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GEOL 1001 Exam 2 > All > Flashcards

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1
Q

Ionic Bond

A

Forms between a positive ion of sodium and a chloride (negative ion of chlorine)

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2
Q

Covalent Bond

A

Forms when carbon atoms share electrons so that all have filled electron shells

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3
Q

What is a mineral?

A

Naturally occurring, crystalline solid that is formed by geologic processes; elements of the compound are homogeneous and characterized by a well-defined composition that can be described by a formula

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4
Q

Properties of Minerals

A

Must have crystalline structure, most solid materials are crystalline, solids lacking internal atomic order are called glasses

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5
Q

Crystals

A

A single, continuous piece of crystalline solid, typically bounded by flat crystal faces

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6
Q

Properties of Crystals

A

Variety of shapes (cubes, prisms, blades, pyramids), some terminate at a point or flat surface, the ordered atomic arrangement inside the minerals imparts symmetry

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7
Q

Atomic Bonding

A

Geometry of atomic packing and nature of chemical bonding

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8
Q

What are sodium and chloride bonded by?

A

In a cubic lattice by ionic bonds that form the mineral halite (aka salt)

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9
Q

Precipitation

A

Occurs from volcanic gas, when water in a salty desert undergoes evaporation

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10
Q

Biomineralization

A

Refers to the production of minerals by organisms (ex: reef organisms extract ions from water to make shells)

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11
Q

Diffusion

A

Atoms migrate through the crystal and new minerals grow inside the rock

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12
Q

Diamond and graphite are formed as a result of ______.

A

Bonding

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13
Q

Identification of Minerals (9)

A

Color, streak, luster, hardness, specific gravity, crystal habit, cleavage, reaction to acid, and fracture tendency

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14
Q

Streak

A

A property whereby a mineral leaves a crushed powder on an unglazed porcelain plate

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15
Q

Luster

A

The way that a mineral surface scatters light (metallic and nonmetallic)

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16
Q

Hardness

A

Scratching resistance of a mineral (directly linked to atomic bond strength)

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17
Q

Specific gravity

A

How dense/ heavy a mineral is

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18
Q

Crystal habit

A

Property of euhedral crystals

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19
Q

Cleavage

A

Tendency for a mineral to break along lactic planes with a weaker atomic bond

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20
Q

Calcite

A

CaCO3, non-silicate mineral

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21
Q

The properties of minerals are an indication of the crystal _______ and chemical _________.

A

Structure; composition

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22
Q

Asbestos

A

Fibrous silicate mineral that can embed in human lungs and cause cancer

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23
Q

Silica tetrahedron

A

Fundamental building block of silicate minerals

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24
Q

What class represents most minerals?

