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1
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

glucose synthesis from non CHO substrates

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2
Q

Glycogen metabolism:

Glycogenesis vs glycogenolysis

A

Glycogenesis: synth of glucose
glycogenolysis: breakdown of glucose

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3
Q

Pentose pathway

A

created NADPH

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4
Q

Describe Glucose-6-phosphate(G-6-P) several pathways

A
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5
Q

GLUT 2 vs GLUT 4

A

GLUT 2 is liver and is an open door
GLUT 4 is muscle is insulin dependent(needs insulin)

Glucokinase
hexokinase

GH
LM

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6
Q

Which organ has a high capacity for glycolysis

A

Liver, this is where glucose uptake is

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7
Q

Glycolysis input and output

A

IN: 2ATP and 2 NAD+
Out: 4 ATP and 2 NADH

Net: 2 ATP and 2 NADH

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8
Q

NAD+ is ___ to NADH

A

Reduced( gain of e-)

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9
Q

10 Steps of Glycolysis

G, G, F, F, D, G, B, P, P, P, P

A
  1. Glucose > Glucose 6 phosphate ATP
  2. G-6-P > Fructose 6 Phosphate
  3. F-6-P > Fructose 1,6 Bisphosphate ATP
  4. F-16-B > Dihydroxyacoatne and Glyceraldehyde 3-P
  5. DHAP > G3P
  6. G3P(x2) > 1,3 Bisphosphoglycerate
  7. 1,3 BPG > 3BPG ATP
  8. 3BPG > 2 BPG
  9. 2BPG > PEP
  10. PEP > Pyruvate(x2) ATP
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10
Q

Glycolysis ATP energy Steps

A

1 and 3 input

7 and 10 output

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11
Q

Which rxn does the NAD+ reduce into NADH in glycolysis

A

Step 6

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12
Q

Under aerobic conditions what occurs w/ NADH that is formed from glycolysis

A

it is oxidized to NAD+ allowing for regulation and to be used again in G-3P

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13
Q

When there is O2 pyruvate is shuttled to Mitochondria via

A

NADH

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14
Q

Ways Glycolysis is regulated

A

GLUT4( needs insulin in muscles)
Formation of G6P(glucokinase and hexokinase)
formation of F1,6 BP main regulation
Regulation of pyruvate kinase(reagent)

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15
Q

How is hexokinase((muscle) inhibited

A

too much G-6-P

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16
Q

How is PFK-1 inhibited in step 3 of glycolysis

A

too much ATP and Citrate

So conversely amplified by AMP

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17
Q

Hormones Insulin vs Glucogen

A

Insulin(too much glucose) stims glycoysis

glycogen(need to store glucose) inhibits glycolysis

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18
Q

Roles of PFK-2 in active state

A

Will convert F6P into F26BP which will activate PFK-1 and lead to glycolysis

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19
Q

roles of PFK-2 in fasting

A

Inhibit f26bp and activate FBPase-2 which leads to gluogensis(storage)

