All

Question 1

The alimentary canal extends from the _____ to the _____.

Answer 1

Mouth

Anus

Question 2

What is the inner most layer of the alimentary canal?

Answer 2

The mucosa or mucus membrane

Question 3

What does the mucosa do?

Answer 3

Protects the tissue beneath it
Carries on secretion and absorption
Secretes mucus and digestive enzymes

Question 4

What does the submucosa consist of?

Answer 4

Glands, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves

Question 5

What does the submucosa do?

Answer 5

Nourishes surrounding tissue and carries away absorbed materials

Question 6

What does the muscular layer do?

Answer 6

Produces movement of the tube

Question 7

What happens when smooth muscles contract?

Answer 7

The tube diameter decreases

Question 8

What is the outer covering of the tube?

Answer 8

The serosa or serous layer

Question 9

What does the Serosa do?

Answer 9

Secretes serous fluid which moistens and lubricates the tube’s outer surface

Question 10

What does serous fluid do?

Answer 10

Moistens and lubricates the outer surface of the tube

Question 11

What are the two types of motor functions?

Answer 11

Mixing and propelling movements

Question 12

When do mixing movements occur?

Answer 12

When the stomach is full and waves of muscular contractions move along the wall from end to end, mixing food with digestive juices

Question 13

What do the waves of mixing movements do?

Answer 13

Mix food with digestive juices

Question 14

What do propelling movements including?

Answer 14

A wavelike motion called peristalsis

Question 15

How does peristalsis occur?

Answer 15

A ring of muscular contractions appears in the wall which push food down the tube

Question 16

What are the parts of the mouth?

Answer 16

The lips, cheeks, tongue, and palate

Question 17

What is the oral cavity?

Answer 17

The chamber between the palate and tongue

Question 18

What does the palate form?

Answer 18

The roof of the mouth of the oral cavity

Question 19

Where are palatine tonsils located?

Answer 19

In the back of the mouth on either side of the tongue

Question 20

What are palatine tonsils?

Answer 20

Masses of lymphatic tissue which are found on either side of the tongue in the back of the mouth

Question 21

What is the purpose of palatine tonsils? However…..?

Answer 21

To protect against infection

They are a common site of infections, and when swollen they can interfere with swallowing and breatning

Question 22

Explain the parts in cavities in teeth.

Answer 22

Blood vessels and nerves reach this cavity through tubular root canals extending into the root

Question 23

What does saliva do?

Answer 23

Moistens food particles, helps bind them, dissolves food so that it can be tasted, and begins the chemical digestion of carbohydrates

Question 24

What is salivary amylase?

Answer 24

An enzyme that splits starch and glycogen molecules into disaccharides

Question 25

Salivary amylase splits starch and glycogen molecules into disaccharides. What is this?

Answer 25

The first step in the digestion of carbohydrates

Question 26

What are the 3 stages of swallowing?

Answer 26

The tongue rolls the mixture of the food and saliva into a bolus and forces it into the pharynx Food is swallowed by a reflex Food is transported in the esophagus to the stomach by peristalsis

Question 27

What are the 4 regions of the stomach?

Answer 27

The cardiac, fundic, body, and pyloric regions

Question 28

What is the cardiac region of the stomach?

Answer 28

The small area near the esophageal opening

Question 29

What is the fundic region of the stomach?

Answer 29

A temporary storage area

Question 30

What is the body region of the stomach?

Answer 30

The main part of the stomach which lies between the fundic and pyloric regions

Question 31

What do gastric glands in the stomach secrete?

Answer 31

3 types of gastric cells: chief cells, parietal cells, and mucus cells

Question 32

What do chief cells secrete? Parietal cells?

Answer 32

Digestive enzymes | Hydrochloride acid

Question 33

Gastric cells along with what secrete ______

Answer 33

2 other types of cells | Gastric juices

Question 34

What is the most important gastric juice and what does it do?

