all Flashcards
(777 cards)
1
Q
A
2
Q
Sensory from a portion of external ear
A
General Somatic Afferent (GSA) Facial Nerve
3
Q
Supposed existence carrying information from sublingual and submandibular glands
A
General Visceral Afferent (GVA)
4
Q
Inf. Vagal Ganglion
A
SA and GVA Vagus
5
Q
Supposed existence carrying information from palatine, pharyngeal
A
General Visceral Afferent (GVA from CN 7
6
Q
Taste from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue and palate
A
SA CN7
7
Q
Taste from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue
A
Cranial Nerve IX Glossopharyngeal Nerve
8
Q
Sensory from a portion of external ear
A
GSA CN9(GP)
9
Q
Taste from the epiglottis
A
SA CN10
10
Q
GSA and SA fibrs
A
solitary tract nucleus
11
Q
facial motor nucleus
A
CN 7 SVE: motor to muscle of facial expression
12
Q
SVE: motor to stylopharngeus
A
CN 9
from nucleus ambiguous
13
Q
SVE: motor to muscles of palate, pharynx
A
CN 10
14
Q
Inf. GP gnaglion
A
SA and GVA CN9
15
Q
SVE: motor to muscles of larynx, upper esophagus
A
CN 10
16
Q
TF SVE fibers of CN9,10 start from
A
nucleus ambiguous
17
Q
spinal tri nucleus
A
GSA fibers of CN 7 anf CN 9, CN 10 from ext ear
18
Q
postganglionic parasympathetic fibers innervate thoracic and abdominal viscera
A
CN 10 GVE
19
Q
Parasympathetic ganglion cell in the wall of the target organ
A
GVE of CN 10
20
Q
Superior Salivatory Nucleus
A
starts GVE fibers of CN7
21
Q
Dorsal motor nuc
A
starts GVE fibers of CN 10
22
Q
postganglionic parasympathetic fibers to sublingual and submandibular glands
A
from CN 7 GVE
goes to submandibular gang
23
Q
postganglionic parasympathetic fibers to lacrimal, nasal palatine and upper pharynx glands
A
from CN 7 GVE
from Pterygopalatine ganglion
24
Q
Otic gaglion
A
GVE fibers of CN 9
parasympathetic fibers(pre and post ganglionic neurons)
25
postganglionic parasympathetic fibers to parotid gland
GVE fibers of CN 9
26
solitary nucleus
starts GVE fibers of CN 9
27
only has GSE
CN 12
hypoglossal
28
intrinsic tongue ms. • 3 of 4 extrinsic tongue ms.
GSE of CN12
29
Hypoglossal nucleus
cell bodies for GSE CN12
30
tf CN12 GSE fibers will
abduct the tongue
F adduct iit
31
major muscles of int. tongue and ext tongue receive only contralateral input from pre central gyrus
corticobulbar fibes innerve the CN 12 cell body in the hypoglossal nucleus
32
adduct
toward midline
33
LMNL of CN 12
tongue to side of lesion
34
UMNL of coricobulb fibers of CN 12
tongue to contralat of lesion
35
GVE
PS innerv
36
The nucleus ambiguus receives ---- cortiocobulbar input, with the majority of this input being -----
The nucleus ambiguus receives bilateral cortiocobulbar input, with the majority of this input being contralateral.
CN 9,11
37
inferior salivatory nucleus receives input from the
hypothalamus.
Glossopharyngeal Nerve(cn11)
38
dorsal motor nucleus receives input from the
dorsal motor nucleus receives input from the hypothalamus
GVE of CN10
39
Cranial Nerve XII emerges from the ------ and enters into the ------ cranial fossa. and exits the posterior cranial fossa through the ------- canal.
Cranial Nerve XII emerges from the brainstem and enters into the posterior cranial fossa. • Cranial Nerve XII exits the posterior cranial fossa through the hypoglossal canal.
40
Taste receptor cells are also located on the palate and epiglottis.
located in the epithelium not in pappilase
41
Taste receptor are clustered in taste buds,
which are mainly assoicated with fungiform and circumvallate/vallate papillae
42
tf Foliate papillae have tons of taste buds in adults.
Foliate papillae have few taste buds in adults.
43
44
45
46
47
Taste receptor cells are also located on the palate and epiglottis.
located in the epithelium not in pappilase
48
tf Foliate papillae have tons of taste buds in adults.
Foliate papillae have few taste buds in adults.
49
epiglottis
SA from CN 10
50
posterior 1/3 tongue (including vallate papillae)
SA from CN-IX:
51
anterior 2/3 tongue, palate
SA from CN-VII:
52
anterior 2/3 tongue, hard and soft palate
GSA from CN 5
53
at apical end of taste receptor cell and
extend thru taste pore
microvilli
54
epiglottis
GVA from CN 10
55
at apical end of taste receptor cell and
extend thru taste pore
microvilli
56
tf GVA from CN-IX: ant 1/3 tongue, palatine tonsils,larynx
GVA from CN-IX: posterior 1/3 tongue, palatine tonsils, pharynx
57
Taste receptor cells are replaced
every 7-10 days
58
the taste receptor cells release neurotransmitter on afferents
of CN VII, CN IX and CN X
59
Taste receptor are clustered in taste buds,
which are mainly assoicated with fungiform and circumvallate/vallate papillae
60
Taste molecule activates the taste receptor cell.
Increase intracellular Ca+2 through voltage gated Ca+2 channels and via release from internal stores.
Depolarizing receptor potential (inside of the taste receptor cell become more positive through several different mechanisms)
Transduction of the signal to the CNS (nucleus solitarius/solitaty nucleus)
Release of transmitter on to peripheral nerve (primary afferent)
Taste molecule activates the taste receptor cell.
2. Depolarizing receptor potential (inside of the taste receptor cell become more positive through several different mechanisms)
3. Increase intracellular Ca+2 through voltage gated Ca+2 channels and via release from internal stores.
4. Release of transmitter on to peripheral nerve (primary afferent)
5. Transduction of the signal to the CNS (nucleus solitarius/solitaty nucleus)
61
Central tegmental tract
carries second order neurons of The taste (SA) pathway (ipsilateral)
62
tf
when the Taste molecule activates the taste receptor cell. it hyperpolarizes polarizes receptor potential (inside of the taste receptor cell become more negative through several different mechanisms)
Taste molecule activates the taste receptor cell. 2. Depolarizing receptor potential (inside of the taste receptor cell become more positive through several different mechanisms)
63
Central tegmental tract
carries second order neurons of The taste (SA) pathway (ipsilateral)
64
voltage gated Ca+2 channels and via release from internal stores
help depol taste receptor cell
by inc intracellular Ca+2
65
The superior aspect of the nucleus solitarius is also referred to
The superior aspect of the nucleus solitarius is also referred to as the gustatory nucleus
66
Transduction of the signal to the CNS
from taster receptor cell
67
insula and the medial surface of the frontal operculum
gustatory cortex
68
The taste (SA) pathway follows
ips. course
69
the taste receptor cells release neurotransmitter on afferents
of CN VII, CN IX and CN X
70
near the base of the central sulcus.
gust cortex
71
Opercula (singular, operculum):
the regions of frontal, parietal and temporal lobes located adjacent to the lateral sulcus and overlying the insula
72
73
----- of olfactory receptor cells extend to the surface of the olfactory epithelium and terminate with a --------region from which non-motile cilia project.
Dendrites of olfactory receptor cells extend to the surface of the olfactory epithelium and terminate with a rounded knoblike-region from which non-motile cilia project.
74
Cilia
extend into the mucus layer and possess receptors for odorant molecules
75
Taste information is also relayed from the solitary nucleus to retic. formation to regulate
salivation and swallowing
76
Cilia
extend into the mucus layer and possess receptors for odorant molecules
77
----- of olfactory receptor cells extend to the surface of the olfactory epithelium and terminate with a --------region from which non-motile cilia project.
