all Flashcards
(132 cards)
1
Q
anacrusis
A
unstressed pickup or lead-in note or group of notes that precedes the first accented note
2
Q
appoggiatura
A
embellishing note/ ornamentation
(share half the time)
3
Q
acciaccatura
A
short grace note/ crushed
4
Q
pedal point
A
note that’s held through changing harmony (typically in bass)
5
Q
tierce de picardie
A
major chord ending a piece of music in a minor key
6
Q
florid ornamentation
A
embellished with ornaments
7
Q
eg of ornaments
A
- trill
- mordent
- turn
- arpeggio
8
Q
arpeggio
A
spreading a chord
9
Q
tenuto
A
hold and sustain note for full length (characterised by a straight line above the note)
10
Q
sinfonia
A
- italian word for symphony
- overture / an orchestral piece played at beginning
11
Q
partita
A
collection of different dance movements (typically for a solo instrument or chamber ensemble)
12
Q
suite
A
collection of smaller pieces which can be played one after another
13
Q
pieces in partita 2
A
- sinfonia
- allemande
- courante
- sarabande
- rondeau
- capriccio
14
Q
BWV
A
Bach Work Catalogue
15
Q
who made BWV
A
German musicologist Wolfgang Schmieder
16
Q
Bach’s birth and death years
A
1685-1750
17
Q
nationality of Bach
A
german
18
Q
how many partitas did bach write
A
6 in total, published together as keyboard practice
19
Q
bachs contemporaries
A
- telemann (Gr)
- handel (Gr)
- Vivaldi
- Scarlatti (Italian)
20
Q
episode
A
elements found in music that is a digression (shift) from the main structure of the composition
21
Q
subject
A
recognisable melody/ theme
22
Q
countersubject
A
theme in one voice that accompanies the statement of the subject in another
23
Q
fermata
A
note should be prolonged beyond the normal duration its note value would indicate (shown by a curve line and a dot above note)
24
Q
staccatissimo
A
played extremely separated and distinct/ a superlative staccato (shown by a little triangle above note)
25
ostinato
motif or phrase that persistently repeats in the same musical voice/ pitch
26
sonata
(italian word 'to sound') composition for 1 or 2 instruments in **several contrasting movements**
27
Hob
refers to the catalogue of Haydn's work made by **Anthony van Hoboken**
28
XVI
contains all the piano sonatas by Haydn
29
Meneut
stately french dance in 3/4
30
trio
contrasting minuet
31
grave
slow and solemn
32
andante
at a walking pace
33
fugue
**2 or more melodies** going on at the **same time** (subject and countersubject and then **developed**)
34
sinfonia style
french style overture (dotted rhythms are typical)
35
haydn birth and death years
1732- 1809
36
nationality of haydn
austrian
37
haydn's growth
- early sonatas in **gallant** style (happy, festive, lighthearted) for teaching
- other sonatas = **period of artistic development** (**storm and stress** period)
38
storm and stress period
- explore new elements
- use of minor keys
- high degree of dramatic character
39
why did Haydn exemplify sensitive style (empfindsamer stil) in his sonatas
- imitating gestures of keyboard writing seen in CPE Bach's works
40
did haydn write for the piano
- harpsichord at first
- then switched to fortepiano with lighter touch and mechanism
41
galant style
happy, festive, lighthearted
42
homophonic
melody supported by 1 or more lines of harmony
43
polyphonic
2 or more simultaneous lines of independent melody
44
monophonic
a single line of musical tones
45
bach work
- organist for church when 15
- conductor of court orchestra of prince leopold of cothen
- cantor (singing master) at st. thomas church in Leipzig
46
bach's other work
- over 200 cantatas (mostly religious and some secular)
- St John passion (story of jesus)
- St Matthew passion (story of jesus)
- 6 partitas
- 6 french suite
- 6 english suite
- brandenburg concerto
- well tempered clavier (the 48)
47
significance of the brandenburg concerto
usual concerto is for a solo instrument with a concerto however here, the role of the solo instrument is replaced by a small group of instrument
48
significance of the well tempered clavier (the 48)
bach demonstrates the ability to write in all major and minor keys
49
the 48
2 books of 24 preludes and fugues in all major and minor keys
50
chamber
a form of classical music for a small group of instruments
51
who did haydn work for
- esterhazy family who was 1 of the richest and most influential Hungarian noble families
- lead to the growth of haydns international reputation
52
what lead to increasing pop of haydn
- a successful tours to london in 1790s
53
significance of haydn
- one of the founders of classical style
- father of the symphony
54
why was haydn called the father of symphony
he made it more popular by transforming it from a type of **light entertainment** to **strong, serious and intellectually vigorous art form**
55
who was haydn influenced by
- mozart
- JC bach
- CPE bach
56
who did haydn influence
- beethoven
- schubert
57
allegro
fast
58
presto
very fast
59
adagio
slow
60
allegro moderato
moderately fast
61
sonata form
a **musical structure** commonly used in the **first movements** of classical sonatas, symphonies and concertos
62
different stages of sonata form
- exposition
- development
- recapitulation
63
exposition
introduces two contrasting themes or subjects (1st in tonic/home key, 2nd in related/ dominant)
64
development
**expands** and **explores** the themes introduced in the exposition (**modulation and add tension**)
65
recapitulation
restates themes from exposition but in tonic key which resolves the harmonic tension
66
ternary
in 3 parts
67
binary
in 2 parts
68
minuet and trio form
- music structure commonly used in classical symphonies, string quartets and other instrumental works
- consists of 2 contrasting sections
- overall ABA structure
69
mineut
- stately, dance-like section typically in 3/4 time with moderate tempo
- follow ABA form (A=theme, B=contrast)
70
trio
- contrasting middle section in 3/4
- usually lighter in texture and more lyrical
- similar structure ABA
71
theme and variation form
a musical structure where a **theme is presented** and then **altered in a series of variations**
72
theme
a clear, recognisable melody is introduced, often in a simple form
73
variations
- each variation takes the theme and changes certain elements **(rhythm, harmony, melody, tempo, texture)**
- the theme remains recognisable but is transformed in creative ways.