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20
Q

Defencincy in fructose intolerance

A

acute liver problems will have to avoid dietary fructose

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21
Q

In order for pyruvate to enter TCA cycle what must happen

A

it needs to enter the Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

which occurs on mitochondria

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22
Q

PDH ___ complex

A

Massive

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23
Q

3 soluble substrates of PDH

A

Pyruvate, CoA, and NAD+

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24
Q

3 enzyme bound cofactors of PDH

A

TPP(VitB1)
Lipoic Acid
FAD+/FADH2

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25
PDH rxn simplified
Pyruvate ______> Acyetal CoA w/ Pyruvate dehydrogenase and NAD+ reduced to NADH irreversible
26
What can inhibit PDH
NADH and acetyl con so it products too much then there is no need.
27
Krebs Cycle steps | O C I K S S F M
Acetyl CoA comes from Pyruvate in PDH complex 1. Oxaloacetae + Acetyl CoA > Citrate 2. Citrate > Isocitrate 3. Isocitrate > a-Ketogluterate 4. a-Ketogluterate > Succinyl CoA 5. Suc CoA > Succinate 6. Succinate > Fumerate 7. Fumerate > Malate 8. Malte > Oxoacetae
28
TCA is both ___ and ___ meaning it is amphibolic tb
catholic and anabolic
29
What is Anaplerotic
using reaction again, tca cycle
30
What steps in TCA cycle use NAD+ to form NADH
3 4 and 8
31
What step used GDP to form GTP in TCA
Step 5
32
What step in tca oxidized FAD to FADH2
Step 6
33
What step is a hydration step in tca
step 7 fumerate to malate
34
What will inhibit citrate synth
NADH ATP and Succinyl COA
35
What activates Citrate Synth
CA2+ and ADP
36
how is CA2+ an activator?
It activates Isocitrate DH which is an enzyme to convert isocotrate to a-ketogluterate
37
What are the two decarboxyliation rxn in TCA
A-ketogulterate to S-Coa | Isocitrate to A ketogulterate
38
what is glutamates role in TCA
Can be converted to a-ketogluterate by releasing an Nh3 Aminotransferase
39
A-keto to glutamate
PLP Vit B6
40
what are the roles of NADH and FADH in ETC
donated e-
41
Ubiquinone is also know as
CoQ which involved 1-2 e tansfter
42
CyC involved __ e- transfer
one
43
How are Complex I II and III linked
CyQ
44
How are complex III and IV linked
CyC
45
Complex 1 accepts e- from
NADH
46
Complex II accepts e- from
FADH2
47
CyQ accepts e- from
Complex 1 and 2
48
Complex 3 accepts e- from
C0Q
49
Complex 3 transfers e- from CoQ to
CyC
50
Complex IV accepts e- from
Cyctochrome C and delivers O2 and proton pump can occur
51
Conc of H+ for ETC
High on outside | low inside matrix
52
Complex 5 of the ETC
Is chemisomotic
53
FoF1 structure
Fo: hydrophobic intergral complex of protiens F1: Causes a spin has a, b, g, d subunits
54
Central Nervous System( components)
Brain and Spinal cord
55
Peripheral NS (components)
``` Cranial Nerves(12 Pairs) Spinal Nerves( 31 pairs) Gangila ```
56
Peripheral NS sub systems
Somatic(Voluntary) Autonomic(Involuntary) Enteric(Brain of gut)
57
Classifications of neurons
multipolar: most common bipolar: special senses uinpolar: sensory neurons
58
Ganglia vs nuclei | culsters of cell bodies
Ganglia are found in the Pns (Gp) | nuclei are found in the CNS(NC)
59
Nerve vs tract bundles of axons
nerve: in PNS NP tract: in CNS
60
White matter is ____ and grey matter is ___
myelinated and unmylenated
61
In the brain the ___ is outside and ___ is inside | opposite Spinal cord
grey out | white in
62
3 layers of the spinal meninges
Dura, Arachnoid and pia
63
Regions of the spinal cord
Cervical, Thoracic, lumbar, Sacral and coccygeal
64
Spinal tap procedure
L3 -L5 safest due to children's smaller spinal cord length do not want to puncture
65
66
In the spinal cord where sensory input travel through
Posterior horns
67
Where do nerve impose to effector tissues travel from
posterior horns
68
Two types of Plexuses
Vicsceral(symp and parapsymp) | Somatic (anterior rami of the spinal nerve)
69
Brachial plexus starts at __ and goes to __
C5 to T1
70
Dorsal scapular
Levator scapulae, rhomboid major and rhomboid minor
71
long thoracic
serrates inteiro muscle
72
Nerve to subclavius
subclavian muscle
73
supra scapular
supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles
74
musculotaneous
coracobrachialias, biceps brachia, brachilalias muscles
75
lateral pectoral
pectorals major
76
upper sub scapular
subscapularis muscle
77
thoracodorsal
latissimus dorsi muscles
78
lower sub scapular
subscapularius and heres major muscles
79
Axillary
Deltoids and teres minor
80
radial
triceps brachii
81
medial pectoral
pectorals major
82
medial cutaneous nerve
skin of media and posterior aspect of distal third of arm
83
medial cutaneous nerve of forearm
skin of medicine and posteirl aspect of forearm
84
ulnar
flexor carpi
85
Erb duchesses palsy
injury to upper trunk (waiters tip)
86
radial nerve ooss
loss of flexors of forearms | WRIST drop
87
Median nerve injury
flexor of forearms and thumbs loss of thumb abduction
88
Ulnar nerve injury
clawing of the hand
89
long thoracic injury
winging fo scapula
90
NT derived from glutamate
GABA
91
Phenalanine to tyrosine via
Phenlayline hydrolase and BH4
92
Phenalayline to Epi path
``` Phenylalanine > Tyrosine (BH4) Tyrosine > Dopa (BH4) DOPA > Dopamine (Vit B6) Dopamine > Noriep(Vit C) Noriep > Epi ```
93
Fight or flight coordinated by the hypothalamus
Pipilary dilution increase hr/co constrict blood vessels to skin and gut dilution of blood vessels to heart(to increase BP)
94
Organization of the SNS
thoracolumbar outflow | short pre and long post
95
plns organization
cranial nerves or sacral ventral roots | long pre and short post
96
Somatic nervous systems consist of ____ motorneuron
single(no pre or post ganglion)
97
Somatic nervous system NT and effector
Ach and SKM
98
``` Symp NS Pre gangilonic NT is ____ on a ____ Receptor and post NT is ___ on ____ Receptor MOST COMMON(SM, Cardiac SM, Nerve terminals ```
Ach; Nicotinic | NE on alpha beta
99
Symp NS Pre gangilonic NT is ____ on a ____ Receptor and post NT is ___ on ____ Receptor EXECPTION
ACH: nicotinic | ACH on musculernic
100
Adreneal Medula pregang NT ___ and Receptor ___ | to circulation as NE or Epi
Ach and nicotinic | also know as a modified symp post ganglionic neuron
101
What type of receptor is nicotinic
ligand gated
102
what type of receptor is muscarinic
GTP binding, transmembrane
103
Alpha1 Beta 1 Alpha 2 and beta 2 what do they effect
A1: Increase IP3 VASO CONSTRICT A2: decreased CAMP Heart B1: increased CAMP Heart and B2: Increase CAMP Organs
104
M1 3 and 5
Gq receptors | Increase IP3/DAG which increased PKC
105
M2 and M4 are
Gi(inhibitory) | decreased cAMP which inhibits no AC or PKA
106
M2 is the SA node and M3 is the non vas SM

MSAP week 2 all (1 decks)

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