ALL Flashcards
(151 cards)
1
Q
What are the levels of information sensitivity at the EU?
A
- Unclassified: Information which could be or has been made public. Authorisation should still be sought to release to the public
- EUCI: So sensitive that it could cause damage to the EU or MS if disclosed to an unauthorised person.
2
Q
What are the classifications of EUCI?
A
Highest to lowest:
- EU Top Secret [EU-TS] / Tres Secret UE [TS-UE]
- EU Secret [EU-S] / Secret UE [S-UE]
- EU Confidential [EU-C] / Confidentiel UE [C-UE]
- EU Restricted [EU-R] / Restreint UE [R-UE]
3
Q
What are the characteristics of EU-TS?
A
- Could cause exceptionally grave prejudice to the essential interests of the EU/MS
- Unauthorised disclosure could:
- Threaten directly the internal stability of the EU, MS, third party.
- Cause exceptionally grave damage to relations with third state/IO
- Lead DIRECTLY to widespread loss of life
- Cause exceptionally grave damage to the operational effectiveness or security of MS’ or other contributors’ deployed personnel, or to the continuing effectiveness of extremely valuable security or intelligence operations.
- Cause severe long-term damage to the EU/MS’ economy.
4
Q
What are the characteristics of EU-S
A
Could Seriously Harm the essential interests of the EU/MS
Unauthorised disclosure could:
- Raise international tensions.
- Seriously damage damage relations with third state/IO
- Threaten Life Directly or seriously prejudice public order or individual security or liberty.
- Cause serious damage to the operational effectiveness or security of MS’ or other contributors’ deployed personnel, or to the continuing effectiveness of highly valuable security or intelligence operations.
- Cause substantial material damage to the EU/MS financial, monetary, commercial, or economic interetss.
5
Q
What are the characteristics of EU-C?
A
Could Harm the essential interests of the EU/MS
Unauthorised disclosure could:
- Materially damage diplomatic relations, cause formal protests, sanctions
- Prejudice individual security or liberty
- Cause damage to the operational effectiveness or security of MS’ or other contributors’ deployed personnel, or to the continuing effectiveness of valuable security or intelligence operations.
- Substantially undermine the financial viability of major organisations
- Impede the investigation or facilitate the commission of serious crimes
- Work substantially against EU or MS financial, monetary, commercial, or economic interests
- Seriously impede the development or operations of major EU policies
- Shut down or otherwise disrupt significant EU activities
6
Q
What are the characteristics of EU-R?
A
Could be disadvantageous to the interests of the EU/MS
Unauthorised disclosure could:
- Adversely affect diplomatic relations
- Cause substantial distress for individuals
- Make it more difficult to maintain operational effectiveness or security of MS’ or other contributors’ deployed personnel.
- Cause financial loss or facilitate improper gain or advantage for individuals or companies
- Breach undertakings to maintain the confidence of information provided by third parties
- Breach statutory restrictions on disclosure of information
- Prejudice the investigation or facilitate the commission of crime
- Disadvantage EU/MS in commercial or policy negotiation
- Impede effective development or operations of EU policy
- Undermine management of EU and its missions
- Substantially undermine the financial viability of major organisations
- Impede the investigation or facilitate the commission of serious crimes
- Work substantially against EU or MS financial, monetary, commercial, or economic interests
- Seriously impede the development or operations of major EU policies
- Shut down or otherwise disrupt significant EU activities
7
Q
What is a Myth?
A
It is complex to define a myth and definitions have changed.
Walter Burket defined myths as:
“Traditional tales told with secondary partial reference to something of collective importance”, told by someone for some reason.
8
Q
What did Xenophanes of Colophon think of myths?
A
Xenophanes of Colophon gave us the idea that culture constructs myth.
He said that if lions could draw their gods would be lion, if cows could draw their gods would be cows, etc.
9
Q
What is Metrodorus’ definition of myths?
A
Metrodorus though that myths were Allegories with deep meanings expressed through symbolism.
10
Q
What was Euhemerus’ idea of myths?
A
Euhemerus thought that myths were true stories exaggerated through time, but based on historical characters.
11
Q
Describe Eris?
A
- Eris was the Greek goddess of chaos, strife and discord.
- Roman name: Discordia
- Daughter of Zeus and Hera;
- Her opposite was Harmonia.
- Caused the Trojan War by throwing the Apple of Discord
12
Q
Who was Helen in the Iliad?
A
Helen was the wife of Menelaus who was taken by Paris [Spn of the Trojan King Priam].
Paris takes Helen [See Apple of Discord], and causes the Trojan War.
