all Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
3 flat bones that make the roof of the skull
A
frontal
parietal
occipital
2
Q
bones of the neurocranium
A
frontal
ethmoid
sphenoid
occipital
parietal (2)
temporal (2)
3
Q
parts of the temporal bone
A
petrous: ridge that houses the hearing apparatus
squamous: flat portion
4
Q
bones that form the orbit (7)
A
sphenoid
frontal
lacrimal
ethmoid
zygomatic
maxillary
paletine
5
Q
pneumatized bones - contain air spaces, cells and sinuses
A
frontal
ethmoid
sphenoid
temporal
6
Q
3 singular bones of the facial skeleton
A
mandible
ethmoid
vomer
7
Q
6 paired bones of the facial skeleton
A
maxilla
inferior nasal concha
zygomatic
palatine
nasal
lacrimal
8
Q
bones of the nasal septum
A
ethmoid (perpendicular plate)
vomer
9
Q
bones of the hard palate
A
maxilla
palatine (horizontal portion)
10
Q
3 foramina of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone
A
foramen rotundum
foramen ovale
foramen spinosum
11
Q
bones that make the anterior cranial fossa
A
sphenoid (lesser wing)
ethmoid
frontal
12
Q
bones that make the middle cranial fossa
A
sphenoid (greater wing)
temporal (squamous and petrous)
13
Q
bones that make the posterior cranial fossa
A
occipital
temporal (petrous)
14
Q
foramina in the cribiform plate (ethmoid) give access to…
A
the nasal cavity
15
Q
superior orbital fissure and optic canal (sphenoid) gives access to…
A
the orbit
16
Q
which nerve passes the crista Galli/cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone
A
olfactory nerve
17
Q
which bones does the sphenoid bone articulate with
A
occipital
frontal
ethmoid
vomer
temporal
parietal
zygomatic
paletine
18
Q
parts of the sella turcica
A
anterior = tubercular sellae
posterior = dorsum sellae
middle = hypophyseal fossa
- also has anterior and posterior clinoid processes (“bedposts”)
19
Q
6 processes of the sphenoid bone
A
2 lesser wings
2 greater wings
2 pterygoid processess (both have lateral + medial)
20
Q
what 3 bones coming together make the foramen lacerum
A
sphenoid
temporal
occipital
21
Q
what is the superior orbital fissue
A
cleft between the greater and lesser wings of the sphenoid bone which allow access to the orbit
22
Q
parts of the brain
A
cerebrum: frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobes
cerebellum
brainstem: midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
23
Q
what are the central and medial sulcus
A
central: separates frontal and parietal lobes
medial: inferior to frontal and parietal lobes
24
Q
which parts of the brain occupy which cranial fossae
A
anterior: frontal lobe
middle: temporal lobe, midbrain
posterior: cerebellum, midbrain, pons, medulla
25
which cranial nerves have motor branches
CN3 (oculomotor)
CN4 (trochlear)
CN5 (trigeminal)
CN6 (abducent)
26
which cranial nerves have sensory branches
CN1 (olfactory)
CN2 (optic)
CN5 (trigeminal)
27
olfactory nerve (CN I)
- sensory nerve for smell
- has bulb and tract
- pass through tiny foramina in cribiform plate to access nasal cavity
28
optic nerve (CN II)
- sensory nerve for vision
- gets from eye to middle cranial fossa between frontal and temporal lobes
- optic chiasm: where 2 optic nerves meet before dividing again to form 2 optic tracts
- optic chiasm is immediately anterior to pituitary gland
29
Oculomotor nerve (CN III)
- chief motor nerve of extra-ocular muscles
- emerges from midbrain, travels through cavernous sinus and enters the orbit via superior orbital fissure
30
Trochlear nerve (CN IV)
- motor nerve for the superior oblique muscle of the eye
- emerges from posterior/lateral midbrain, passes anteriorly around brainstem to enter cavernous sinus and enters orbit via superior orbital fissure
31
Abducent nerve (CN VI)
- motor nerve to the lateral rectal muscle of the eye
- emerges from brainstem between pons and medulla, travels through cavernous sinus and enters orbit via superior orbital fissure
32
Trigeminal nerve (CN V)
- has motor and sensory branches
- emerges from lateral aspect of pons
- has large sensory root and small motor root
33
cranial exits for major branches of trigeminal nerve
ophthalmic N (V1) = superior orbital fissure
maxillary nerve (V2) = foramen rotundum
mandibular N (V3) = foramen ovale
34
motor vs sensory rolls of the trigeminal nerve
motor: muscles of mastication and 4 other small muscles
sensory: cutaneous sensation of the face + oral, nasal and sinus mucosa, teeth and tongue
35
which nerves pass through the superior orbital fissure
occulomotor
trochlear
ophthalmic (branch of trigeminal)
abducent
36
how is the dura mater of the brain different than that of the spine?
