All Flashcards
(133 cards)
1
Q
Brain stem includes…
A
mid brain, pons, medulla oblongata
2
Q
Midbrain function
A
pain suppression, reticular formation
- degeneration of substantia nigra leads to Parkinson’s disease
3
Q
Cerebellum function
A
balance, proprioception, body position/posture, coordination
- vermis instead of fissure that separates hemispheres
4
Q
Meninge layers
A
dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
5
Q
Dura mater (outermost)
A
periosteal layer, meningeal layer, flax cerebra, flax cerebelli, tentorium (transverse fissure), epidural space, subdural space
6
Q
Arachnoid mater (middle)
A
subarachnoid space
7
Q
Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF)
A
- protects brain/spinal fluid
- ependymal cells (neuroglia cells)
8
Q
Stimulus binds to…
A
the receptor
9
Q
channel opens…
A
allows ions to get in
10
Q
local depolarization
A
local depolarization of the muscle cell plasma membrane opens voltage-gated Na+ channels in this membrane, allowing more Na+ to enter, which further depolarizes the membrane
11
Q
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
A
- Sensory receptors; specific
- Sensory (afferent) fibers
- Motor (efferent) fibers
- Ganglion; cluster of neurosomas outside CNS
- Nerves exit vertebral canal through intervertebral foramen
12
Q
Mechanoreceptors
A
touch, sound, vibration
13
Q
Thermoreceptors
A
temperature
14
Q
Photoreceptors
A
light, sight
15
Q
Chemoreceptors
A
sense changes in the chemical composition of the blood
16
Q
Nociceptors
A
pain
17
Q
Exteroceptors
A
mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors
18
Q
Intereceptors
A
chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors
19
Q
Proprioceptors
A
mechanoreceptors
20
Q
General receptors
A
touch, pressure, stretch, vibration
21
Q
Special receptors
A
taste, vision, smell, hearing
22
Q
Sensation vs. Perception
A
Sensation (gets stimulated) awareness of changes in environment
Perception (conscious interpretation): what you do with stimulus
23
Q
Dorsal root
A
- Ganglion (bulge); brings towards brain (afferent)
- Sensory fibers
- Afferent
24
Q
Anterior/ventral root
A
- Motor fibers
- Efferent
25
Mixed nerves are...
both sensory and motor fibers
26
Sensory (afferent) nerves have impulses only...
toward CNS
27
Motor (efferent) nerves have impulses only...
away from CNS
28
Ganglia
autonomic motor neurons
29
reflex
autonomic response
30
31 pairs of spinal nerves
- Spinal nerves exit underneath their likewise vertebrae
- Each spinal nerve connects to spinal cord via two roots
31
Intervertebral canal vs. Intervertebral foramen
Canal: spinal cord (donuts on top of each other)
Foramen: spinal nerves go out
32
Somas make...
gray matter
33
Axons make...
white matter
34
Nerve plexuses
- Contains fibers from several different spinal nerves
- Each limb muscles innervated by more than one
35
Cervical Plexus
C1 – C4
- Most form cutaneous nerves
- Phrenic nerve C3-C5
36
Brachial Plexus
C5 – C8, T1
- Axillary nerve
37
Lumbar Plexus (lumbosacral plexus)
L1 – L4
- Femoral nerve
- Obturator nerve
38
Sacral Plexus (lumbosacral plexus)
L4 – S4
- Sciatic nerve
- Composed of two nerves; tibial and common fibular
39
Dermatomes
- Map of jurisdiction
- Nerve will innervate specific area from specific sensory information
40
Reflexes are...
- Quick
- Involuntary
- Stimulation
* Intrinsic = inborn
* Acquired = learned
41
Reflec Arc
1. Receptor
2. Sensory neuron
3. Integration center
4. Motor neuron
5. Effector
42
Somatic reflexes
interneuron makes signal
activate skeletal muscle
Mediated by spinal cord
quick, cannot wait for brain
Stretch and flexor
43
Autonomic reflexes
activate visceral effectors (smooth/cardiac muscle)
44
Tendon organs
senses tension on tendon
triggers the reflex
proprioceptor: responds to excessive tension (muscle contraction response)
45
Nerve pathway
1. Dorsal
2. Interneuron
3. Ventral
4. Effector
46
Flexor reflex
Flexes joint
47
Crossed extension reflex
- Contraction of opposite limb that is not flexing (i.e. one leg is flexing, the other is contracting)
- Helps keep balance
48
Superficial reflexes
- Gentle cutaneous stimulation
- Plantar reflex L4-S2
- Abdominal reflex T8-T12
49
Spinal cord
conduction
integration
locomotion
reflexes
protected by meninges
cauda equina
50
Conduction
the transmission of excitation through living tissue and especially nervous tissue. conduction of impulses to the brain
51
Integration
input and elicited response
52
Locomotion
repetitive coordinated contractions
53
Reflexes
involuntary responses to stimuli
54
Meninges
dura, arachnoid, pia
55
Cauda equina
Nerve roots at end of spinal cord
56
Ascending
up, sensory
57
Descending
down, motor
58
Transverse
both ascending, descending
59
Contralateral
opposite side
60
Decussation points
when fiber crosses to other side
61
Ipsilateral
same side
62
First-order neuron
sensory neuron
- Detect stimulus from skin
- Stimulus to spinal cord
63
Second-order neuron
integration neuron
- In thalamus
64
Third-order neuron
motor neuron
- From thalamus to cortex
65
Descending tracts...
carry motor
66
Upper motor neuron
cortex
67
Lower motor neuron
brain stem/spinal cord
68
Cranial nerves
12 -
1. Olfactory
2. Optic
3. Oculomotor
4. Trochlear
5. Trigeminal
6. Abducens
7. Facial
8. Vestibulocochlear
9. Glossopharyngeal
10. Vagus
11. Accessory
12. Hypoglossal
69
Cranial nerves mnemonic
Oh oh oh take the anatomy final very good vacation sounds heavenly
70
Cranial nerves (sensory/motor/both)
Sensory:
Olfactory
Optic
Vestibulocochlear
Motor:
Oculomotor
Trochlear
Abducens
Accessory
Hypoglossal
Both:
Trigeminal
Facial
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
71
Cranial nerves (sensory/motor/both) mnemonic
Some say marry money but my brother says big brains matter more
72
Merocrine
exocytosis
73
Apocrine
loses part of cell
74
Holocrine
celll dies completely
75
diaphoresis
sweat that you see
76
perspiration
sweat that you don't see
77
How many layers does dermis have? What are they called?