Helen is known as “The face that launched a thousand ships”
13
Q
What is a Nostoi?
A
Nostoi means ‘Returns’ in Greek, and is an epic of ancient Greek literature about returning home. One of them is The Odyssey . The other Nostoi was lost.
14
Q
What was Plato’s idea of myths?
A
Plato had a complex view and thought some myths were harmful and impious.
According to Plato, myths have the power to construct Culture.
15
Q
Who saw myths as primitive stories told to explain nature [a sort of protoScience]?
A
Bernard de Fontenelle advanced that myths were primitive attempt to explain nature based on fear.
16
Q
Who gave us the modern meaning of myth?
A
It was Christian Gottlob Heyne who gave us our current understanding of ‘myth’ and ‘mythology’.
Heyne saw myths as a genre to express awe = fear + wonder.
17
Q
What did the Greeks steal from Troy?
A
The Greeks stole the Palladium, a tiny statue of Athena, which was believed to protect Troy from being invaded.
Image of Odysseus stealing the Palladium.
18
Q
What is the format of Homer’s The Iliad and The Odyssey?
A
Homer used several dialects and wrote in Dactyl Hexameter, meaning six feet made of Dactyls.
A Dactyl is one long and two short syllables [image].
A Dactyl can be replaced by a Spondee: two longs
19
Q
Describe HELIOS:
A
Sun God
- Roman Name: Sol
- Brother of goddesses Selene (the Moon) and Eos (the Dawn)
- Symbols: chariot, horses, aureole
- All-seeing god
20
Q
Describe HEPHAESTUS
A
God of Blacksmith
- Roman name is VULCAN
- God of: fire, metalworking, stone masonry, forges, and the art of sculpture
- Symbols: Hammer, Anvil, and Thongs [and volcanos}
- Very ugly but married to Aphrodite Forged Helios’ chariot and Hermes’ sandals
21
Q
Describe PAN:
A
God of Shepherds, Flocks and Rustic Music
- Roman name: Faunus
- Has legs and horns of a goat
- Son of Zeus and a nymph Associated with theatrical criticism
22
Q
Describe EROS:
A
- God of: Lust, Beauty, and Love
- Roman name: Cupid
- Son of Aphrodite and Ares
- Embodiment of erotic love Has wings
23
Q
Describe ARES:
A
- God of: War
- Roman name: Mars
- Violent god, wore shield and helmet
- Son of Zeus and Era
24
Q
Describe HADES:
A
- God of: Death and the Underworld
- Roman name: Pluto
- Brother of Zeus and Poseidon
- Married to Persephone
- Wields the Helmet of Darkness which grants invisibility
- Three-headed dog Cerberus
25
Describe **PERSEPHONE:**
* Goddess of: Spring and Fertility
* Roman name: Proserpina
* Queen of the Underworld (abducted by Hades) Daughter of Zeus and Demeter
26
Describe **ERA**:
* Goddess of: Women and Marriage
* Roman Name: **Juno**
* Wife of Zeus, mother of gods
27
Describe **ARTEMIS**:
* Goddess of: Hunting, Virginity, and the Moon
* Roman Name: **Diana**
* Twin sister of Apollo; had a bow and arrow
* Took a vow of chastity, hunts with hounds and chariot
28
Describe **ZEUS:**
* God of: Sky and Thunder
* Roman name: **Jupiter**
* Ruler of Olympia, married to Hera Brother of Hades, Poseidon, Hera, Hestia and Demeter
29
Describe **HERMES**:
* God of: Messaging and Travel
* Roman Name: **Mercury**
* Messenger of the gods
* Symbols: winged cap and winged sandals
30
Describe **ATHENA**:
* Goddess of: Wisdom, Peace, and Strategy
* Roman name: **MINERVA**
* Daughter of Zeus
* Symbols: an Owl, Shield, Helmet, and Lance
31
Describe **APOLLO**:
* God of: Archery, Music and dance, Truth and prophecy, Healing and diseases, the Sun and sunlight, Poetry, and more
* Roman name: **PHOEBUS** or Apollo
* Holds a Bow and Arrow
* Twin sister is Artemis
32
Describe **APHRODITE**:
* Goddess of: Love and Beauty
* Roman name: **VENUS**
33
Describe **HESTIA**:
* Goddess of: Family, Hearth, and Architecture
* Roman name: **VESTA**
34
Describe **NIKE**:
* Goddess of: Victory
* Roman name: **VICTORIA**
* Symbols: Wears wings to show that victory is fleeting
35
Describe **POSEIDON**:
* God of: the Sea and Earthquakes
* Roman name: **NEPTUNE**
* Brother of Zeus, Hades, Hera
* Symbols: Trident, fish, dolphin, horse, bull
36
Describe **DIONYSUS**:
* God of: Wine, fertility, festivity, insanity, and Ecstasy
* Roman name: **BACCHUS**
* Effeminate god
* Symbols: Thyrsus, grapevine, masks, and chalice
37
What is a **Myth**?