A

Silicates

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25
What is the name for the plane where a mineral tends to split due to weaker bonds?
Cleavage plane
26
Rising magma
Magma moved upward by percolating between grains, wedging open cracks, melting, and breaking off blocks of the wall rock
27
Extrusive
Above ground
28
Intrusive
Below ground
29
Decompression melting
A hot rock at a high pressure moves to low pressure, which causes a melt
30
Flux melting
Volatiles help break chemical bonds, creating a melt
31
Heat transfer
Heat from magma melts adjacent rocks
32
Mafic melts
Contain a relatively high proportion of magnesium oxide and iron oxide (relative to silica)
33
Ultra-mafic melts
Have an even higher proportion of magnesium oxide and iron oxide (relative to silica)
34
Felsic/ silicic melts
A relatively high proportion of silica (relative to magnesium oxide and iron oxide)
35
Intermediate melts
Composition lies partway between that of mafic melts and felsic melts
36
What controls the speed of flow?
Viscosity (the resistance to flow)
37
What does the viscosity of molten rock depend on primarily?
Temperature, volatile content, and silica content
38
Low viscosity
Hotter, less SiO2 (mafic), more volatiles, wet
39
High viscosity
Cooler, more SiCO2 (felsic), less volatiles, dry
40
Why is mafic melt less viscous than felsic melt?
Relatively more silicon-oxygen tetrahedra occur in felsic melt
41
The ________ content of a melt determines a melt’s viscosity and ultimately, the name given to the particular melt.
Silica
42
When does volcanic precipitation occur?
When the melts solidify or freeze
43
Fractional crystallization
Process in which different minerals crystallize from magma at different temperatures, removing the elements from the magma
44
What mineral crystallizes first?
Mafic
45
What mineral crystallizes last?
Felsic
46
Bowen’s reaction series
Rocks that form from minerals at the top of the series are mafic, rocks that form from the bottom of the series are felsic
47
Pyroclastic flow
Deadly, fast-moving avalanches of superheated volcanic ash and debris
48
According to the Bowen’s reaction series, which statement is the most correct?
With decreasing temperature, melts become more felsic
49
Sills
Run horizontally, parallel to rock layers; horizontal intrusions of solidified magma that was forced between rock layers
50
Dikes
Run vertically, cut across rock layers; spread rock sideways
51
Laccolith
Magma that cannot spread laterally accumulates in a blister-shaped intrusion
52
Plutons
Blob-shaped intrusions that solidify from magma chambers
53
Batholith
A group of plutons
54
How do you describe igneous rocks?
By color and texture (crystalline, fragmental, glassy)
55
Crystalline texture
Crystals fit together like jigsaw puzzle pieces
56
Fragmental texture
Igneous chunks and shards welded together
57
Glassy texture
Solid glass or glass shards
58
Pumice
Felsic rock full of vesicles; floats
59
Scoria
Vesicular and glassy mafic rock
60
Tuff
Fragmented rock composed of ash
61
Breccia
Consists of angular fragments
62
Obsidian
Glassy felsic rock; no vesicles
63
Subduction zone
Many volcanoes are part of a subduction zone volcanism; includes convergent boundaries
64
Mid-ocean ridges
Most igneous activity occurs along the mid-ocean ridge; almost all of this activity occurs below sea level
65
Continental drift
Rift-related lithospheric thinning causes decompression melting of the asthenosphere; heat transfer melts crust, creating felsic magmas; incipient oceania basins
66
Hot-spots
Mantle plume hotspots generate igneous activity independent of tectonic plate boundaries; hotspot volcanoes can track plate movement; oceanic decompressions, continental and flood basalts
67
Volcanic gases
Expelled vapor and aerosols blown from volcano
68
Pyroclastic debris
Fragments blown out of a volcano
69
Magma
Molten rock that is beneath the Earth’s surface
70
Magma chamber
Found in the upper crust
71
Lava
Molten rock that is above or at the Earth’s surface
72
Melts
Can be produced through decompression, addition of volatiles, or heat transfer
73
Hotspot activity can help track…
Ocean plate movement
74
Plutonic rocks
Granite and gabbro
75
Volcanic rocks
Rhyolite and basalt
76
Felsic magma rocks
Granite and rhyolite
77
Mafic magma rocks
Gabbro and basalt
78
More SiO2 (silicic oxide) leads to…
More stickiness
79
Volcano
A mountain constructed by the eruption of molten rock from Earth’s interior
80
Products of volcanic eruptions
Volcanic gases, Pyroclastic debris, lava flow
81
Basaltic lava flow
Very hot, low silica, low viscosity, flows rapidly
82
Andesitic lava flow
Higher SiO2 content (most viscous lava), rarely flows, plugs the vent as a lava dome
83
Volcaniclastic deposits
Accumulations of fragmental igneous material
84
High viscosity volcanos tend to have _____ SiO2 content and ______ flows.
High; slow
85
Fissures
Eruptions may display a “curtain of fire”, evolve into discrete vents that erupt from craters
86
Crater
Bowl-shaped depression atop a volcano
87
Caldera
A gigantic volcanic depression bigger than a crater
88
Shield volcanos
Broad and slightly dome-shaped (like an inverted shield); volcanos in Hawaii
89
Cinder cones
The smallest type of volcano, cone-shaped piles of ejected lapilli-sized fragments that have built up at the angle of repose around the vent
90
Tephra
Deposits of pyroclastic debris of any size
91
Lahars
Volcanic mudflows
92
Lava tubes and pahoehoe lava flows are associated with eruptions of …
Basalt
93
Lava tubes
Conduits for basaltic lava
94
Pahoehoe
Basalt with glassy, ropy texture
95
Pillow basalts
Blobs of basalt that is cooled rapidly by quenching in water
96
Stratovolcanos
Large, cone-shaped volcanos with steep slopes made of alternating layers of felsic lava, tephra, and debris
97
Mt. St. Helen’s is best categorized as what type of volcano?
Stratovolcano
98
The distribution of volcanos can be best explained by which processes?
Plate tectonics
99
(T/F) Volcanos usually have a net warming effect on climate.
False
100
Classic sedimentary rock (detrital)
Loose rock fragments (clasts) that are cemented together, consists of mineral grains, rock fragments, and cementing material
101
Biochemical sedimentary rocks
Cemented shells of organisms
102
Organic sedimentary rock
Carbon-rich remains of once-living organisms
103
Chemical sedimentary rocks
Minerals that crystallize directly from water
104
How are clastic sedimentary rocks created?
Weathering (chemical and mechanical/physical), erosion, transportation, deposition, lithification
105
Lithification
Transforms loose sediment into solid rock: burial increases pressure, squeezes out air and water, and compacts grains
106
Transportation
Dispersal of solid particles and ions by gravity, wind, water, and ice
107
Angularity
The degree of edge or corner smoothness
108
Conglomerate
Rounded rock class, deposited further from the source
109
Deposition
Setting out of the transporting fluid
110
Which of the sedimentary rock types is described as loose rock fragments cemented together?
Clastic rocks
111
Organic sedimentary rocks include which of the following?
Oil shale and coal
112
(T/F) Ripple marks are ridges and troughs that develop parallel to flow in sandy sediments.
False
113
Diagenesis
Describes the sum total of all physical, chemical, and biological changes that occur to a sediment after it is deposited
114
Partial melting
Only part of an original rock melts to produce magma
115
Chemical weathering process
Altered minerals; secondary minerals; dissolved minerals
116
Mechanical weathering process
“Detritus”
117
Physical weathering
Fracturing
118
Sorting
A measure of the uniformity of grain sizes in a sediment population
119
Arkose
Sand and gravel with abundant feldspar, commonly deposited in alluvial planes
120
Sandstone
Classic rock made of sand-sized particles
121
Limestone
A sedimentary rock made almost entirely of calcite or aragonite (which are CaCO3 polymorphs)
122
Biochemical sedimentary rocks
Made of sediments derived from the shells of once-living organisms
123
Chert
Rock made of cryptocrystalline quartz derived from opaline silica (SiO2) from the skeletons of some marine plankton
124
Bedding and stratification
Overall arrangement of sediment into a sequence of beds; bedding occurs during deposition
125
Cross bedding
Created by ripple and dine migration
126
Depositional environment
Locations where sediment accumulates
127
Marine delta environments
Sediment accumulates where river velocity drops upon entering the sea
128
Deep marine environments
Accumulate fines that settle out far from land
129
Transgression
Process of water level rising and migrating inshore
130
Regression
Process of water level shallowing and moving seaward

GEOL 1001 Exam 2 (3 decks)

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