Dendrites of olfactory receptor cells extend to the surface of the olfactory epithelium and terminate with a rounded knoblike-region from which non-motile cilia project.
78
79
CN 1 SA
smell
80
place where the olfactory axons synapse After passing through the cribiform plate
81
Receptors responsive to different odorant molecules are ----- in the olfactory epithelium
Receptors responsive to different odorant molecules are intermingled in the olfactory epithelium
82
CN 1
The only sensory system with no ----- relay to the thalamus, though olfactory information will eventually be -----through the thalamus.
The only sensory system with no precortical relay to the thalamus, though olfactory information will eventually be processed through the thalamus.
83
Receptors responsive to different odorant molecules are ----- in the olfactory epithelium
Receptors responsive to different odorant molecules are intermingled in the olfactory epithelium
84
At the level of the glomeruli, the axons of olfactory neurons carrying --- olfactory information synapse in the --- glomerulus.
©At the level of the glomeruli, the axons of olfactory neurons carrying similar olfactory information synapse in the same glomerulus.
85
place where the olfactory axons synapse After passing through the cribiform plate
86
At the level of the glomeruli, the axons of olfactory neurons carrying --- olfactory information synapse in the --- glomerulus.
©At the level of the glomeruli, the axons of olfactory neurons carrying similar olfactory information synapse in the same glomerulus.
87
The olfactory epithelium is a ----- columnar
The olfactory epithelium is a pseudostratified columnar
88
Neurons in the anterior olfactory nucleus cross via the ----- commissure, to the ------ olfactory bulb
Neurons in the anterior olfactory nucleus cross via the anterior commissure, to the contralateral olfactory bulb
89
what type of glands are in CN 1 olf ep.
Mucous producing glands are also present (Bowman’s glands)
90
Neurons in the anterior olfactory nucleus cross via the ----- commissure, to the ------ olfactory bulb
Neurons in the anterior olfactory nucleus cross via the anterior commissure, to the contralateral olfactory bulb
91
tf taste receptor cells are neurons
F
olf receptor cells are neurons tho
92
The relay through the thalamus occurs after afferents reach the ----- ----- ----- but prior to olfactory info traveling to association cortex (eg. -----)
The relay through the thalamus occurs after afferents reach the primary olfactory cortex but prior to olfactory info traveling to association cortex (eg. orbitofrontal cortex
93
Convergence in the orbitofrontal cortex,
from the gustatory, somatosensory, olfactory and visual cortical areas
94
Olfactory receptor cells
replaced every 1-2 months by basal cells in the olfactory epithelium
95
Convergence in the orbitofrontal cortex,
from the gustatory, somatosensory, olfactory and visual cortical areas
96
The relay through the thalamus occurs after afferents reach the ----- ----- ----- but prior to olfactory info traveling to association cortex (eg. -----)
The relay through the thalamus occurs after afferents reach the primary olfactory cortex but prior to olfactory info traveling to association cortex (eg. orbitofrontal cortex
97
olfactory epithelium
olfactory receptor cells/neurons, basal cells and support cells
98
The taste (SA) pathway follows
ips. course
99
olfactory epithelium
olfactory receptor cells/neurons, basal cells and support cells
100
Olfactory receptor cells
replaced every 1-2 months by basal cells in the olfactory epithelium
101
Unmyelinated axons of olfactory receptor cells to
olfactory filia to olfactory nerve
102
Unmyelinated axons of olfactory receptor cells
pass through the lamina propria
103
Unmyelinated axons of olfactory receptor cells travel through the ------ -----(ethmoid bone) and terminate in the -----
------
Theses axons travel through the cribiform plate (ethmoid bone) and terminate in the olfactory bulb.
104
cribiform plate
ethmoid bone
105
tf CN1 will emerge thru ant cranial fossa
T thru cribiform plate
106
tf taste receptor cells are neurons
F
olf receptor cells are neurons tho
107
tf CN1 will emerge thru ant cranial fossa
T thru cribiform plate
108
Glomeruli respond selectively to --- ----- that characterize the complex odor.
Glomeruli respond selectively to one or two molecules that characterize the complex odor.
109
tf Odor information is carried along the olfactory tract (axons of mitral and tufted cells) to one areas
Odor information is carried along the olfactory tract (axons of mitral and tufted cells) to several areas
110
cribiform plate
ethmoid bone
111
Mitral Cells and tufted cells
also contribute to the glomerulus)
112
Primary olfactory cortex
(piriform cortex, periamygdaloid cortex, anterior parahippocampal gyrus)
113
which of follwowing areas is not where Olfactory tract fibers terminate
Anterior olfactory nucleus
post olfactory nucleus
Olfactory tubercle
Amygdala
olf. bulb
post olfactory nucleus
and olf bulb
114
tf Odor information is carried along the olfactory tract (axons of mitral and tufted cells) to one areas
Odor information is carried along the olfactory tract (axons of mitral and tufted cells) to several areas
115
ability to discriminate and identify odors
Primary Olfactory Cortex
116
Primary Olfactory Cortex
is located in the uncus of the temporal lobe
117
Anterior parahippocampal gyrus
Primary Olfactory Cortex
118
which of follwowing areas is not where Olfactory tract fibers terminate
Anterior olfactory nucleus
post olfactory nucleus
Olfactory tubercle
Amygdala
olf. bulb
post olfactory nucleus
and olf bulb
119
Anterior parahippocampal gyrus
Primary Olfactory Cortex
120
perception of flavor
integration in orbitofrontal cortex
121
Taste-responsive cells of primate amygdala and hypothalamus
complex tastemediated behaviors
122
Hippocampus –
concerned with learning associated with feeding
projections from prim olfactory cortex
123
concerned with feeding behaviors
Hypothalamus
(has projections from primary olfactory cortex)
124
Bilateral lesions in the ventral medial hypothalamus
voracious appetite and resulting obesity
125
126
Bilateral lesions of the ventral lateral hypothalamus
failing to feed and wasting
127
Primary Olfactory Cortex
is located in the uncus of the temporal lobe
128
129
Bilateral lesions of the ventral lateral hypothalamus
failing to feed and wasting
130
Bilateral lesions in the ventral medial hypothalamus
voracious appetite and resulting obesity
131
concerned with feeding behaviors
Hypothalamus
(has projections from primary olfactory cortex)
132
Hippocampus –
concerned with learning associated with feeding
projections from prim olfactory cortex
133
Taste-responsive cells of primate amygdala and hypothalamus
complex tastemediated behaviors
134
perception of flavor
integration in orbitofrontal cortex
135
ability to discriminate and identify odors
Primary Olfactory Cortex
136
Primary olfactory cortex
(piriform cortex, periamygdaloid cortex, anterior parahippocampal gyrus)
137
Mitral Cells and tufted cells
also contribute to the glomerulus)
138
Glomeruli respond selectively to --- ----- that characterize the complex odor.
Glomeruli respond selectively to one or two molecules that characterize the complex odor.
139
Unmyelinated axons of olfactory receptor cells travel through the ------ -----(ethmoid bone) and terminate in the -----
------
Theses axons travel through the cribiform plate (ethmoid bone) and terminate in the olfactory bulb.
140
Unmyelinated axons of olfactory receptor cells
pass through the lamina propria
141
Unmyelinated axons of olfactory receptor cells to
olfactory filia to olfactory nerve
142
what type of glands are in CN 1 olf ep.
Mucous producing glands are also present (Bowman’s glands)
143
The olfactory epithelium is a ----- columnar
The olfactory epithelium is a pseudostratified columnar
144
CN 1
The only sensory system with no ----- relay to the thalamus, though olfactory information will eventually be -----through the thalamus.