It is complex to define a myth and definitions have changed.
Walter Burket defined myths as:
"*Traditional tales told with secondary partial reference to something of collective importance", told by someone for some reason.*
38
What was **Plato**'s idea of myths?
Plato had a complex view and thought some myths were harmful and impious.
According to Plato, myths have the power to construct Culture.
39
What did **Xenophanes of Colophon** think of myths?
Xenophanes of Colophon gave us the idea that _culture constructs myth_.
He said that if lions could draw their gods would be lion, if cows could draw their gods would be cows, etc.
40
What is **Metrodorus**' definition of myths?
Metrodorus though that myths were **Allegories** with deep meanings expressed through symbolism.
41
What was **Euhemerus**' idea of myths?
Euhemerus thought that myths were **true stories exaggerated through time**, but based on historical characters.
42
Who saw myths as primitive stories told to explain nature [a sort of protoScience]?
**Bernard de Fontenelle** advanced that myths were primitive attempt to explain nature based on fear.
43
Who gave us the modern meaning of myth?
It was **Christian Gottlob Heyne** who gave us our current understanding of 'myth' and 'mythology'.
Heyne saw myths as a genre to express awe = fear + wonder.
44
Describe **Eris**?
* Eris was the Greek goddess of **chaos, strife and discord**.
* Roman name: **Discordia**
* Daughter of Zeus and Hera;
* Her opposite was Harmonia.
* Caused the _Trojan War_ by throwing the Apple of Discord
45
Who was **Helen** in the *Iliad*?
Helen was the wife of _Menelaus_ who was taken by **Paris** [Spn of the Trojan King Priam].
Paris takes Helen [See Apple of Discord], and causes the Trojan War.
Helen is known as "*The face that launched a thousand ships"*
46
What did the Greeks steal from Troy?
The Greeks stole the **Palladium**, a tiny statue of Athena, which was believed to protect Troy from being invaded.
Image of Odysseus stealing the Palladium.
47
What is a **Nostoi**?
Nostoi means 'Returns' in Greek, and is an epic of ancient Greek literature about returning home. One of them is The Odyssey . The other Nostoi was lost.
48
What is the format of Homer's The Iliad and The Odyssey?
Homer used several dialects and wrote in **Dactyl Hexameter**, meaning six feet made of _Dactyls_.
A Dactyl is one long and two short syllables [image].
A Dactyl can be replaced by a **Spondee**: two longs
49
50
What is **Dukkha**?
Translated as "**Suffering**"
It is one of the three buddhist marks of existence:
1. Anicca (impermanence)
2. Dukkha (suffering)
3. Anatta (non-selfhood)
Originally it has a broader meaning of anxiety, disturbance or turbulence.
51
What are the 5 books of the Jewish Torah
1. **Genesis**
2. **Exodus**
3. **Leviticus**
4. **Numbers**
5. **Deuteronomy**
5 books in common with the Bible's Old Testament
52
What does "**Christ**" mean?
Christ comes from "Christos", the ancient Greek word for "**Messiah**" or "annoited one". It is a title and not a name!
53
When was Christianity founded?
Around **33 A.D. in Palestine**, not long after the crucifixion of Jesus of Nazareth.
54
How many Christians are there in the world?
Aproximately **2 billion**, making Christianity the world's most popular religion.
55
What is the Old Testament?
* Nearly Identical to the Torah
* Narrates history beginning with the creation of the world.
56
What is the New Testament?
The second section of the Bible consisting of **27 Books.**
* Begins with the 4 Gospels
* The Pauline Epistles
* Revelation of John
57
What are Hinduism's 3 most important texts?
1. **The Vedas**
2. **The Mahabharata**
3. **The Ramayana**
58
Is Hinduism polytheistic? why?
**No.**
Hinduism asserts a single Supreme Being called Brahman, but it does incorporate the worship of several **gods that represent Brahman's different aspects**.
59
How Many Hindus are there in the world?
Around **1 Billion**
60
When did Hinduism Begin?
Its roots stretch back as fas as **2000 B.C.**
* It was codified in the Vedic texts beginnin around 1500BC
* Hinduism is unique among major religion in that it has no single founder.