74
brahm's nationality
german
75
brahms birth and death year
1833-1897
76
who was brahms influenced by
robert schumann and his wife clara
77
robert's role in brahm's life
**talents were recognised** by robert schumann in 1853 and **lived** with schumann family from 1854 til 1897
78
connection between brahms and schumann
- protege of robert
- deep friendship with clara
79
protege
guided and supported by older and more experienced or influential person
80
contemporaries of brahms
- schumann
- liszt
- schubert
81
other works by brahms
- 2 piano concertos
- 4 symphonies
- german requiem
- 1 violin concerto
82
what else did brahms favour
classical style
83
intermezzo
**short connecting instrumental movement** in an opera or other musical work/ for a solo instrument
84
late romanticism
- pushed boundaries of tonality with **more complex harmonies**
- told **stories** or conveyed specific **emotional narratives**
85
bartok nationality
hungarian
86
bartok birth and death years
1881-1945
87
folk dances
a **popular dance** considered as part of the **tradition** of a particular people or area
88
names of the 6 dances
- stick dance
- sash dance
- in one spot
- dance from bucsum
- romanian polka
- fast dance
89
mode for 1 (stick dance)
- A dorian
- Aeolian
90
mode for 2 (sash dance)
D dorian
91
mode for 3 (in one spot)
B dorian
92
mode for 4 (dance from bucsum)
A phrygian
93
mode for 5 (romanian polka)
D lydian
94
mode for 6 (fast dance)
- D lydian
- C lydian
- C mixolydian
- A mixolydian
95
contemporaries bartok
- debussy
- stravinsky
- kodaly
96
other piano works of bartok
- Mikrokosmos
- 3 concertos
- 1 sonata
- 1 sonatina
- 1 rhapsody
97
what are mikrokosmos
- progressive piano pieces in 6 volumes
98
moderato
moderate tempo
99
what inspired bartok
- nationalism
- folk tunes
100
baroque style
- highly-ornamented
- overly decorative
- polyphonic (many voices and sounds at same time)
- terrace dynamics
101
terrace dynamics
sudden change in dynamics (loud and quiet)
102
classical style
- emphasis on **structure**, **form**, **key** **relationships**
- **4 bar phrases** =repetitive, easy to remember melody
103
romantic style
- emphasis on individual expression. emotions
- rich harmonies
- elaborate melodies
- expanded structure
104
modern style
- broke away from traditional harmony and melody
- more harsh, disjointed, aggressive
- dissonance
- modes
105
dissonance
lack of harmony among musical notes
106
did bach write any concertos or orchestral works
- yes, he wrote several harpsichord concertos, violin concertos and indeed a concerto for 2 violins.
- 6 brandenburg concertos
- 4 orchestral suites
107
how many cantatas did bach write
over 200
108
did bartok move anywhere
yes, he moved to NY in 1940
109
why did he move to NY in 1940
due to the spread of fascism
110
bartoks roles/ jobs
hungarian composer, pianist, teacher
111
haydn other works
- 106 symphonies
- over 50 piano sonatas
- over 80 string quartets
112
string quartet
- a group of four musicians who play string instruments
- 2 violin, 1 viola, 1 cello
113
mass
- sung religious service
- do tell stories but no plots
114
aria
- song in opera
115
cantata
- short medium work
- religious or secular
116
oritorio
- religious story with plot
- like opera but not performed/acted
- long work
117
opus
work or group of works
118
opus 118
- dedicated to clara schumann
- composed in 1893
119
opus 118 other works
- **Intermezzo** in A minor
- Intermezzo in A major
- **Ballade** in G minor
- Intermezzo in F minor
- **Romance** in F major
- Intermezzo in E flat minor
120
order of majors with sharps
- G
- D
- A
- E
- B
- F#
- C#
121
order of majors with flats
- F
- B♭
- E♭
- A♭
- D♭
- G♭
- C♭
122
minor rule
same sharp and flat as relative major
123
harmonic minor
raised 7th
124
melodic minor
- raised 6th and 7th ascending
- natural minor down
125
eg of grace note
- appoggiatura
- acciaccatura
126
bach works for keyboard
- 7 concerto for 1 harpsichord
- 3 concerto for 2
- 2 concerto for 3
- 1 concerto for 4
127
dorian
D
128
aeolian
A
129
phrygian
E
130
lydian
F
131
mixolydian
G
132
