All Flashcards
(134 cards)
1
Q
Used to detect tuberculosis and leprosy causing bacteria of the genus mycobacterium
A
Ziehl Neelsen acid fast stain
2
Q
Polysaccharide layer surrounding outside of many bacteria; can act as a barrier to many host defense mechanism
A
Capsule
3
Q
Same as dark field
A
Flagellar staining and endoscopy
4
Q
Before true nucleus, no membrane enclosed structure’s, only a sexual reproduction, single celled organism
A
Prokaryotic
5
Q
True nucleus, membrane enclosed structure, sexual or asexual reproduction
A
Eukaryotic
6
Q
Above kingdom level
A
Domain
7
Q
Three domains exist
A
2 prokaryotic- domain arches and domain bacteria
1 eukaryotic - domain eukarya
8
Q
Spherical , round -coccus , rodlike-bacillus , spiral, square and triangle
A
Prokaryotic cells
9
Q
Diplo
A
1 plane and cells in pairs
10
Q
Strepto
A
Chains
11
Q
Tetrads
A
2 planes , 4 cells in a cube
12
Q
Staphylo
A
Grapelike clusters
13
Q
Bacilli
A
1 plane and end like a train
14
Q
Bacterial cell structure
A
Cell membrane, cytoplasm , and external structures
15
Q
Cell wall and sometimes outer layer
A
Cell membrane
16
Q
Contains ribosomes, nuclear region , sometimes granules and vesicles; semifluid substance inside cell membrane
A
Cytoplasm
17
Q
Capsules; pili; flagella
A
External structures
18
Q
Important part of the outer membrane and can be used to identify gram-negative bacteria
A
Lipopolysaccharide ( endotoxins)
19
Q
Proteins interspersed in a mosaic pattern ; mosaic = different types of pieces
A
Fluid mosaic structure
20
Q
RNA protein ; protein synthesis
A
Ribosomes
21
Q
Contain DNA , RNA , and protein
A
Nuclear region
22
Q
Granules
A
Store glycogen
23
Q
Vesicles
A
Contain gas or iron compounds ( magnetisomes)
24
Q
Some bacteria form these for resistance
A
Endospores
25
Found on motile bacteria
Flagellum/flagella
26
Move toward or away from chemical
Chemotaxis
27
Move toward or away from light
Photo taxis
28
Exchange of DNA
Conjugation pili
29
Help stick to surfaces
Attachment pili(fimbriae)
30
Contains all polysaccharides that are outside the cell wall
Glycolax
31
Prevents host cell from destroying a bacterium
Capsule
32
Bacteria piles on itself ; protects cells from drying out, entraps nutrients and can bind cells together
Slime layer
33
Each cell receives 1 of each chromosomes found in parent cells
Mitosis
34
Each cell receives 1 member of each pair of chromosome
Meiosis
35
Progeny can be ?
Gametes or spores
36
No ribosomes , makes lipids
Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum
37
Ribosomes , makes proteins
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
38
Contain digestive enzymes
Lysosomes
39
Carry out chemical reactions that capture energy ATP
Mitochondria
40
Capture energy from light
Chloroplasts
41
Cell skeleton
Cytoskeleton
42
Beat in coordinated waves of motion , smaller than flagella
Cilia
43
Cause a creeping movement
Pseudopodia
44
Eukaryotic cells in plant and fungi kingdoms have this
Cell wall
45
Means of explaining how we got all the internal structures and organelles from bacteria
Endosymbiosis
46
Requires no energy
Passive movement
47
Comes from kinetic energy
Simple diffusion
48
Kinetic energy
Energy of action
49
Moves substances from higher to lower concentration
Facilitated diffusion
50
Movement of water molecules from higher to lower concentration of water
Osmosis
51
Solution is the pressure required to prevent osmosis
Osmotic pressure
52
Requires protein carrier , an ATP source , and an enzyme that releases ATP energy
Active transport
53
Vesicles enters the cell
Endocytosis
54
Vesicles leaves the cell
Exocytosis
55
Krebs cycle [TCA cycle]
Oxidation of carbons transfer of electrons to coenzymes, energy capture , total yield of 38 ATPs per glucose molecule
56
Fatty acid , fat molecule non-water soluble
Beta oxidation
57
Double membrane
Nuclear envelop
58
Allows RNA to pass through
Nuclear pores
59
Semi fluid portion of the nucleus
Nucleoplasm
60
Requires energy to make complex molecules to simpler ones
Anabolism
61
Releases energy to break down complex molecules to simpler ones
Catabolism
62
Loss of electrons
Oxidation
63
Gain of electrons
Reduction
64
Oxidation and reductions occur simultaneously
Redox reactions
65
Autotrophy
Self feeding
66
Heterotrophy
Other feeding
67
Capture energy in a form that cells can use
Catabolic
68
Make the complex molecules that form the structure of cells ; enzymes and other molecules
Anabolic
69
Ends in (-ase)
Enzymes
70
Non protein organic molecule bound to an enzyme
Coenzyme
71
Improve the fit to the enzyme with its substrate usually magnesium or zinc
Cofactor
72
Factors that affect enzyme reactions
Time , temperature , pH, and concentration of substrate , product and enzyme
73
Chemical reaction reaches a steady state , no net changes in concentration of substrates or products
Chemical equilibrium
74
Break down of glucose sugar , do not require oxygen
Glycolysis
75
4 important events of Embden Meyerhof Pathway
1. Transfer of phosphate groups from ATP to glucose
2. Breakdown glucose into 2x3 carbon molecules
3. Transfer of 2 electrons to the coenzyme NAD
4. Capture energy ATP which is 2 molecules net
76
Anaerobic metabolism of the pyruvic acid produced in glycolysis
Fermentation
77
Pyruvic acid converted directly to lactic acid , produces no gas, occurs in lactibacillus , streptococci
Homolactic acid
78
Release from pyruvic acid to form acetaldehyde then reduced to ethyl alcohol
Alcoholic
79
Aerobes
Requires oxygen
80
Anaerobes
Do not require oxygen
81
Use oxygen if available but can function without it
Facultative anaerobes
82
Bacterial cell duplicates it components and divides into 2 cells
Binary fission
83
Small new cell develops from the surface of an existing cell and then separates from the parent cell
Budding
84
Phases of growth
Lag , log , stationary , death
85
Factors affecting bacterial growth
Physical and nutritional factors
86
pH levels
Acidophiles = 0.1-5.4, neutrophils=5.4-8.0
| Alkaliphile=7.5-11.5
87
Temperature lovers
```
Psychrophiles = cold water
Mesophiles= medium temp
Thermophiles = hot water loving
```
88
The first vaccine for human use produced using recombinant DNA technology was?