61
What are the Vedas?
The **most important Hindu text**
* Essentially completed by 1200 B.C.
* Four collections of verses:
- Rig Veda
- Sama Veda
- Yajur Veda
- Atharva Veda
62
What three aspects of the Supreme Being (Brahman) make up the **Trimurti**, the central trinity of Hinduism?
1. **Brahma** (the Creator)
2. **Vishnu** (the Preserver)
3. **Shiva** (the Destroyer)
63
Around when and where was Buddhism founded?
Around **500 B.C.** in India
64
According to Hinduism, what are the 4 purposes or aims in life?
1. **Dharma** - duty (generally meaning vocation)
2. **Artha** - wealth (pursuit of worldly success)
3. **Kama** - physical pleasure
4. **Moksha** - the mot important: enlightenment, liberation, union with god.
65
In what countries is Buddhism most prevalent today?
* China
* Taiwan
* Mongolia
* Tibet
* Burma
* Cambodia
* Laos
* Thailand
* Japan
* Vietnam
* Korea
Oddly enough
66
Who was the founder of Buddhism?
**Siddharta Gautama**, a prince born in the **6th Century B.C.**, in what is now Nepal
* Regarded as the supreme being
* "Buddha" signifies enlightened one or awakened one.
67
How many Buddhists in the world today?
an estimate of **1 Billion** but it is hard to know due to supression in many countries.
68
What 4 sights did Buddha see that caused him to follow a spiritual path?
1. **An old man**
2. **a sick man**
3. **a dead man**
4. **an ascetic holy man**
69
Where did Buddha achieve enlightenment?
**Under the Bodhi Tree in Bodh Gaya**, India, still a major pilgrimage sight for Buddhists today.
70
What is Anicca?
**Impermanence**, one of the 3 Buddhist marks of existence.
It does not mean all things cease to exist, it means that all things must eventually change forms.
71
What is Anatta?
**Non-Selfhood**, one of the three Buddhist marks of existence. There is no "I" or permanent self.
72
What is the literal meaning of Islam?
It derives from "**Salam**" which means '**peace**' or 'surrender'
73
How many Msulims are there in the world?
Around **1.5 Billion**, making it the second largest religion.
74
Who is the founding prophet of Islam?
**Muhammad** who was born in Mecca (Saudi Arabia) around **570 A.D.**
75
What are the major differences between Sunni and Shia Muslims?
* Major **controversy is around the successor of Muhammad**.
* **Sunnis believe that a Caliph** should be elected by the community
* Shi'ites assert that only Allah himself can choose a leader, and that Muhammad's only rightful successor are his descendants.
* They also have different sets of hadith
76
What pecentage of Muslims are Sunnis?
**80-90% of Muslims are Sunni**
77
What is the literal meaning of Allah?
**The God** (specifically, not 'a god')
78
What is the Qur'an?
The central text of Islam
* Literally meaning 'recitations'
* Revealed to Muhammad over the course of 23 years by the voice of the archangel Gabriel
79
What is a Hadith?
A report regarding the statements or actions of Muhammad
* They are not the words of God like the Quran, but they are regarded as sources of Muslim moral guidance and commentary on religious law.
* Sunnis and Shi'its disagree on which Hadith are authentic.
80
What are the 5 pillars of Islam?
1. Profession of the **Shahadah**: "there is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is his prophet"
2. Canonical prayer, **Salah**: Muslims must pray facing Mecca 5 times a day.
3. Alms-giving, **Zakat**: giving a portion of one's earnings to the poor.
4. Fasting, **Sawm**, during the month of Ramadan.
5. Pilgrimage, **Hajj**, to Mecca once in a lifetime.
81
How any Jews are there in the world?
about **14 Million** and they live principally in Israel, USA, and Europe.
82
What are some of the sacred texts of Judaism?
1. **Tanakh** (contains the Torah, Nevi'im, and Ketuvim)
2. **Talmud**
3. **Midrash**
83
Which major modern Muslim countries are Shia?
They are the majority of the population in **Iran, Iraq, Azerbaijan, and Barain.**
84
Summarise the Islamic belief regarding Abraham and his sons
* Abraham had a son named Ishmael from his second wife, Hagar
* Abraham's first wife Sarah, then bore him a son named Isaac and she forced Abraham to banish Ishmael and Hagar.
* Ishmael went to the place that became Mecca and descandants of Ishmael became Muslims, while descandants of Isaac became Jews.
85
Explain Islamic views on Jesus Christ:
1. Muslims believe that Jesus Christ was a true prophet and accept his virgin birth.
2. But! they believe that his message was incomplete and became corrupted over time, thus, the Qur'an is God's complete message.