The only sensory system with no precortical relay to the thalamus, though olfactory information will eventually be processed through the thalamus.
145
CN 1 SA
smell
146
Taste information is also relayed from the solitary nucleus to retic. formation to regulate
salivation and swallowing
147
Opercula (singular, operculum):
the regions of frontal, parietal and temporal lobes located adjacent to the lateral sulcus and overlying the insula
148
near the base of the central sulcus.
gust cortex
149
insula and the medial surface of the frontal operculum
gustatory cortex
150
Transduction of the signal to the CNS
from taster receptor cell
151
The superior aspect of the nucleus solitarius is also referred to
The superior aspect of the nucleus solitarius is also referred to as the gustatory nucleus
152
voltage gated Ca+2 channels and via release from internal stores
help depol taste receptor cell
by inc intracellular Ca+2
153
tf
when the Taste molecule activates the taste receptor cell. it hyperpolarizes polarizes receptor potential (inside of the taste receptor cell become more negative through several different mechanisms)
Taste molecule activates the taste receptor cell. 2. Depolarizing receptor potential (inside of the taste receptor cell become more positive through several different mechanisms)
154
Taste molecule activates the taste receptor cell.
Increase intracellular Ca+2 through voltage gated Ca+2 channels and via release from internal stores.
Depolarizing receptor potential (inside of the taste receptor cell become more positive through several different mechanisms)
Transduction of the signal to the CNS (nucleus solitarius/solitaty nucleus)
Release of transmitter on to peripheral nerve (primary afferent)
Taste molecule activates the taste receptor cell.
2. Depolarizing receptor potential (inside of the taste receptor cell become more positive through several different mechanisms)
3. Increase intracellular Ca+2 through voltage gated Ca+2 channels and via release from internal stores.
4. Release of transmitter on to peripheral nerve (primary afferent)
5. Transduction of the signal to the CNS (nucleus solitarius/solitaty nucleus)
155
Taste receptor cells are replaced
every 7-10 days
156
tf GVA from CN-IX: ant 1/3 tongue, palatine tonsils,larynx
GVA from CN-IX: posterior 1/3 tongue, palatine tonsils, pharynx
157
epiglottis
GVA from CN 10
158
anterior 2/3 tongue, hard and soft palate
GSA from CN 5
159
anterior 2/3 tongue, palate
SA from CN-VII:
160
posterior 1/3 tongue (including vallate papillae)
SA from CN-IX:
161
epiglottis
SA from CN 10
162
The optic nerve is formed by --- --- --- axons
The optic nerve is formed by retinal ganglion cell axons
163
Light travels through the pupil to the back of the eye where the ---- is
Light travels through the pupil to the back of the eye where the retina
164
bipolar, horizontal & amacrine cells
Inner Nuclear Layer
165
tf INL is b/n IPL amd OPL
T
166
Ganglion cell axons
form optic n.
167
metabolically supports photoreceptors - absorbs stray light particles
RPE
168
cell bodies of rods and cones
Outer Nuclear Layer
169
170
171
172
173
anatomical and physiologic properties
group ganglion cells
174
M (or Y) ganglion cells
largest of the ganglion cells
175
extensive dendritic arbors and large receptive fields
M (or Y) ganglion cells
176
M or Y ganglion cells are predominantly found in the ----- of the retina and mainly receive input from ---
M or Y ganglion cells are predominantly found in the periphery of the retina and mainly receive input from rods
177
P (or X ) ganglion cells
central retina
178
The optic nerve exits the orbit, traverses the ----- canal and emerges into the ---- cranial fossa
The optic nerve exits the orbit, traverses the optic canal and emerges into the middle cranial fossa
179
Optic Nerves
(axons of retinal ganglion cells)
180
input from cones
P (or X ) ganglion cells
181
P (or X ) ganglion cells
smaller gang cells
182
small dendritic arbors and small receptive fields
smaller, P (or X ) ganglion cells
183
variety of receptive field sizes and physiologic responses.
W cells (gang cells)
184
Area of overlap of the two visual fields (purple)
binocular vision
185
partial crossing
visual information from the left visual field is conveyed in the right optic tract
186
goes to left temporal eye
nasal right visual field
187
goes 2 R temporal eye
Left nasal visual field
188
LGN to V1
optic radiation
189
tf optic chiasm to only lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)
f also goes to superior colliculus and pretectum
190
right visual fields
use the left LGN
191
Left optic ract
used by right visual field
192
Area 17
Primary Visual Cortex
193
6 layers
LGN
194
large cells;
eceive information about movement and contrast from M-cells
Magnocellular layers
195
1 and 2 of LGN
•Magnocellular layers
196
Parvocellular layers
small cells;
receive information about form and color from P-cell
197
3-6 of LGN
Parvocellular layers
198
Optic tract fibers are segregated by eye in the
LGN
199
--- LGN layers receive fibers from the ------ eye and --- layers receive fibers from the ------ eye
Three LGN layers receive fibers from the contralateral eye and 3 layers receive fibers from the ipsilateral eye
200
the upper visual field contribute to the ---- optic radiations, and terminate in the ---- aspect of V1
the upper visual field contribute to the inferior optic radiations, and terminate in the inferior aspect of V1
201
calvarian fissure
separates upper and lower visual field of V1
202
ant; post in primary visual cortex
Peripheral vision; Central vision
203
expanded cortical representation
Central vision
204
goes through macula
and has expanded cortical representation
Central vision
205
most area 17 neurons have a preference for input
from one eye)(monocular)
206
Axons from LGN course to the primary visual cortex (area 17) and synapse on
layer IV neurons.
207
208
monocular; binocular
Layer IV neurons; Layer II/III, V and VI neurons
209
simple and complex cell
area 17
210
orientation of a line.
simple cell
211
may be direction sensitive or respond best to a corner, cross or x.
Complex cells
212
Cell column that prefer the same line orientation
Orientation Column
213
Cell clusters that respond to color
Color-Sensitive Region
214
wavelength sensitive
Color-Sensitive Region
215
Cell column that respond to input from either the R or L eye OR in the case of binocular cell, have a strong preference for the R or L eye
Ø Ocular Dominance Column
216
Hypercolumn
refer to a set of orientation and ocular dominance columns that receive input from a given point in the visual field
217
Primary visual cortex
projects to extrastriate visual areas where neurons require complex stimuli for maximal activation
218
Primary visual cortex respond to
fundamental aspect of a visual stimulus (orientation, contrast, motion, color, eye of origin)
219
Dorsal (“M”) Stream
where
220
perception of motion
posterior parietal association cortex
| (from Dorsal (“M”) Stream)
221
visual information travels to the inferior temporal association cortex
Ventral (“P”) Stream
222
Ventral (“P”) Stream
what
223
size, shape, color, orientation
inferior temporal association cortex
| (Ventral (“P”) Stream)
224
inferior temporal cortex
Lesion to V4
225
Lesion to V1
Scotoma (bind spot)
226
Lesion to V5
parietal pathway
227
tf from the pretectal nucleus travel bilaterally to Edinger-Westphal Nucleus
in Pupillary Light Reflex
t
228
TF in the Pupillary Light Reflex the Temporal optic fibers innervate ipsilateral pretectal area
T
229
achromatopsia
color recognition
(Lesion to V4 à inferior temporal cortex)
230
object recognition
(agnosia)
| (• Lesion to V4)
231
face recognition
prosapagnosia
(fusiform face area)
(Lesion to V4)
232
Projections to the superior colliculus play a role in
visual orientating reflexes
233
head to visual stimuli
Tectospinal Tract
234
Tectospinal Tract
contralat
235
sphincter pupillae
innervated by Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers
236
Your patient presents with blindness in the right eye. Where is the lesion?