Polio vaccine
89
Consists of a plastic tray with 20 microtubes, 7 digit profile
API (analytical profile index)
90
15 different tests, 5 digit is number for gram negative bacteria
Enetreotube
91
The study of heredity
Genetics
92
The transmission of DNA ( or RNA in viruses) from an organism to its progeny
Heredity
93
Threadlike molecules of DNA that contain genetic information essential for survival
Chromosome
94
The basic unit of heredity
Gene
95
A permanent alteration in the DNA
Mutation
96
DNA contains 4 nitrogenous bases
Adenine, thymine , guanine, and cytosine
97
Bonds closely to certain proteins to form two kinds of ribosome subunits
Ribosomal RNA
98
Synthesized in units that contain sufficient information to direct the synthesis of one or more polypeptide chain
Messenger RNA
99
Transfers amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosomes for replacement in a protein molecule
Transfer RNA
100
Several ribosomes attached at different points along an mRNA molecule
Polyribosome
101
The significance of Regulatory mechanisms
Grow in large numbers of relatively inexpensively
Produce many new generations quickly
A variety of mutations are observed in a relatively short time
102
Categories of regulatory mechanisms
Feedback inhibition
Enzyme induction
Enzyme repression
103
The genetic information contained in the DNA of the organism
Genotype
104
The specific characteristics displayed by the organism
Phenotype
105
Base substitution where one base is substituted for another at a specific location in a gene
Point mutation
106
The insertion or deletion of one or more nucleotides
Frame shit mutation
107
Occur in the absence of any known mutagen and appear to be due to errors in base pairing during DNA replication
Spontaneous mutation
108
Mutations produced by agents call mutagens
Induced mutations
109
Increase the mutation rate
Mutagens
110
Causes the formation of dimers
Radiation
111
Repairs of DNA damage
Light repair and dark repair
112
Demonstrates that resistance to chemical substances occurs spontaneously
Fluctuation test
113
Demonstrates the spontaneous nature of mutations
Replica plating
114
Used for screening chemicals for mutagenic properties
Ames test
115
The movement of genetic information between organisms
Gene transfer
116
Combining of genes DNA from step different cells
Recombination
117
When genes pass from parents to offspring
Vertical gene transfer
118
They pass genes to other microbes of their same generation
Lateral gene transfer
119
Composed of a core of nucleic acid covered by a protein coat
Phages
120
Uses an enzyme that is activated by visible light and that breaks bonds between pyrimidines of a dimer
Light repair
121
Uses several enzymes that do not require light for activation
Dark repair
122
Genetic engineering consists of ?
Genetic fusion , protoplasm fusion , gene amplification , hybridomas
123
Significance of transformation
It contributes to genetic diversity
Can be used to introduce DNA Into organism
Can be used to create recombinant DNA
124
Genetic material is carried by a bacteriophage
Transduction
125
Significance of transduction
Transfers genetic material and demonstrates a close evolutionary relationship between prophage and host cell DNA
126
Large quantities of DNA are transferred from one organism to another
Conjugation
127
Extrachromosomal DNA molecules
Plasmids
128
The manipulation of genetics material to alter the characteristics of an organism
Genetic engineering
129
The addition of plasmids to microorganisms in order to increase the yield of useful gene products
Gene amplification
130
Combines organisms without cell walls allowing them to mix their genetic information
Protoplast fusion
131
Enzyme that recognizes specific sequences of 4 to 8 base pairs of DNA weren't then cuts across to create a restriction fragment
Restriction endonucleases
132
How's the transposition and joining of jeans from two separate jeans that were originally located at different positions on the chromosome
Genetic fusion
133
Results when a new DNA is produced by taking genes from one kind of organism and introducing them into genome of another different organism
Transgenic
134
Significance of conjugation
It increases genetic diversity , may represent an evolutionary stage between asexual and sexual reproduction, and it provides a means of mapping genes in bacterial Chromosomes