86
Summarise Muslim views on the afterlife:
* Bodies remain in the grave until Allah returns on Judgment day.
* If they are deemed worthy or died in the service of Allah they will go immediately to paradise.
* Unworthy or enemies of Islam will suffer eternal hell.
87
What is Sufism?
It is a mystical approach to Islam
* Emphasis on the love between God and man
* Famous for verses and spinning for meditation.
88
What is Ramadan and Eid al-Fitr?
1. Ramadan is a holy month during which Muslims do not eat or drink between sunrise and sunset. It is determined by a lunar calendar which sets it back about 11 days every year.
2. Eid al-Fitr is a three-day celebration of the end of Ramadan
89
What are the Muslim 6 Articles of Faith?
1. Belief in Allah
2. Belief in his Angels
3. Belief in his Books
4. Belief in all messengers sent by Allah
5. Belief in Judgment day and the afterlife
6. Belief in Destiny/fate \*this 6th is rejected by Shia Muslims.
90
What is the Hijra?
The migration of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina in 622 A.D.
It marks the beginning of the Muslim calendar
91
Quel est le masculin de Nymphomane ?
Il faut dire d'un homme qu'il est **satyriasique**. Dans les 2 cas, les expressions trouvent leur origine dans la mythologie : les nymphes sont des divinités féminines de la nature, alors que les satyres sont des créatures représentant la force de la nature au comportement brutal et portées sur le sexe.
92
D'ou vient le mot Gendarme?
Tout simplement de "gens d'armes"
[http://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/nom-commun-nom/gendarme/54938](http://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/nom-commun-nom/gendarme/54938)
93
Who was **Tsutomu Yamaguchi**?
Tsutomu Yamaguchi [山口 彊, Yamaguchi Tsutomu] (16 March 1916 – 4 January 2010) was a Japanese marine engineer and only official survivor of both the Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bombings . He was from Nagasaki but on business in Hiroshima on 6 August 1945, and was severely burnt, he returned home to Nagasaki the following day, and was bombarded again on 9 August 1945.
## Footnote
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsutomu\_Yamaguchi
94
Qu'est-ce que paraskévidekatriaphobe ?
La Paraskévidekatriaphobie est le nom de la pathologie dont souffrent les personnes ayant peur des Vendredi 13.
[http://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/paraskevid%C3%A9katriaphobie](http://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/paraskevid%C3%A9katriaphobie)
95
Pourquoi est-il impoli de couper la salade?
Parmi les règles de savoir vivre, on dit qu'il est impoli lorsque l'on est invité de couper la salade dans son assiette. **Cela vient de l'époque où les couteaux n'étaient pas inoxydables, et la vinaigrette les noircissait.** La cuisinière devait donc la couper avant de la servir, et la recouper dans son assiette signifiait donc qu'elle avait été mal coupée.
96
Qu'est-ce que le syndrome Witzelsucht?
Le syndrome Witzelsucht entraine chez la personne qui en souffre une nécessité de faire des blagues "vaseuses" à longueur de journée sans percevoir l'agacement de son entourage. Les personnes atteintes de cette pathologie deviennent aussi insensibles a toute autre forme d'humour. Elle serait due à un accident cérébral.
Un autres des symptômes gênant de cette pathologie est une hypersexualité.
97
Pour quoi est-ce que Alfred Nobel a refuser de fair un prix Nobel de mathematique?
il voulait simplement que les prix Nobel **récompensent les sciences ayant "rendu service" à l'humanité**, ne considérant pas les mathématiques comme telles.
98
A quoi sert la petite poche dans la poche des jeans ?
Si vous portez des jeans, vous vous êtes peut-être demandé à quoi sert la petite poche à l’intérieur de la poche de droite. Cette poche permettait autrefois d’y glisser une montre de poche, ce qui lui a donné son nom de « poche à gousset ». La tradition est restée chez les fabricants.
99
D'ou vient le mot "Geek"?
Bien loin de son sens actuel, le terme "geek" trouve son origine dans l'ancien allemand : le mot "Geck" désignait alors un fou en marge du monde. L'orthographe actuelle est apparue en Amérique du Nord au XIXème siècle pour désigner les monstres de foire difformes que présentaient les cirques.
Il a naturellement fallu attendre les années 60 et le développement de l'informatique pour que ce mot soit associé aux férus de mathématiques et de technologie.
100
Qui n'a pas ratifier la Convention Internationale relative aux droits des enfants?