right retina or right optic nerve
237
bitemporal hemianopia/hemianopsia
Hemianopia/hemianopsia - loss of half of a visual field. Bitemporal hemianopia means that there is loss of vision in both the right and left temporal visual fields
238
Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers (travel with CN III)
to ciliary ganglion
239
Edinger-Westphal Nucleus
Pupillary Light Reflex
240
right homonymous hemianopsia
Lesion to the left optic tract Lesion to the left LGN Lesion to the left optic radiations Complete lesion to the left primary visual cortex (area 17, V1)
241
papillary light reflex, you shine a light in your patient’s right eye. You note that the right pupil constricts, but the left pupil remains unchanged.
left Edinger Westphal nucleus
left CN-III
left ciliary ganglion
242
Ø Pretectal area bilaterally innervates
Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EWN)
Pupillary Light Reflex
243
Fibers from EWN travel to the ipsilateral ciliary ganglion via
CN 3
Pupillary Light Reflex
244
short ciliary nerves
Fibers from the ciliary ganglion travel to the ipsilateral eye
Pupillary Light Reflex
245
pupillary constrictor
Pupillary Light Reflex
246
direct pupillary light reflex
Illuminated eye—
247
—consensual pupillary light reflex
ØNon-illuminated eye
248
Light directed to either eye causes
bilateral constriction of the pupils
in Pupillary Light Reflex
249
Damage to the midline fibers of the optic chiasm may be caused by a
pituitary tumor.
250
right homonymous hemianopia means that there is
loss of vision in the right visual field
251
Vestibular Division on CN 8
Responds to movement of the head and the position of the head
252
Responds to sound
Cochlear Division of CN 8
253
The inner ear structures are embedded within the
temporal bone
254
bony labyrinth and membranous labyrinth
inner ear structures
255
hair cells
membranous labyrinth
256
correct The bone labyrinth follows most of the contours of the membranous labyrinth
The membranous labyrinth follows most of the contours of the bony labyrinth
257
Consists of interconnected bony cavities and filled with perilymph
Bony Labyrinth
258
perilymph
high na
low in K
259
membranous ducts within the bony labyrinth
Membranous Labyrinth
260
endolymph
(low in Na+ , high in K+ )
261
endolymph
Membranous Labyrinth
262
eventually reabsorbed
endolymph
263
made by specialized cells in several locations in the membranous labyrinth.
endolymph
264
leaves through a duct, to reach a sac to get to venous systme
endolymph
265
[vertigo, nausea, hearing loss, ringing in the ears
obstruction of endolymph flow
266
rank from ant to post
Vestibule:
Semicircular Canals: 3 on each side: )
Ampullae
vestibule ampullla semicircular canal
267
central enlarged region of bony labrynth
vestibule
268
dilation at one end of the each semicircular canals
ampulla
269
function in complimentary pairing
L post+ r ant
270
left horizontal and r. horizontal
function in complimentary paring
271
Saccule:
Oriented vertically
272
located in the bony vestibule
utricule sacule
273
Oriented horizontally (when upright)
Utricle:
274
linear (horizontal) acceleration
Utricle
275
Detect angular acceleration
Activated with most head movements
Semicircular canals
276
Detects linear (vertical) acceleration (example?)
saccule
277
static head position
utricle saccule
278
Adjacent to the tallest stereocilia
the single kinocilium (
279
project into endolymphatic interior of the membranous labyrinth
stereocilia
280
endolymph
surrrounds stereocilia
281
High intracellular K+ opens
voltage gated Ca+2 channels
Neurotransmitter is released (glutamate)
282
glutamate trigger and triggering CN 8 by
steeocilia
283
moveing toward highest stereocilia
Opens the mechanically gated K+ ion channels •
K+ enters the cell •
284
cupula
gelatinous mass hair cells are embedded in
285
tf cupula only half ways across wall of ampulla
f entire way through ampulla wall
286
neutral position of stereocilia
gate partially open
287
Bending of the stereocilia toward the utricle (-----l canals) activates CN----axons
Bending of the stereocilia toward the utricle (horizontal canals) activates CN-VIII axons
angular acceleration
288
in ampulla , located within cristae
hair cells
289
hair cells supporting cells
crista
290
moving head to right
will make stereocilia move to Kinocilium on the right b/c endolymph moves to left
291
constant ang velocity when head is moving right
endolymph will stay in that direction and activate stereocilia in the other side of the head
when initial angular accel occurs; channels open on the side of hed turn because endolymp in opposit direction of head turn
when on the deceleration the direction changes and points toward Kinocilium on other side of head because it is now traveling indirection of head turn
292
angular accelration
relative difference in movement between head and the endolymph; endolymp pushes against cupula
bending its hair cells
293
left rotation
left left horizontal semicircular canal excited
Increase contraction of the L medial rectus and R lateral rectus
294
Kinocilium of hair cells are oriented ------ utricle in the horizontal canals the (opposite in anterior and posterior canals)
Kinocilium of hair cells are oriented toward utricle in the horizontal canals the (opposite in anterior and posterior canals)
295
if head moves to right then
endolymph move to left in Semicircular Canals
inc firing in right semicirculat canals
Angular acc.
296
Allow fixation on an object even though the head is moving
Vestibulo-ocular Reflex
297
eyes move the direction opposite of the rotation)
Vestibulo ocular reflex
298
connections between the vestibular nucleus
and CN III, IV and VI in Vestibulo-ocular Reflex
299
decrease contraction of the L lateral rectus and R medial rectus
With L rotation of head
300
Oriented horizontally when upright
utricle
301
Oriented vertically when upright
sacule
302
forward - back motions [eg. car] and side-to-side
linear (horizontal) acceleration
by urticle
303
elevator)
Detects linear (vertical) acceleration
by saccule
304
Provides information about static head position
saccule and utricle
305
maculae(Hair cells (vestibular receptor cells)) on
utricle and saccule
306
within the membranous labyrinth
hair cells and supporting cells
maculae of utricle and saccule
307
embather in otolithic membrane and bathed in endolymph
hair cells of the macula
| (utricle and saccule)
308
carbonate crystals called otoconia or otoliths
make the otoconial membrane denser than the endolymph
309
moves with even subtle head movements
otolithic membrane
310
Linear movements
induces movement of the otolithic membrane
Input to CNS via cranial nerve VIII
311
Bending of the stereocilia toward the kinocilium
causes depolarization and an increase in firing
in utricle and saccule
312
Hair cells are aligned within the macula
along the striola
| (utricle and saccule)
313
within internal auditory meatus
Vestibular Ganglion
314
Superior, Inferior, Medial and Lateral Vestibular Nuclei
bilaterally to Medial (neck) and Lateral Vestibulospinal Tract(SC)
Vestibular Nuclei and their Efferents
315
bilat to To other cranial nerve nuclei
Superior, Inferior, Medial and Lateral Vestibular Nuclei
Vestibular Nuclei and their Efferents
316
Superior, Inferior, Medial and Lateral Vestibular Nuclei
ips to cerebellum
Vestibular Nuclei and their Efferents
317
Vestibulo ThalamoCortical Pathway
lateral and superior vestibular nuclei project to the VPL
318
from the thalamus,
the vestibular neurons project to parietal cortex
Vestibulo ThalamoCortical Pathway
319
Cochlear Division of CN 8
responds to sounds
320
Vestibular Division of CN 8
Responds to position and movement of the head
321
auricle and external auditory canal
Structure and Function External Ear
322
conducts sound to the tympanic membrane.
ext ear
323
medial boundary of the external ear
tympanic membrane
324
Lateral border of middle ear
tympanic membrane
325
Medial border of middle ear
oval & round windows
petrous part of the temporal bone
326
malleus, incus, stapes
Bones of middle ear
327
tensor tympani, stapedius
muscles of middle ear
328
Sound induced --------- of the tympanic membrane are transferred along a chain of 3 small bones (-------) to the -----window
Middle ear
Sound induced vibrations of the tympanic membrane are transferred along a chain of 3 small bones (ossicles) to the oval window
329
attached to tympanic membrane; attached to oval window
malleus vs. stapes
330
types of joints between ossicle bones
synovial joints
331
tf tensor tympani
increases the vibration of tympanic membrane via attachment to the incus(CN -V)
Middle Ear
tensor tympani
decreases the vibration of tympanic membrane via attachment to the malleus (CN -V)
332
Stapedius
increases the vibration of the stapes via attachment to the malleus
Stapedius
decreases the vibration of the stapes via attachment to the stapes
333
protect the ear from excessive vibration
tensor tympani and stapedius
334
area of the tympanic membrane is --- greater than the stapes attachment at the oval window.
area of the tympanic membrane is 15x greater than the stapes attachment at the oval window.