it has 2 layers...
periosteal layer: outer layer - adheres to inner aspect of the cranium
meningeal layer: inner layer
37
where is venous blood found in the cranium
between dural sinuses - reflections/infoldings of the inner layer of dura mater away from the outer layer
38
roles of cranial meningies
1. protect the brain
2. form supporting framework for vasculature and venous sinuses
3. enclose the CSF filled subarachnoid space
39
what are the 4 dural infoldings
falx cerebri
tentorium cerebelli
falx cerebelli
diaphragma sellae
40
falx cerebri location
lies in longitudinal cerebral fissure, seperates cerebral hemespheres
41
tentorium cerebelli location
separates occipital lobes of cerebrum from cerebellum
42
falx cerebelli location
inferior to tentorium cerebelli, partially separates cerebellar hemispheres
43
location of diaphragma sellae
suspended between crinoid processes of sella turcica, covers pitiuitary gland
44
what are dural-venous sinuses:
- spaces within the dura mater which are the principal venous channels of the brain
- veins from the surface of the brain empty into dural venous sinuses en route to the internal jugular vein
45
how does CSF get transferred to the venous system
arachnoid granulations
46
what are the major dural venous sinuses
superior sagittal sinus
inferior sagital sinus
straight sinus
occipital sinus
transverse sinus
sigmoid sinus
cavernous sinus
46
which sinuses contribute to the confluence of sinuses
straight sinus
superior serial sinus
occipital sinus
47
superior sagittal sinus
- at superior border of falx cerebri
- begins at crista galli, ends at confluence of sinuses
48
inferior sagital sinus
- at inferior border of falx cerebri
- ends as the straight sinus
49
straight sinus
- runs along the line of attachment of falx cerebri and the tentorium cerebelli
- starts at inferior sagital sinus and joins the confluence of sinuses
50
occipital sinus
- lies in the posterior border of the falx cerebelli
- ends superiorly at the confluence of sinuses
51
transverse sinus
- runs laterally from the confluence of sinuses in the posterior margin of the tentorium cerebelli
- continuous with the sigmoid sinus
52
sigmoid sinus
- continuation of the transverse sinus
- s shaped
- after it passes through the jugular foramina continues as the inter jugular vein
53
cavernous sinus
- located bilaterally on sides of the sella turcica on the body of the sphenoid bone
54
osteology associated with the tentorium cerebelli
- posterior clinoid process
- petrous portion of the temporal bone
55
blood supply to the brain is derived from the...
internal carotid artery and vertebral artery
56
path of the internal carotid artery
- starts as crevical part when it branches from common carotid A
- becomes the petrous part as it passes through the carotid canal in the petrous portion of the temporal bone
- becomes the cavernous part in the cavernous sinus and follows an S shaped path
- becomes cerebral part when it becomes intradural and gives branches to the cerebrum
57
what branches does the internal carotid artery divide into
anterior cerebral A
middle cerebral A
58
vertebral artery path to the brain
- arise in the neck from subclavian artery
- pass through transverse foramina of cervical vertebrae
- enter cranial cavity via foramen magnum
- left and right vertebral arteries meet at midline of brainstem to form basilar artery
59
basilar artery gives these branches:
posterior cerebral A
branches to brainstem
superior cerebellar A
anterior inferior cerebellar A
60
Main arteries associated with the brain
posterior inferior cerebellar A
vertebral A
basilar A
anterior inferior cerebellar A
superior cerebellar A
posterior cerebral A
posterior communicating A
internal carotid A
middle cerebral A
anterior cerebral A
anterior communicating A
61
borders of the orbit
anterior wall = zygomatic, frontal, maxilla
medial wall = lacrimal, ethmoid
floor = palatine
posterior wall = sphenoid bone
62
location of the common tendinous ring
surrounds optic canal and a portion of the superior orbital fissure
63
rectus muscles of the eye
4 of them: superior, inferior, anterior and posterior
origin = common tendinous ring
insertion = sclera, anterior to equator of eyeball
64
superior oblique muscle
origin = body of sphenoid bone
insertion = sclera, posterior to equator of eyeball
- redirected when it passes through trochlea to insert posteriorly
65
what is the trochlea
a ring of fascia attached to the frontal bone that redirects the superior oblique muscle
66
inferior oblique muscle
origin = orbital surface of maxilla
insertion = sclera, posterior to equator of eyeball
67
levator palpebrae superiorus
origin = lesser wing of the sphenoid bone
inserts = superior eye lid