La Convention Internationale relative aux droits des enfants est un traité qui a été ratifié par la totalité des pays au monde, sauf 3 : le Soudan du Sud qui n'existait pas encore, la Somalie qui n'avait pas de gouvernement reconnu et plus étonnant, les États Unis, qui l'ont signé mais ne l'ont jamais ratifié, car elle interdit la peine de mort ou l'emprisonnement à vie pour les moins de 18 ans ce qui serait contraire à la Constitution.
En pratique, la peine de mort n'est plus appliquée aux Etats-Unis pour les moins de 18 ans depuis une décision de la Cour Suprême. Barack Obama a reconnu que l'absence de ratification est embarrassante et a promis de se pencher sur la question. La France, quant à elle, a fait des réserves sur un article relatif aux minorités culturelles.
101
Pourquoi est-ce que nos oreilles ne sont pas egales?
Vos deux oreilles n'entendent pas les sons de la même manière : l'oreille gauche serait plus efficace pour l'écoute de la parole, tandis que l'oreille droite serait plus sensible à la musique et aux chansons selon une étude de l'université de Californie. Cela expliquerait pourquoi les enfants sourds de l'oreille droite ont moins de difficultés d'apprentissage que ceux sourds de l'oreille gauche.
## Footnote
**Parlez à l'oreille gauche, chantez à l'oreille droite**
102
According to Oscar Wilde, what is a cynic?
_A man who knows the price of everything and the value of nothing_.
And a sentimentalist, my dear Darlington, is a man who sees an absurd value in everything, and doesn't know the market place of any single thing
103
According to Churchill, what is Capitalism/Socialism?
"The inherent vice of capitalism is the unequal sharing of blessings. The inherent virtue of Socialism is the equal sharing of miseries." 1945
104
According to Churchill, what is a fanatic?
"A fanatic is one who cannot change his mind and won't change the subject."
105
## Footnote
**Which is the deepest Lake on Earth?**
**Lake Baikal in Siberia** (South Russia) is the deepest lake in the world and the oldest with **25 Million years.** It means Natural Lake
106
Who won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1953?
**Winston Churchill** for his book "*The second World War"* describing events between 1918 and 1945.
107
Which planet rotates horinzontally?
All planets in the Solar System rotate vertically (kind of) except for **Uranus** which **rotates horizontally**. This is not natural and a theory says it might have been hit by a large object.
108
What is peculiar about *The Creation of Adam*?
The famous fresco *The Creation of Adam* painted by Michelangelo in 1512 inside the Sistine Chapel **includes an anatomically accurate representation of a brain** according to some theories.
109
Where does the name *Kir Royal* come from?
Auparavant appelé « blanc-cassis », le Kir royal (creme de cassis + champagne) tire son nom du **député et maire de Dijon, Félix Kir**. Il popularisa la boisson et autorisa les marques commerciales à utiliser son nom en **1952**. Mais c'est la première société à qui le député autorisa d'utiliser son nom, Lejay-Lagoute, qui est encore de nos jours la seule à pouvoir utiliser les marques "Un Kir" et "Kir Royal" sur ses bouteilles, suite à une longue bataille juridique.
Le député Kir, par ailleurs chanoine, est **également le dernier député à avoir siégé en soutane à l'assemblée.**
110
What is the **Dunning-Kruger effect**?
The Dunning-Kruger effect, coined by the psychologists David Dunning and Justin Kruger in 1999, is a cognitive bias in which poor performers greatly overestimate their abilities. Underperforming individuals who lack self-awareness and have low metacognition “reach erroneous conclusions and make unfortunate choices, but their incompetence robs them of the ability to realize it”. This incompetence, in turn, leads them to “hold inflated views of their performance and ability”.
111
**What is the difference between Ethics and Morals?**
There is no clear-cut difference but Ethics and morals relate to “right” and “wrong” conduct. They are sometimes used interchangeably but generally ethics refer to rules provided by an external source [e.g., codes of conduct in workplaces or principles in religions]. Morals refer to an individual’s own principles regarding right and wrong.
* Ethics has to do with social standards; morality is about personal beliefs.
* Ethics comes from secular institutions, whereas morality is a religious phenomenon.
* Ethical judgments are absolute and objective; moral judgments are relative and subjective.
112
**What is Epistemology??**
Epistemology is the _theory of knowledge_, especially with regard to its methods, validity, and scope, and the distinction between justified belief and opinion. How do we acquire knowledge and what knowledge is there to know.
