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1
Q

Bio-chemical Processes:

A
    • Alcoholic fermentation

2. - Biogas

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2
Q

Types of Thermo-chemical Processes:

A
    • Partial Oxidation

2. - Full Oxidation

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3
Q

Thermo-chemical Processes Full Oxidation:

A

Combustion

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4
Q

Thermo-chemical Processes Partial Oxidation:

A
    • Addition of oxidation agent

2. - Auto-oxidation with oxigen from fuel

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5
Q

Temperature of Bio-chemical Processes

A

Low (20 – 60°C)

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6
Q

Temperature of Thermo-chemical Processes:

A

High (500 – 1100°C)

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7
Q

Reaction-speed of Bio-chemical Processes

A

Slow (days)

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8
Q

Resources of Bio-chemical Processes

A

Liquids / Suspensions

Biodegradable substances

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9
Q

Oxygen demand of Bio-chemical Processes

A

Almost anaerobic

conditions

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10
Q

Products of Bio-chemical Processes

A

New energy carrier

Methane, Ethanol etc.

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11
Q

Reaction-speed of Thermo-chemical Processes:

A

Fast (seconds)

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12
Q

Resources of Thermo-chemical Processes:

A

All aggregats, low water

content

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13
Q

Oxygen demand of Thermo-chemical Processes:

A

Oxidation agent neccessary

air/oxygen, water-steam

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14
Q

Productsof Thermo-chemical Processes:

A

Energy (heat/power) and/or
new energy carrier (coke,
gases)

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15
Q

4 process steps of Biogas-Process

A

Hydrolyses, Acidogeneses,

Acetogeneses, Methanogeneses

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16
Q

Biogas-Process

A

Conversion of strach, sugar, proteins and fats to methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)

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17
Q

Bioethanol-Process

A

Conversion of sugar to ethanol (C2H5OH) and carbon dioxide (CO2)

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18
Q

Bioethanol-Process with the use of starch

A 
encymatic degradation (amylase) is
necessary
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19
Q

Bioethanol-Process with the use of cellulose

A 
chemical degradation (hydrolyses) is
necessary
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20
Q

Thermo-chemical Processes Addition of oxidation agent

A
    • Gasification (air)

2. - Hydrothermal Gasification (water)

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21
Q

Thermo-chemical Processes Auto-oxidation with oxigen from fuel

A

1.- Pyrolyses
2.- Torrefication
3.- Hydrothermal
Carbonisation

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22
Q

Combustion Air demand:

A

λ > 1 (1,3 – 2,5)

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23
Q

Gasification Air demand:

A

0 < λ < 1 (ca. 0,3)

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24
Q

Pyrolyses Air demand:

A

λ = 0

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25
Torrefication Air demand:
λ = 0
26
Hydrothermal Carbonisation (HTC) Air demand:
λ = 0
27
Combustion Oxidation agent:
Air
28
Gasification Oxidation agent:
Air / Oxygen / water steam
29
Pyrolyses Oxidation agent:
Oxygen from the fuel, no additional agent
30
Torrefication Oxidation agent:
Oxygen from the fuel, no additional agent
31
Hydrothermal Carbonisation (HTC) Oxidation agent:
Oxygen from the fuel, no additional agent
32
Combustion Temperature:
800 – 1.300 °C (exothermic)
33
Gasification Temperature:
700 – 900 °C (endothermic)
34
Pyrolyses Temperature:
450 – 600 °C (endothermic)
35
Torrefication Temperature:
250 – 300°C (endothermic)
36
Hydrothermal Carbonisation (HTC) Temperature:
250 – 300°C (exothermic)
37
Combustion Fuels:
Solid, liquid, gaseous (fossil fuels, biomass)
38
Gasification Fuels:
Solid fuels (coal, wood)
39
Pyrolyses Fuels:
Oxygen containing solid fuels with low water | content (mainly residues or waste)
40
Torrefication Fuels:
Oxygen containing solid fuels with low water | content (mainly biomass)
41
Hydrothermal Carbonisation (HTC) Fuels:
Wet biomass
42
Combustion Main Products:
Hot exhaust air (CO2, water steam)
43
Gasification Main Products:
Producer gas (H2, CO, CO2, CH4)
44
Pyrolyses Main Products:
Pyrolyses gas, oil, coke
45
Torrefication Main Products:
Torrefied biomass
46
Hydrothermal Carbonisation (HTC) Main Products:
HTC-coal
47
Combustion Side Products:
Ash
48
Gasification Side Products:
Coke (ash), condensate
49
Pyrolyses Side Products:
Condensate
50
Torrefication Side Products:
Condensate, lean gas
51
Hydrothermal Carbonisation (HTC) Side Products:
Off-gas, waste water
52
Combustion Technologies:
Combustion furnace (grate firing, fluidised bed)
53
Gasification Technologies:
Gasification reactors (fixed bed, fluidised bed)
54
Pyrolyses Technologies:
Pyrolyses reaktor (fluidised bed, rotary kiln)
55
Torrefication Technologies:
Torrefication reactors (mainly fluidized bed)
56
Hydrothermal Carbonisation (HTC) Technologies:
pressure reactors (up to 50 bar, „wet coking“)
57
natural (e.g. mineral oil, biomass) or refined (e.g. coke, gasoline) solid, liquid or gaseous organic materials, used for the production of useful energy.
Fuels
58
energy form found in nature that has not been subjected to any conversion or transformation process (e.g. sunlight, chemical energy of fuels)
Primary energy
59
Primary energy sources which are transformed in | energy conversion processes to more convenient forms of energy (e.g. gasoline, power)
Secondary energy
60
form of energy after the last conversion step for the | satisfaction of end user‘s needs (e.g. mobility, room heating, cooking etc.)
Useful energy
61
Energy units
* 1 kWh (kilowatt hour) = 3,6 * 106 J * 1 btu (british thermal unit) = 1,06 * 103 J * 1 toe (ton of oil equivalent) = 41,87 * 109 J * 1 boe (barrel of oil equivalent) = 6,3 * 109 J * 1 tce (ton of coal equivalent) = 29,31 * 109 J
62
Chemical composition Carbon
Heating value, air demand
63
Chemical composition Hydrogen
Heating value, air demand, dew point
64
Chemical composition Oxygen
Heating value, air demand
65
Chemical composition Nitrogen
NOx-, N2O- emissions
66
Chemical composition Sulfur
SOx-emissions, corrosion
67
Chemical composition Chlorine
High temperature corrosion, dioxin formation
68
Chemical composition Mineral substances
Ash content, dust emissions
69
Chemical composition Heavy metals
Ash quality, catalytical support of dioxin formation
70
Coals:
Coals are formed mainly from plant biomass (lignin, celluloses, hemi-celluloses) During the coalification process, the oxygen from the biomass is used for the formation of mine gases (CH4, CO2). Carbon-rich solid substances are resulting as a residue.
71
Coalification process:
* Peat: approx. 10.000 years * Lignite: 2 – 65 mio years * Hard coal: 250 – 350 mio years
72
Types of Coals:
1. - Wood 2. - Peat 3. - Lignite 4. - Hard Coal 5. - Anthracite
73
Wood:
Carbon (% m/m): 45 Hydrogen (% m/m): 6 Volatiles (% m/m): 80 Calorific value(MJ/kg): 18-19
74
Peat:
Carbon (% m/m): 58 Hydrogen (% m/m): 5.5 Volatiles (% m/m): 75 Calorific value(MJ/kg): 18-23
75
Lignite:
Carbon (% m/m): 60-75 Hydrogen (% m/m): 5-6 Volatiles (% m/m): 45-70 Calorific value(MJ/kg): 20-25
76
Hard Coal:
Carbon (% m/m): 70-90 Hydrogen (% m/m): 4-5 Volatiles (% m/m): 10-45 Calorific value(MJ/kg): 29-34
77
Anthracite:
Carbon (% m/m): > 94 Hydrogen (% m/m): 2-3 Volatiles (% m/m): 6-10 Calorific value(MJ/kg): 30-32
78
Crude oil:
• Crude oil is formed mainly from marine biomass (algae). Main molecules are easy degradable hydrocarbons (e.g. agarose), proteins and fatty acids • The sedimented biomass is converted under the influence of pressure and temperature to crude oil (60 - 120°C) and natural gas (170 – 200°C)
79
4 main groups of hydrocarbons in Oil:
* alkanes (paraffines) * alkenes (olefines) * cycloalkanes * arenes
80
Composition of dewatered crude oil:
* Carbon: 85 – 90 % * Hydrogen: 10 – 14 % * Sulfur: 0,2 – 3,0 % (max. 7) * Nitrogen: 0,1 – 0,5 % (max. 2) * Oxygen: 0,0 – 1,5 %
81
The most important distillation fractions of oil are:
* Gases (stripping) * Light naphta (32 – 88°C) * Heavy naphta (88 – 193°C) * Kerosine (193 – 271°C) * Gasoils (271 – 566°C, vacuum distillation) * Vacuum residuum (>566°C)
82
Crude oil products
Naphta Kerosine Diesel Heavy Oil
83
Naphta
Density [kg/l]: 0,72 – 0,78 Boiling range [°C]: 25 - 210 Calorific value [MJ/kg]: 40 – 42
84
Kerosine
Density [kg/l]: 0,75 – 0,85 Boiling range [°C]: 25 - 210 Calorific value [MJ/kg]: 42 – 44
85
Diesel / fuel oil
Density [kg/l]: 0,82 – 0,86 Boiling range [°C]: 170 – 390 Calorific value [MJ/kg]: 43 – 45
86
Heavy oil
Density [kg/l]: 0,95 – 1,05 Boiling range [°C]: > 300 Calorific value [MJ/kg]: 39 – 41
87
Natural gas
``` Methane: 40 – 99 % • Ethane: up to 20 % • Propane: up to 12 % • Butane: up to 8 % • Pentane: up to 7 % • CO2: up to 18 % • H2S: up to 30 % ```
88
Processing of natural gas
* Drying (absorption/adsorption) * De-sulfurisation and CO2-separation (absorption) * Oil separation (condensation) * Conditioning (mixing of different gas qualities)
89
Molecular components of wood
Cellulose Hemicellulose Lignin
90
Cellulose
``` • Linear polysaccharides • Monomer: D-Glucose (resp. Cellubiose as disaccharide) • Chemical formula: (C6H12O6)n • n = 500 – 10.000 • C:H:O ratio = 1:2:1 • Main function in the plant: absorption of tractive forces • Share in wood: 50 – 60 % • Share in straw: 35 – 40 % ```
91
Hemicellulose
``` • Highly branched polysaccharides • Monomere: mainly pentoses • Chemical formula (xylose): (C5H10O5)n • n = 200 • C:H:O ratio = 1:2:1 • Main function in the plant: intercellular cement • Share in wood: 7 – 12 % • Share in straw: 20 – 25 % ```
92
Lignin
``` • Highly branched polymers • Monomer: aromatic alcohols • Chemical formula (Ø): C10H12O3 • n = 500 – 10.000 • C:H:O ratio = 1 : 1,2 : 0,3 • Main function in the plant: absorption of compression forces • Share in wood: 27 – 32 % • Share in straw: 18 – 25 % ```
93
Solid cubic meter
* Solid wood mass | * Common unit in timber industry
94
Cubic meter
• Stacked wood (with spaces) • Common unit for firewood 1.3 m^3
95
Loose cubic meter
• Bulked wood • Common unit for wood chips 2 – 3 m³
96
Starch
* Polysaccharides * Monomer: D-Glucose * Chemical formula: (C6H12O6)n * 20-30% amylose * Linear chains, helix form * n = 400 – 1.400 * 70-80% amylopectin * Highly branched, cluster form * n = 1.600 – 6.200
97
Triglycerides
* Ester of clycerin with 3 fatty acids * Fatty acids are satured or nonsaturated * Chain length: 6 – 24 C
98
Important fatty acids in vegetable oils:
* Palmitic acid (C16) * Stearic acid (C18) * Oleic acid (C18:1) * Linoleic acid (C18:2)
99
Hydrolysis
cracking of macromolecules
100
Acidogenesis
fermentation of monomers
101
Acetogenesis
formation of methanogenic substances
102
Methanogenesis
formation of biogas
103
• Significant parameters for biogas formation:
* temperature * pH-value * concentration of organic matter (substrate inhibition) * concentration of organic acids * efficient degassing (product inhibition)
104
Biogas – Influence of the temperature
• mesophilic modus (30 – 44°C) • thermophilic operation (55 – 65°C) but: • thermophilic microorganisms are more sensitive (especially to ammonia), therefore the operation is not that reliable and need more effort on process control • an advantage of thermophilic operation is the inactivation of pathogen microorganisms (e.g. salmonellae) • psychrophilic operation (<30°C) is not relevant

Biomass (2 decks)

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