rhabdomyosarcoma <15y

Answer 49

Lymphoproliferative lesions : > 60y, T1/T2 high Orbital pseudotum : lacrimal, Tolosa Hunt Pleomorphic adenoma Malignant lacrimal gland tumour : ad cystic Sarcoidosis Sjogrens Dacrocystocoele

Answer 50

Subperiosteal abscess Mucocoele Sinonasal SCC Mets Dermoid/Epi Sphenoid wing dysplasia: NF1, empty orbit sign FD Pagets Intra osseous meningioma

Answer 51

wax cholesteatoma: no CE Carcinoma : SCC Necrotising OE : elderly,DM,immuno Congenital ear malformations Osteoma : junction Exostosis: ch water exposure Medial canal fibrosis: BL50%, cresc fibrous tissue Keratosis obturans: abnor acc keratin, BL 50%

Answer 52

Chronic OM Acq cholesteatoma : DWI+, T1 low, T2 high, no CE Cholesterol granuloma : ch OM, T1 high, T2 high, no CE Glomus tympanicum : coch promontory paragangl, 40-60 Glomus jugulare : jug foramen, multiple - MEN,NF1, salt pepper appearance MRI Acute otomastoiditis with abscess Dehiscent jugular bulb:sigmoid plate dehis Aberrant ICA : petrous portion Intra osseous meningioma ME Schwannoma: Iry/IIry Perineural spread of tumour VII Endolymphatic sac tumour : spora/vHL

Answer 53

Asymm marrow Trapped fluid : prev otomastoi Petrous apex cephalocoele

Answer 54

Cholesterol granuloma: MC Epidermoid mucocoele CN V scwannoma Petrous ICA aneuryms

Answer 55

Mets : apex MC site Petrous apicitis:Gradenigo Xd Chondrosarcoma Plasmacytoma LCH

Answer 56

Meningioma Pagets FD

Answer 57

METS Pagets FD Myeloma OSteomyelitis LCH: bevelled, button Intracranial inflamm pseudotum(Tolosa) Lymphoma : nasal/PNS, homogen ST mass

Answer 58

Any multifocal Meningioma Chondrosarcoma : synchondroses, often low grade ICA aneurysm Ossifying fibroma Haemangiopericytoma : rare, meninges tumour, CE ++, no Ca/hyperostosis, 30-40y GCT: v rare, 3-4th, sphenoid, T2 low haemosiderin

Answer 59

Skull base lesions not sp for clivus : FD,pagets,mets,lym MM NPC Pituitary macroadenoma Chordoma Chondrosarcoma : paramidline Ecchordosis physaliphora : notochordal, stalk

Answer 60

Glomus jugulare Schwannoma Necrotising OE Skull base lesions non sp

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