113
**Generally speaking, what are the 4 forms of 'Good'?**
Generally speaking we have:
* **Hedonism** [sensationlist and materialistic]
* **Desire Theory** [Satisfaction]
* **Perfectionism** [the most excellent state]
* **Intuition** ["gut feeling" belief]
114
**What is a (private) Reflective consideration?**
**What is Reflective Equilibrium?**
Having considered a belief with the whole of one's beliefs and **considering if my beliefs are consistent among them**.
It follows with Reflective Equilibrium whic means **reflecting on whether my particular beliefs are coherent with me general beliefs.**
Are my beliefs coherent and balanced?
115
**What are the 9 major ethical theories?**
1. **Deontology:** what is good is what is required by _duty_ [Kant]
2. **Consequentialism:** What is good is what brings about the best _consequences_
3. **Utilitarianism:** What is good is what **maximises pleasure and minimises pain for the most** [everyone having a value of 1]
4. **Intuitionism:** What is good is what we can _resonably consider_ to be good.
5. **Virtue ethics:** what is good is what a truly virtuous person would do.
6. **Religious ethics:** What is good is what _scriptures_ tell us is good.
7. **Nietszchean ethics:** what is good is what the most excellent in a society tells us is good.
8. **Marxhist ethics:** what is good is what brings about the _socialist utopita_.
9. **Ecclecticism:** the answer can only be decided in _context._
116
**What is Perfectionism?**
Perfectionism says that human excellence in knowledge, art, science, achievements [...] is what is good. It is _pluralistic_ in that it perceives several goods. it can also unite goods and create additional or lesser value.
Problems:
* Can't you rationally be evil?
117
**What is Intuition Ethics?**
it is based on the _gut feeling_, intuition is a belief held to be true.
We intuit about
* Right Vs Wrong
* Worth of moral by others
* virtuosity or worthwhile value
* Good or Bad
Origins:
* Religion
* Up-bringing
* Popular culture
* Philosophy and literature
Some are more intuitive than others
118
**What is Hedonism?**
Only **_pleasure_** is instrinsically good and pain intrinsically evil.
Pleasure can be measured:
* Quantity
* Time
* Intensity
For some, preventing pain is more important than pleasure [pleasure =1 but pain =-2]
Problems with Hedonism:
* Ideal life is mindless with no achievements
* It can give positive value to morally vicious pleasures (sadism, torture, etc)
119
**What is Desire Theory?**
DEsire Theory says that **getting what you desire is what is good**. Thus, what is good is what people desire and how many people desire it. _Satisfying what you desire_ is what counts.
120
What native American regions had agriculture?
121
What prompted the search for new routes to Asia?
The **Fall of Constantinople in _1453_** meant that the Ottoman Empire heavily taxed trade routes. This created a need for new routes to Asia and the ***Age of Discovery***.
They also wanted to spread Christianity.
122
What factors caused the import of African slaves to America?
African Slaves:
* Understood how to farm
* Resistant to disease
* Easy to buy as slave markets already existed
123
What were the reasons for the success of the Spanish conquistadores?
* **Technology**, guns, metal, horses, etc.
* **Allies**, Europeans allied with the enemies of the dominating natives
* **Disease** brought by Europeans killed thousands
* **Sheer Luck**, the Aztecs were literally awaiting the arrival of a God, and the Incas were in the middle of a civil war
124
What area did the Dutch settle?
**Henry Hudson** explored the Hudson river and claimed it for the Netherlands. It was then bought from native Americans who did not understand the concept of purchasing land for $21 dollars.
They established New Amsterdam, later renamed New York.
125
Who set up the first English colony in America?
**Walter Raleigh** sets up the first colony for England. It was named ***_Roanoke_*** but failed
126
When and how did the first people arrive in America?
The current _theory_ is that Native Americans arrived in **between 20,000 and 100,000** years ago through a land bridge called the **Bering Strait Bridge.**
127
What are the 8 Cultural Regions of Native America?
1. The Northwest Coast
2. California
3. Great Basin
4. The Plateau
5. Southwest
6. Great Plains
7. Eastern Woodlands
8. Southeastern
128
What are the characteristics of **The Northwest Coast**?
* Coasts with abundant **evergreen** trees
* Heavy rainfall + cold weather
* Expert **woodcarvers**: totems, plank houses, etc.
* **Wood** and **whales**
129
What are the characteristics of **California**?
* **Diverse environment**: desert, forests, mountains, coasts...
* Intricate **basket weaved** with reeds.
* Very little clothing needed
* Food mainly **gathered**: acorn and bread.
* **Rudimentary housing**.
130
What are the characteristics of **The Great Basin**?
* Rocky desert little plants or animal life.