335
attached at oval window
stapes
336
differences magnifies the ------- per unit ----- of the stapes at the oval window, which is sufficient to move ------ within the cochlea.
differences magnifies the force per unit area of the stapes at the oval window, which is sufficient to move perilymph within the cochlea.
337
The perilymph within the cochlea moves from the ---- window toward the----window, in the bony cochlea.
The perilymph within the cochlea moves from the oval window toward the round window, in the bony cochlea.
338
membranous component of the cochlea
auditory receptor cells
deformed by Perilymph movement
339
organ of corti.
auditory receptor cells
cochlea
340
cochlear duct
Membranous Cochlea
341
has endolymph
Membranous Cochlea
342
Filled with perilymph
Bony Cochlea
343
Consists of interconnected bony cavities
Bony Cochlea
344
(high in Na + , low in K + ); (low in Na + , high in K + )
perilymph; endolymph
345
label the blanks
346
location of the auditory receptor cells … Hair Cells
Membranous Cochlea
347
348
Movement of the stapes deflects the membrane at the oval window
Perilymph movement deforms the membranous cochlea duct which contains the organ of corti with its auditory hair cells
This causes displacement of the perilymph within the bony cochlea
Movement of the stapes deflects the membrane at the oval window
This causes displacement of the perilymph within the bony cochlea
Perilymph movement deforms the membranous cochlea duct which contains the organ of corti with its auditory hair cells
349
scala media
cochlear duct
350
tf cochlear duct is square
f
triangular
351
tips of the stereocilia are embedded in the ----- membrane (outer hair cells)
tips of the stereocilia are embedded in the tectorial membrane (outer hair cells)
352
cochlear apex
Relatively flexible , low notes
353
Movement of the ------ membrane influences movement of the ------ and thus, impacts ------- release
Movement of the basilar membrane influences movement of the sterocilia and thus, impacts neurotransmitter (NT) releas
354
release of --- will excites CN -----
release of NT will excites CN-VIII
(occurs from basilar membrane when stereocilia is moved )
355
cochlear base
high notes
Stiff
356
“Tonotopically” organized.
Basilar Membrane
357
number of nerve fibers responding
frequency of neuronal firing
Coding of Intensity of the sound
| (decibals)
358
location of sound
Coded within the CNS
CNS compares the timing of sounds reaching the two ears
359
Auditory Pathway
majoraity fibers cross to contralateral superior olive
360
cochlear nerve
goes to spiral ganglion and then to cochlear nucleus
361
Superior olive is important in localization of sound
via the timing and intensity of input
362
lat lemiscus
path through which fibers cross to inf colliculus in auditory path
363
Medial Geniculate Nucleus
last nucelus in audiotry pathway before goin to area 41
364
auditory pathway crosings
trapezoid bodies
inferior colliculus,
medial geniculate nucleus
and cerebral cortex
365
The trapezoid body (the ventral acoustic stria) is
part of the auditory pathway where some of the axons coming from the cochlear nucleus(specifically, the anterior cochlear nucleus) decussate (cross over) to the other side before traveling on to the superior olivary nucleus
366
Auditory Cortex
(41/42)
367
antiobiotic
destroy hair cells(ototoxic effects)
368
369
tf Cerebellum give rise to descending motor pathways.
Cerebellum does not give rise to descending motor pathways. Ø
370
tf Damage to the cerebellum or its pathways DOES cause paralysis
Damage to the cerebellum or its pathways DOES NOT cause paralysis
371
Input to cerebellum is
sensory
372
Output of cerebllum
travels to motor structures
373
rate, range, direction or accuracy of motor movements.
is disturbed by damage to the cerebellum
374
cerebellum
modulates motor output
375
in addition to motor output cerebllum
modulates complex behavioral and cognitive functions
376
receives and processes vestibular information
flocculonodular lobe
377
nodulus is
medial flocculonodular
378
flocculus is
flocculus is lateral part of flocculonodular lobe
379
tf flocculonodular lobe is post to post lobe
f
ant to it
380
posterior lateral fissure
sep flocculonodular lobe and posterior lobe
381
Lateral Hemisphere
forms the bulk of the cerebellum
382
Paravermis:
Paravermis: R and L zones adjacent to the vermis
383
Molecular layer
contains local circuit neurons and abundant axons and dendrites.
384
.Purkinje cell layer (middle layer):
formed by a single layer of large neurons called Purkinje cells(PCs)
385
Granular layer (deep layer):
composed mainly of small granule cells, but also contains other cell types.
386
t The white matter core of the cerebellum is t
he location of the deep white matter cerebellar nuclei (DCN).
387
most medial of deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN)
receives projections from vermis
Fastigial nucleus •
388
lateral to fastigial n.
receives projections from paravermis
Globose nucleus
389
Emboliform nucleus
lateral to globose n
receives projections from paravermis
390
Dentate nucleus
• most lateral •
receives projections from lateral hemisphere
391
trunk is represented in
the midline region (vermis) of cereblar cortex
392
Label wat is missing on cerebllar cortex
393
394
Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle
afferents to cerebellum from spinal cord & medulla.
395
Middle Cerebellar Peduncle
o Mainly afferents to cerebellum from pontine nuclei
396
Superior Cerebellar Peduncle
Mainly efferents from the cerebellum.
397
highly convoluted, forming the cerebellar folia
cerebellum
398
399
400
(1.) cerebellar cortical region (2.) cerebellar nucleus/nuclei
Functional systems associated with the cerebellum
401
Buried within the white matter of the cerebellum
deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN)
402
primary vestibular afferents and axons of 2nd order neurons from the vestibular nucleus.
FN lobe and vermis
403
Purkinje cells in the FN lobe mainly project
directly to the vestibular nuclei
404
vermis project to the
fastigial nucleus (most) which serves as a relay to the vestibular nucleus.