2 layers; papillary and reticulum
78
Papillary layer of dermis
upper, attached to basement membrane
79
Reticulum layer of dermis
lower, attached to fat/hypodermis
80
Apoptosis
no inflammation
81
Afferent
Arrives
82
Efferent
Exits
83
Kidney: A WET BED
A – acid balance
W – water balance
E – electrolyte balance
T – toxin removal
B – blood pressure control
E – Erythropoietin making
D – Vitamin D metabolism
84
Layers of skin (from outermost to innermost)
1. Corneum
2. Lucidum
3. Granulosum
4. Spinosum
5. Basal
85
Bone matrix
ossification
86
osteoporosis
pores in bone get bigger
87
Three types of cartilage
elastic, hyaline, fibrocartilage
88
Elastic cartilage
external ear and epiglottis
89
Fibrocartilage
meniscus of knee, vertebral disc, pubic symphysis
90
Hyaline cartilage
many joint surfaces
most commonly found in the ribs, nose, larynx, and trachea
91
Appositional growth
chondroblasts grow into chondrocytes
- Grows in thickness
- B after A
92
Interstitial growth
existing chondrocytes
- C after B
93
Bone formation
1. Baby no need for cartilage (osteoblasts build it)
2. Trap blood vessels
3. Becomes spongy bone
94
Bone formation
1. Starts in diaphysis
2. Grows towards island in poles
3. Growth plates have closed
95
Blast
Blast, baby, build
96
Cyte
Cyte, adult, maintain
97
Clast
Clast, cut, release calcium to blood
98
Genic
origin
99
Osteon
function instructional unit of skeletal system
100
Lacuna
Cyte
no babies in a jacuzzi
101
Lamellae
concentric layers
102
Lacunae
holes
103
Canaliculi
tiny tunnels connecting cells together
104
Periosteum
outside
105
Endosteum
inside
106
Chondro
cartilage
107
Epiphysial plate
child/open
108
Epiphysial line
adult/fused
109
Storage of calcium
- Pack calcium when there’s an excess of calcium in the blood
- Release/take out when calcium needed elsewhere
- Hormones = messengers
110
Minerals/vitamins
crucial for function of skeletal system
111
Excessive loss/low levels of vitamin D
- Osteoporosis, rickets (child), osteomalacia (adult)
112
Acromegaly
too much bone
113
Axial skeleton
Skull and vertebral column
- C1 vertebrae doesn’t have a body
- C2 vertebrae has a dens as a body
114
Clavicle
- Medial sternal
- Middle middle
- Lateral outside/acromial
115
Capitulum
lateral, articulates with radius
116
Trochlea
medial, articulates with ulna
117
Fossa
stops for the bone
118
Posterior fossa
olecranon, ulna
119
Anterior fossa
coronoid fossa, radius
120
Humerus
- Greater tubercle
- Lesser tubercle
- Head/neck
- Deltoid tuberosity
- Epicondyles
- Olecranon fossa
- Coronoid fossa
- Trochlea
- Capitulum
121
Femur
- Greater trochanter
- Lesser trochanter
- Head
- Neck
- Epicondyle
- Condyles
122
Knuckles
- Head of metacarpals
- Thumb 1, pinky 5
123
Ankle
- Calcaneus
- Talus
124
Autonomic nervous system
- Innervate smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, and glands
- Make adjustments to keep balance (homeostasis)
- Subconscious control
- Use a two neuron chain
* Preganglionic neuron soma from spinal cord ganglion gives signal to effector organs (cardiac/smooth muscle, glands, adipose tissue)
125
Central nervous system
- Brain
- Spinal cord
126
Peripheral nervous system
- Peripheral/spinal nerves (31)
- Cranial nerves (12)
- Autonomic nervous system (ANS) common sense
* Parasympathetic “rest and digest”
* Sympathetic “fight or flight”
127
Parasympathetic: (Ach)
- myelinated fast conduction
- ganglion Ach neurotransmitter
- nonmyelinated postganglionic axon
- long preganglionic Ach
- short postganglionic Ach
128
Sympathetic: (Ach/Norepinephrine)
- myelinated preganglionic axon Ach
- nonmyelinated postganglionic Norepinephrine
129
Adrenal Medulla
kidneys
- produces epinephrine/norepinephrine, releases them to blood
130
Dual innervation
- visceral organs needs both divisions
131
Differences/similarities of parasympathetic/sympathetic
- parasympathetic = craniosacral division
- sympathetic = thoracolumbar
*Effect is either stimulatory or inhibitory, depending on type of receptors
*Length of pre/post ganglionic axons
132
Special senses
- vision
- taste
- smell
- hearing
- equilibrium
133
Vision: dominant sense
- half of the cerebral cortex is involved in visual processing
- eyes sounded by fat protected by bone
- accessory structures: lacrimal apparatus
- extrinsic eye muscles
- conjunctiva
- sclera