Answer 34

Pepsin begins the digestion of all types of proteins.

Question 35

How long may fatty foods remain in the stomach?

Answer 35

From 3-6 hours

Question 36

What passes through the stomach faster than fatty foods? Fastest?

Answer 36

Proteins | Carbs

Question 37

Where does the sensory impulse for vomiting travel from?

Answer 37

From the vomiting center in the medulla oblongata in the brain

Question 38

When can a hiatal hernia form?

Answer 38

When a portion of the stomach protrudes through a weakened area of the diaphragm

Question 39

What is secretin?

Answer 39

A hormone which stimulates the secretion of pancreatic juice

Question 40

What are 5 functions of the liver?

Answer 40

``` Converting noncarbohydrates to glucose Metabolizing proteins Storing vitamins A, D, and B12 Filtering blood by removing damaged blood cells Secreting bile ```

Question 41

What is bile?

Answer 41

A yellowing liquid that contains bile salts, bile pigments, cholesterol, and electrolytes

Question 42

What are bile salts?

Answer 42

The most abundant substances in bile which aid in digestion by emulsifying fat

Question 43

What is jaundice?

Answer 43

A condition that turns skin yellow due to a buildup of bile pigments

Question 44

How can Hepatitis B spread?

Answer 44

By contact with virus-containing body fluids such as blood, saliva, or semen

Question 45

Through what can Hepatitis B spread?

Answer 45

By blood transfusions, needles, or sexual activity

Question 46

What are half of all hepatitis cases?

Answer 46

Hepatitis C

Question 47

How is Hepatitis primarily spread?

Answer 47

In blood, by sharing needles, razors, blood transfusions | Females can give it to the fetus

Question 48

What is the major mixing movement of the small intestine?

Answer 48

Segmentation

Question 49

What is segmentation? What does it do?

Answer 49

When small, ring like contractions occur periodically, cutting chyme into segments Slows the movement through the small intestines

Question 50

When does the condition of malabsorption occur?

Answer 50

When the small intestine digests but does not absorb some nutrients

Question 51

What are symptoms of malabsorption?

Answer 51

Diarrhea, weight loss, weakness, anemia, and vitamin deficiencies

Question 52

What does the large intestine absorb from chyme? Where does this occur?

Answer 52

Water and electrolytes | In the proximal half of the tube

Question 53

What does the large intestine do in the distal part of the tube?

Answer 53

Forms and stores feces

Question 54

What does the large intestine consist of?

Answer 54

The cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal

Question 55

What are hemorrhoids?

Answer 55

Enlarged and inflamed rectal veins in the anal column that cause itching, sharp pain, and sometimes bleeding

Question 56

What are feces?

Answer 56

Materials that were not digested or absorbed, plus water, electrolytes, mucus, and bacteria

Question 57

How much of feces is water? Where does the coloring come from?

Answer 57

75% | From bile pigments altered by bacterial action

Question 58

What does the digestive system consist of?

Answer 58

The Alimentary canal, which extends from the mouth to the anus, and several accessory organs, which secrete substances used in the process of digestion

Question 59

4 Types of teeth:

Answer 59

Central and lateral Incisors, canine (cuspid), premolar (bicuspid) 1st and 2nd, and molar 1st, 2nd, and 3rd

Question 60

Number of teeth:

Answer 60

4 of each except premolar and third molar in primary teeth

Question 61

What do incisors do? Canines? Premolar? Molar?

Answer 61

Bite off pieces of food Grasp and tear food Grind food particles Grind food particles

Question 62

How do gallstones form?

Answer 62

Cholesterol in bile precipitates and forms crystals called gallstones

Question 63

What is bad about gallstones?

Answer 63

They may enter the common bile duct and block bike flow into the small intestine and cause considerable pain

Question 64

What is a cholecystectomy?

Answer 64

A surgery in which the gallbladder is removed bcs of gallstones It can be done with a laparoscope or small little probe on an outpatient