Vestibulocerebellar System
405
tf body parts are epresented continuously in the cerebllar cortex
body parts are not represented continuouslyin the cerebllar cortex
406
fractured somatotopy
body part is represented in several locations on cerebellar cortexx
407
The cerebellum is attached to the brainstem by -- pairs of ----- bundles comprised of --- and ---- axons ----- the cerebellum
The cerebellum is attached to the brainstem by 3 pairs of fiber bundles comprised of afferent and efferent axons to/from the cerebellum
408
409
These regions are involved in processing vestibular information
Vestibulocerebellum
410
These regions are involved in processing cerebral cortical inputs
Cerebrocerebellum
411
These regions are involved in processing proprioceptive inputs
Spinocerebellum
412
Axons travel superiorly within the
posterior spinocerebellar tract
413
lateral hemisphere and dentate nucleus
Cerebrocerebellum
414
flocculonodular lobe,
fastigial nucleus
vermis
Vestibulocerebellum
415
vermis, paravermis
globose and emboliform nuclei
Spinocerebellum
416
maintaining equilibrium, posture and head position
Vestibulocerebellar System
417
uses vestibulospinal tracts
Vestibulocerebellar System
418
primary vestibular afferents and axons of 2nd order neurons from the vestibular nucleus.
go thru Inferior cerebellar peduncle
419
Vestibulocerebellar System Assists in coordinating eye movements with head movements via
connections with the motor nuclei of CN-III, -IV and -VI
420
coordinating eye movements with head movements
of Vestibulocerebellar System
Vestibular apparatus (position of head in space) --\>
vestibular nucleus --\> cerebellum à vestibular nucleus
--\> CN III, IV, VI via medial longitudinal fasiculus (MLF)
421
medial longitudinal fasiculus (MLF)
vestibular nucleus sends axons thru MLF to CN III, IV, VI
nuclei
422
axons sent thru MLF to CN III, IV, VI
nuclei
bilateral in
Vestibulocerebellar System
423
mooth pursuit
allows the eyes to follow a moving stimulus (maintains the stimulus on the fovea)
needs the cerebllum
424
smooth pursuit
Cortical eye fields --\>vest nuclei--\> Cb --\> vestibular nucleus --\> CN III, IV, VI nuclei via the MLF
Cortical eye fields --\> pontine nuclei --\> Cb --\> vestibular nucleus --\> CN III, IV, VI nuclei via the MLF
425
The cerebellum compares the----- ------with the intended movement and -------- the required corrections to maintain ------ and proper eye position .
The cerebellum compares the vestibular input with the intended movement and “computes” the required corrections to maintain equilibrium and proper eye position .
426
Generalized loss of equilibrium
Lesion of the Vestibulocerebellum
427
Impaired ability to coordinating eye movements with head movements
Lesion of the Vestibulocerebellum
428
Altered output along medial vestibulospinal tract – Altered output along MLF
Lesion of the Vestibulocerebellum
429
Carries proprioceptive information trunk & LEs (T1 and below)
tPosterior Spinocerebellar Tract
430
tCuneocerebellar Tract
Carries proprioceptive information neck & UEs (rostral to T1)
431
Anterior Spinocerebellar Tract
proprioceptive information and cutaneous information
from receptors with large receptive fields from LEs
432
Carries proprioceptive information from the oral cavity
Trigeminocerebellar Tract
433
Propriceptive afferents travel in dorsal column
of Posterior Spinocerebellar Tract and travel to
Clarke’ s Column T1 - L2
434
Posterior spinocerebellar tract travels thru
Inferior cerebellar peduncle
435
tf Posterior Spinocerebellar Tract only travel to vermis
F vermis and paravermis
436
TF Cuneocerebellar Tract
Axons travel in the dorsal column (fasciculus cuneatus) to med/ internal/ accessory cuneate nucleus
Cuneocerebellar Tract
Axons travel in the dorsal column (fasciculus cuneatus) to Lateral/ external/ accessory cuneate nucleus
437
TF Cuneocerebellar Tract uses Clarke’s Column T1 - L2
F
438
propriceptive afferents from C1-C8
Cuneocerebellar Tract
439
Ipsilateral
Cuneocerebellar Tract
Posterior Spinocerebellar Tract
440
travels contralat then contralat back to same side
(after ascending)
Anterior Spinocerebellar Tract
441
Superior cerebellar peduncle
Anterior Spinocerebellar Tract
fibers
442
both use Inferior cerebellar peduncle
Cuneocerebellar Tract
Posterior Spinocerebellar Tract
443
Primary afferents synapse on spinal border cells (T2-L5)
Anterior Spinocerebellar Tract
444
Trigeminocerebellar Tract
Proprioceptive info carried along branches of CN-V (ie. muscles of mastication, periodontal ligament)
445
Proprioceptive info carried along branches of CN-V (ie. muscles of mastication, periodontal ligament) carried to
trigerm. cerebellar tract
spinal trigeminal nucleus.
446
Axons from the spinal trigeminal nucleus project to the cerebellum
trigem cereblar tract
via the inferior cerebellar peduncle.
447
trigeminoceebellar tract
cerebellum influences motor output by projecting to the
trigeminal motor nucleus.
448
This circuit allow the oral motor system to receive ------ --------- during mastication
trgemcerebellar tract
This circuit allow the oral motor system to receive continual feedback during mastication
449
The cerebellum monitors the ------ ------- on muscles of mastication and influences ------ output accordingly.
trigem. cerebllar tract
The cerebellum monitors the changing demands on muscles of mastication and influences motor output accordingly.
450
(ant post)Spinocerebellar and Trigeminocerebellar Tract
functions
After processing proprioceptive information in cerebellum , cerebellar efferents project to motor regions, either directly or indirectly via the thalamus.
allows for adjustment of movement during ongoing movement
451
Functions Spinocerebellar and Trigeminocerebellar Tracts
The cerebellum compares the intended movement with the actual movement and “computes” the required corrections.
Efferent projections from the cerebellum corrects the movement
452
Corticospinal tract and Rubrospinal tract
act modulate motor output in the Spinocerebellar System in the Proprioceptive afferents responce
453
synapse in red nucleus
Rubrospinal tract efferent responce
454
contralateral to the skeletal muscle
Corticospinal tract and Rubrospinal tract
(Spinocerebellar System afferent responce)
455
Impaired ability to control axial muscles/ impaired trunk control
Lesion of the Spinocerebellum
456
Altered rate, range, accuracy of limb movements
Lesion of the Spinocerebellum
457
Dysmetria (overshooting a target)
lead to Intention Tremor
in Lesion of the Spinocerebellum
and inLesion to the Cerebrocerebellum
458
Dysmetria
Rely on the feed-back
459
460
inf olive role in cerebrocellebellar tract
recieves input from dentate(from cerebellar hemisphere)
then has to correct and send climbing fibers to lat hemisphere of cerebellum
461
Receives extensive input from the cerebral cortex (via pontine nuclei)
cerebellum in the
Cerebrocerebellar System
462
Involved in the planning, initiation, timing and control of motor movements.
cerebellum
463
VA/VL
recieves neurons from dentate
and sends neurons to motor cortex to modulate activity
464
Pontine nuclei
recieves infor fromcerebral cortex and sends info to lateral hemishphere of Cerebelum
465
climbing fibers
goes thru Inferior cerebellar peduncle to cerebellum(lat hemisphere)
466
Middle cerebellar peduncle
carries axons from pontne nucleus to lat cerebellum
467
contralat
Corticospinal and Rubrospinal Tracts
468
The cerebellar hemisphere compares the ---- movement with the ----- movement and “computes” the required corrections for the next time the task is performed.
The cerebellar hemisphere compares the intended movement with the actual movement and “computes” the required corrections for the next time the task is performed.
469
------ projections from the cerebellum corrects the movement via the ----- tract.
Efferent projections from the cerebellum corrects the movement via the corticospinal tract.
470
Studies on non-human primates
reversible cooling in the ----- nucleus resulted in delayed ----- of movement.
reversible cooling in the dentate nucleus resulted in delayed onset/initiation of movement.
Lesion to the Cerebrocerebellum
471
Movement takes place ----- rather than being coordinated smoothly
Lesion to the Cerebrocerebellum
472
Impaired ability to plan motor movement
seen with inactivating the interposed [globos/emboliform] in monkeys
Lesion to the Cerebrocerebellum
473
The basal ganglia (basal nuclei) are a group of ----- ------nuclei.
The basal ganglia (basal nuclei) are a group of functionally related nuclei.