action = elevate superior eyelid
68
eye muscle innervation
occulomotor nerve = superior rectus, medial rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique, levator palpebrae superiorus
trochlear nerve = superior oblique
abducent nerve = lateral rectus
69
which cranial nerves travel through the cavernous sinus
CN III
CN IV
CN VI
70
what makes up the zygomatic arch
the temporal process of the zygomatic bone
the zygomatic process of the temporal bone
71
movements of the TMJ
elevation - close mouth
depression - open mouth
protrusion - protrude chin
recursion - retrude chin
lateral movements - grinding and chewing
72
what is the temporalmandibular joint (TMJ)
articulation between mandibular fossa of the temporal bone and the head of the condyloid process of the mandible
73
borders of the infra temporal fossa
lateral wall = ramus of mandible
medial wall = lateral pterygoid plate
anterior wall = maxilla
posterior wall = mastoid and styloid process of the temporal bone
roof = inferior surface of greater wing of the sphenoid bone
74
how do the 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve exit the cranial cavity
ophthalmic = superior orbital fissure
maxillary = foramen rotundum
mandibular = foramen ovale
75
masseter features
origin = zygomatic arch at zygomatoc bone
insertion = ramus of mandible: angle and lateral surface
action = elevate and protrude mandible
76
temporalis features
origin = temporal fossa
insertion = coronoid process of mandible
action = elevate and retract mandible
77
lateral pterygoid muscle features
origin of superior head = greater wing of sphenoid
origin of inferior head = lateral surface of lateral pterygoid plate
insertion = neck of condyloid process of mandible
actions = protrude mandible and side to side movement
78
medial pterygoid muscle features
origin of deep head = medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate
origin of superficial head = tuberosity of maxilla
insertion = medial surface of mandible
action = elevate and protrude mandible, produce grinding motion
79
TMJ muscle insertion
lateral pterygoid muscle
80
CN V3 receives sensation from...
side of head
skin of face over mandible
lower lip
mandibular (lower) teeth
TMJ
mucosa of mouth
anterior 2/3 of tongue
81
main branches of CN V3 (mandibular nerve)
ariculotemporal nerve
inferior alveolar nerve
buccal nerve
lingual nerve
inferior dental plexus
mental nerve
branches to muscles of mastication
82
most distal branches of the 3 divisions of the trigeminal nerve
V1 = supra-orbital nerve through supra-orbital foramen
V2 = infra-orbital nerve through infra-orbital foramen
V3 = mental nerve through mental foramen
83
path of inferior alveolar nerve
foramen ovale - mandibular foramen - mental foramen (where it becomes mental nerve)
84
CN V1 receives sensation from...
scalp
skin of forehead
superior eyelid
cornea
nose
mucosa of nasal cavity and sinuses
85
CN V2 receives sensation from...
skin of face over maxilla
inferior eyelid
upper lip
maxillary teeth
mucosa of nose
maxillary sinuses
palate
86
nerves associated with the orbit
optic N
oculomotor N
trochlear N
ophthalmic N
abducent N
87
3 major branches of the ophthalmic nerve
nasociliary nerve
frontal nerve
lacrimal nerve
88
branches of the nasociliay nerve (from CN V1)
posterior ethmoidal N
anterior ethmoidal N
external nasal N
infra-trochlear N
89
branches of the frontal nerve (from CN V1)
supra-trochlear N
supra-orbital N*
90
nerves in the orbit that do NOT pass through the common tendinous ring
lacrimal N (CN V1)
frontal N (CN V1)
trochlear N (CN IV)
91
nerves in the orbit that DO pass through the common tendinous ring
oculomotor N
optic N
abducent N
nasociliary N
92
branches of the maxillary nerve (CN V2)
infra-orbital nerve
zygomatic nerve (temporal and facial branches)
anterior/middle/posterior superior alveolar nerves
93
route of the infra-orbital nerve
foramen rotundum - inferior orbital fissure - infra-orbital foramen
94
nerves that pass through the inferior orbital fissure
infraorbital nerve
zygomatic nerve
95
what are the cutaneous nerves of the face from CN V1
lacrimal N
supra-orbital N (top of head)
supra-trochlear N (forehead)
infra-trochlear N (between eyebrows)
external nasal N (nose)
96
what are the cutaneous nerves of the face from CN V2
zygomatico-temporal N (temple)
zygomatic-facial N (high cheek)
infra-orbital N (below eye)
97
what are the cutaneous nerves of the face from CN V3
ariculotemporal N (ear)
buccal N (cheek)
mental N (lower lip and chin)
98
muscles of mastication that form muscular sling
masseter
medial pterygoid
99
landmark for lingual and inferior alveolar nerve
between the inferior head of lateral pterygoid muscle and deep head of the medial pterygoid muscle