* **Extreme hot and cold weather.**
* Clothing and blankets from animal skin
* Food gathered, seeds and animals
* **Moving often so shelter was basic** and not waterproof.
131
What are the characteristics of **The Plateau**?
* High elevation, flat, between two rivers.
* Mostly grass
* **Salmon** fishing, built platforms on the rivers.
* **Spear fishing**.
* Clothing from hides and furs
* **Homes half dug** unto the ground with a cone on top.
132
What are the characteristics of **the Soutwest**?
* **Dry hot region**, **canyons**, rocky,
* River only source of water.
* **_Agriculture_**, planted corn along the river.
* **Cotton** used to weave clothes.
* **Architecture**, mud and adobe to build houses.
133
What are the characteristics of **The Great Plains**?
* Huge flat expanse of grassland
* Few trees, extreme storms.
* Hunted **Buffalo**.
* Buffalo used for food, clothes, tools, etc.
* **Teepees**
134
What are the characteristics of **Eastern Woodlands**?
* Dense with **forests** and **lakes**.
* **Canoes**, houses and clothing from treess and animals.
* **Agriculture** and division of labour.
* **Long Houses** made for several families.
135
What are the characteristics of **The Southeastern** tribes**?**
* Hot, humid, **forests and swamps**.
* Houses were **open-wall**.
* Turkeys, alligators, rabbits provided food.
* Built **huge mounds / pyramids** for religious ppurposes.
136
What are did France settle?
* **Jacques Cartier** claimed _Canada_ for France.
* **Quebec** was founded in **_1608_** as a trading post
* France explored **The Mississippi** and **Robert La Salle** founded **Louisiana** in **_1682_**
* France was after fur and wood.
* France had good relations with native americans
137
What were the three regions of the original 13 colonies?
* New England [4]
* Middle Colonies [4]
* Southern Colonies [5]
138
Which are the states of New England?
The **4 colonies** are:
* Massachusetts [MA]
* Rhode Island [RI]
* Delaware [DE]
* Pennsylvania [PA]
139
Which are the states of the Middle Colonies?
The **4 states** of the Middle Colonies are:
* New York [NY]
* New Jersey [NJ]
* Delaware [DE]
* Pennsylvania [PA]
140
Which are the states of the Southern Colonies?
The **5 states** of the Southern Colonies are:
* Maryland [MD]
* Virginia [VA]
* North Carolina [NC]
* South Carolina [SC]
* Georgia [GA]
141
What were the characteristics of the **New England** colonies?
* Good ports, forested hills, good fishing,
* **Harsh winters** and **rocky soil**
* Settled by **religious separatists** [Pilgrims and Puritans] sponsored by business
* **Plymouth** [MA] settled in **1620** by **Pilgrims**
* **Boston** [MA] settled in **1630** by **Puritans**
* Pilgrims and Puritans were radicals who fled and imposed their religion in the government [Good riddance].
* _Major Industries_:
* **Timber**
* **Whaling**
* **Shipywards**
142
What is the **Columbian Exchange**?
It refers to **the exchange of diseases, ideas, food**. **crops, and populations between the New World and the Old World** following the voyage to the Americas by Christopher Columbus in 1492.
143
What area did Hernan Cortez conquer?
He conquered the **Aztec Empire** and looted the cities.
144
What area did Francisco Pizarro Conquer?
He conquered the **Inca Empire**
145
What area did **Juan Ponce de Leon** explore?
He explored **Florida** in search of the _fountain of youth_. He was killed by natives but was useful in mapping the region.
146
What structures did Spain built in California?
It set up **Missions** and **Presidios** [a fortified base established by the Spanish Empire] to protect the land.
147
Who claimed Canada for France?
**Jacques Cartier** was the one who claimed Canada for France and ***_founded Quebec in 1608_***
148
What were the characteristics of France's presence in early North America?
France was focused on getting **fur** through their trappers and wood rangers.
France had generally _good relations with native Americans_ as it needed them for trade:
* Marry into the tribes
* Learn the language and culture
* adopted lifestyle
149
Who claimed Mississippi river for France?
It was **Robert La Salle** who claimed the waterways of the Mississippi for France.
He **founded Louisiana** in 1682
150
What was the first successful English colony in North America?
It was **Jamestown**, in the swamps of Virginia, which was founded in **1607**. It was plagued by starvation and disease, and attacked by native Americans.
It was **John Smith** who turned the colony around thanks to **Pocahontas**.
151
Who was Pocahontas?
* Helped John Smith control **Jamestown**
* Marries John Rolfe
* Becomes Christian
* Dies in England