474
Subthalamic Nucleus (STN)
located in diencephalon
475
Dopaminergic neurons
are located in dorsal part of the substantia nigra
(cmpact part
476
also located medially in ventral tegmental area.
Dopaminergic neurons
477
Substantia Nigra (SN)
Compact Part (SNc) and Reticular Part (SNr)
in midbrain
478
479
480
481
dopamine
“reward system
482
The substantia nigra (reticular part) functions with the
-----as the output from the ----.
The substantia nigra (reticular part) functions with the GPi as the output from the BG.
483
ventral region of continuity btwn caudate and putamen
striatum
484
lenticular nucleus
putamen
gpe
gpi
485
cognition processes and control of movements.
dopamine
486
dopamine
enjoyment and pleasure, which reinforces and motivates
487
extrapyramidal system”
describes the nuclei and pathways of the BG
termed in 1900 by early 1900s Kinnier Wilson
488
influences motor and non motor sysem
basal ganglia
489
A lesion to ---- ------ of the BG will disrupt movement
A lesion to one or more of the BG will disrupt movement
490
Absence of spontaneous movement/ slowness of movement
Inability to inhibit unwanted movements
A lesion to one or more of the BG
491
TF BG directly innervate LMNs in the spinal cord or cranial nerve nuclei;
F BG do NOT directly innervate LMNs in the spinal cord or cranial nerve nuclei;
492
TF lesion to one or more of the BG produce paralysis
lesion to one or more of the BG does not produce paralysis
493
tf BG only influence motor actions
t BG only influence motor actions
494
Hypokinetic Disorder
Parkinson’s Disease
495
loss of dopaminergic neurons in the SNc
Parkinson’s Disease a hypokinetic disease
496
Akinesia/Bradykinesia: without (difficulty initiating) movement/ slowness of movement
Hypokinetic Disorder
497
Parkinson’s Disease
Rigidity: increase in muscle tone
498
Resting tremor:
rhythmic involuntary movement at rest
in Parkinson’s Disease
499
Hypokinetic Disorder like parkinsons dispkay
Postural instability
500
Chorea:
rapid, abrupt and random movements (limbs, face)
Hyperkinetic Disorders
501
Putamen
input from motor and somatosensory cortices
influences motor output.
502
info from limbic cortex, hippocampus and amygdala
N. Accumben
503
emotional and behavioral functions.
N. Accumbens
504
Athetosis:
slow, writhing movements
Hyperkinetic Disorders
505
Hyperkinetic Disorders
Types of abnormal involuntary movements
506
Ballism(“ballistic movement ”)
:violent, large-amplitude mvmts
hyperkinetic disease
507
Huntington’s Disease (HD
progressive degeneration of projection neurons and local circuit neurons in the caudate and putamen.
508
TF in huntington;s disease a Hyperkinetic Disorders;
Neurons that give rise to the indirect pathway are preferentially lost.
F Neurons that give rise to the indirect pathway are preferentially lost.
509
extensive ----- projections to the striatum;
extensive cortical projections to the striatum;
510
recivees info from cortical association areas and has a role in cognitive functions
Caudate
511
512
cognitive functions
Dorsolateral prefrontal Loop:
513
motor output.
motor loop
514
Orbitofrontal loop:
planning and initiating socially appropriate actions
515
Limbic loop
emotional and behavioral functions.
516
Oculomotor loop:
control of orientation and gaze.
517
general loop structure
Cortex 2 BG 2 Thalamus 2 Cortex
518
Motor Loop
putamen of BG(step 2)
519
ventral caudate (C) and n. accumbens(step 2)
Orbitofrontal loop
520
nucleus accumbens (A) [and other BG nuclei](step 2)
Limbic loop:
521
caudate (C) [and other BG](step 2)
Oculomotor loop and Dorsolateral prefrontal Loop:
522
cortical neurons project to the ----- where glutamate is released.
cortical neurons project to the striatum where glutamate is released.
523
------ neurons in the substantia nigra, ------- project to the striatum
Dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, pars compacta (SNc) project to the striatum
524
----- projections provide an important pathway for the modulation of the ----- and ------ pathways
nigrostriatal projections provide an important pathway for the modulation of the direct and indirect pathways
525
Di +
Direct pathway: facilitates motor (or cognitive) programs
526
D2, –
Indirect pathway: inhibits the execution of competing motor programs
527
Direct pathway by D1 +
GPi/ SNr
528
Indirect pathway
D2-
--\>GPe
529
excited by dopamine and project to Gpi
(direct pathway)
530
Striatal neurons with D1 receptors are excited by
Striatal neurons with D1 receptors are excited by dopamine
(direct pathway)
531
Striatal neurons with D2 receptors are inhibited
Striatal neurons with D2 receptors are inhibited by dopamine
(indirect pathway)
532
project to Gpe
Striatal neurons with D2 receptors
533
dopaminergic projections
lost in Parkinson’s disease.
534
Increased Activity of the Direct Pathway Occurs in the Presence of
Direct Pathway
Glutamate and Dopamine
535
inc GABA in GPi/ SNr from striatum
decreased GABA release in the thalamus
Direct path
536
low GABA put in from (GPi/SNr) ; more Glu excreted from
thalamus
537
more glu neurons from thalamus
more glu neurons from motor cortex(CC)
Direct pathway
538
1.Dopamine released from SN leads to ----- of GABAergic neurons projecting from striatum to GPe.
Direct path
1.Dopamine released from SN leads to inhibition of GABAergic neurons projecting from striatum to GPe.
539
STN in direct pathwya
inc GABA
540
decrease firing of glutamatergic neurons projecting from STN to Gpi/ SNr
caused from 3. Increased GABA levels in STN
(Direct pathway)
541
decreased GABA release into thalamus
b/c of Reduced excitation of GPi /SNr-GABAergic neurons
542
tf in the direct path
STN has inc firing of glutamatergic neurons projecting from STN to Gpi/ SNr
STN has decrease firing of glutamatergic neurons projecting from STN to Gpi/ SNr
543
tf dopaminergic neurons only relased from
Snc
544
leff; more ;less
direct path
GABAergic neurons projecting from striatum to GPe.;
GPe neurons are disinhibited, leading to increased GABA levels in STN
Increased GABA levels in STN causes decrease firing of glutamatergic neurons projecting from STN to Gpi/ SNr
545
Glutamate released from corticostriatal fibers leads to --------activity of----- neurons projecting from striatum to GPe
indirect path
Glutamate released from corticostriatal fibers leads to increased activity of GABAergic neurons projecting from striatum to GPe
546
less Glu from STN and less GABA from GBI
hyperkinesia
547
more GABA from striatum and GPI/SNR
indirect pathway and hyperkinesia
548
inhibition of GPe neurons
indirect path
occurs from Activation of GABAergic projections from striatum to GPe
549
disinhibition of glutamatergic neurons projecting from STN to Gpi/ SNr
indirect pathway
from Inhibition of GPe neurons
550
Gpi/SNr - GABAergic neurons excited
in indirect pathway3
551
inc GABA release in indirect pathway from
Striatum
and (GPi/SNr)
552
inhibited glutamatergic projections in indirect path
Thalamus (VA,VL)
and motor cortex
553
Increased Activity of the Indirect Pathway
presense Glutamate (absence of dopamine)
554
degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in SNc
Parkinson’s Disease
555
Dopamine inhibits
GABAergic neurons projecting from striatum to GPe
556
Dopamine excites
GABAergic neurons projecting from striatum to GPi
557
lesion of the subthalamic nucleus
resulting hyperkinesia
558
Degeneration of neurons in caudate and putamen
(indirect pathway)
Huntington’s Disease/ Huntington’s Chorea
excess movement
559
GABA D2 not stimulated much
Huntington’s Chorea
560
561
vertebral arteries (R and L)
ascend through the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebra and enter the cranial cavity via the foramen magnum.
562
internal carotid arteries
ascend through the neck to the base of the skull and enter the cranial cavity through the carotid canal.
563
The vertebral arteries contribute to the -------
circulation
The vertebral arteries contribute to the posterior circulation
564
Vertebral arteries
, ascend through the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebra and enter the cranial cavity via the foramen magnum.
565
pontomedullary junction,
the right and left vertebral arteries unite to form the basilar artery.
566
The anterior and posterior spinal arteries
arise from the vertebral arteries
567
supply the spinal cord
anterior and posterior spinal arteries
568
travel midline spinal cord (
Anterior Spinal Artery
569
travel just posterior to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord (bilateral)
Posterior Spinal Arteries
570
spinal arteries braches from the vertebral artery provide
sufficient blood supply to the upper cervical spinal cord levels only.
571
one anterior and two posterior spinal arteries extend -----to supply the spinal cord
one anterior and two posterior spinal arteries extend caudally to supply the spinal cord
572
radicular arteries.
reinforce anterior and posterior spinal arteries
573
radicular arteries
branches off of the posterior intercostal arteries.
574
radicular artery at ~T12 spinal cord level
called the great radicular artery
may provide the entire arterial supply for the lumbosacral spinal cord.
575
vertigo and ipsilateral deafness
occlusion of internal auditory or labyrinthine artery
576
basilar artery terminates by bifurcating
into the two posterior cerebral arteries
577
which of the following isnt a branch of the basilar art
Anterior inferior cerebellar artery
pontine arteries
Superior cerebellar artery
internal auditory or labyrinthine artery
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery
t Posterior inferior cerebellar artery
578
anterior spinal artery, vertebral artery, PICA supply
Caudal medulla
579
posterior spinal artery
Caudal medulla :
580
pons is mainly supplied by branches of the -----
artery
pons is mainly supplied by branches of the basilar artery
581
caudal pontine
anterior inferior cerebellar artery and
basilar artery
582
rostral pontine levels
basilar artery and superior cerebellar artery
583
Most of the midbrain is supplied by the ------ ----- ---- and their branches
Most of the midbrain is supplied by the posterior cerebral arteries and their branches
584
Blood supply to the most dorsal aspect of the midbrain arises from the ------- ------- -------
Blood supply to the most dorsal aspect of the midbrain arises from the superior cerebellar artery.
585
Supplies the occipital lobe and medial and inferior surface of the temporal lobe
Posterior cerebral artery (PCA) territory
587
lesion to post column
vibration and position sense
588
lesion to anterolateral pathways
pain and temp sense
motor loss
589
lateral medullary syndrome
Wallenberg’ s Syndrome
590
ischemia in the territory of the vertebral artery and/or PICA.
Wallenberg’s syndrome
592
spinal trigeminal nucleus and tract of wallensurg syndrome
contralat body dec. pain and temp sense
593
Spinothalamic tract of wallenburg syndrome
contralat body dec pain and temp sense
594
hoarsenss and dysphagia
nucleus ambiguous of wallenburg syndrome
595
ipsilateral dec taste
nucleus solitary of Wallenburg syndrome
596
descending symp. fibers of wallenburg syndrome
ipsilateral horners syndrome
597
inf cerebral peduncle, vestibular nuceli
ips ataxia, vertigo, nausea, nystagmus
598
bilateral ventral pons ischemia
Locked-in Syndrome
599
narrowing of basilar artery
Wallenburg syndrome
600
he/she is only capable of eye movements.
Locked-in Syndrome
601
pontomesencephalic reticular formation
spared in Locked-in Syndrome
602
Locked-in Syndrome
consciousness is spared.
603
only capable of eye movements
Locked-in Syndrome
604
by bilateral ventral midbrain ischemia (cerebral peduncles)
Locked-in Syndrome
605
secondary to lack of blood flow in the rostral basilar artery
Locked-in Syndrome
606
The “Circle of Willis” connects the ----- and -----
arterial cerebral circulation
The “Circle of Willis” connects the anterior and posterior arterial cerebral circulation
607
©Both ICAs terminate by giving rise to
a middle cerebral artery (MCA) and anterior cerebral artery (ACA).
608
Prior to terminating, however, each ICA gives off a .
posterior communicating artery
609
posterior communicating arteries project posteriorly to communicate with the
posterior cerebral artery (PCA).
610
two ant cerebral art are connected by an anastomosing branch called the
anterior communicating artery.
611
not part of circle of willis
middle cerebral artery
612
hip and down provided by
Anterior cerebral artery (ACA)
613
middle cerebral artery
supply rest of body other than LE
614
615
lenticulostriate arteries
given off by middle cerebral arteries as they course lateral
616
frequent site of stroke
lenticulostriate arteries
617
internal capsule and deep gray matter
lenticulostriate arteries
618
formed by tight junctions between the endothelial cells lining CNS capillaries
Blood Brain Barrier
619
limit the flow of substances from capillaries into the CNS
tight junctions of Blood brain barrier
620
hydrophilic substances such as amino acids and glucose and medications
cant cross bbb alone
need carrier
621
Lipid soluble molecules, such as ethanol, nicotine and caffeine
cross the BBB,
622
Intermediate meningeal layer
Arachnoid
623
Conforms to shape of brain …
does not dip into sulci
Delicate membrane
Arachnoid
624
Pia mater
Adheres to the brain, following all of its contours
625
Dura mater
External Periosteal Layer
Internal Meningeal Layer
626
Internal Meningeal Layer of dura mater
Dense fibrous connective tissue
627
invaginates along the longitudinal fissure, between the two cerebral hemispheres
Falx cerebri
628
positioned between the occipital and temporal lobes - and- cerebellum
Tentorium cerebelli:
629
External Periosteal Layer
Formed by the periosteum which adheres to the internal surface of skull
630
two largest dural reflections are
Falx cerebri
©Tentorium cerebelli
633
dural venous sinuses
Dural reflections
receive deoxygenated blood
634
conveys deoxygenated blood from cerebral veins to the internal jugular vein
dural venous sinus system
635
arrange
venous sinuses --\> cerebral arteries capillaries --\>internal jugular vein--\> cerebral veins
cerebral arteries capillaries --\> cerebral veins --\> venous sinuses --\> internal jugular vein
636
diff b/n Cerebral veins and dural venous sinuses
typical venous histology vs. dural spaces lined with endothelial cells
637
Potential space between cranium & periosteal layer of dura
Epidural space
638
Epidural hemorrhage/ hematoma
Most frequently occurs with trauma/skull fracture
639
Epidural hemorrhage/ hematoma
Laceration/ tearing of the meningeal artery and
Bleeding into the potential space between the cranium and periosteal layer of dura
640
the periosteal dura encloses the
meningeal vessels.
641
subdural space
Potential space between the dura and arachnoid
642
Subdural Hemorrhage/ Hematoma
secondary to rapid acceleration/deceleration which pulls the brain away from the skull
643
Interventricular Foramen (Foramen of Monroe)
communicates Lateral Ventricles (2) Right Left
to 3rd ventricle
644
communication between 3rd and 4th ventricle
Cerebral Aqueduct (Aqueduct of Sylvius)
645
tears cerebral veins as they enter the dural sinus
Subdural Hemorrhage/ Hematoma
646
subarachnoid space
true space that contains blood vessels and CSF
647
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage/ Hematoma
arterial hemorrhage
648
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage/ Hematoma
~70% are 2° aneurysm
651
Foramen of Magendie
Midline opening in the 4th ventricle
652
Foramen of Luschka
Paired openings in the 4th ventricle
653
CSF is made in the ------ -------, it circulates through the --------- and exits the ---- ventricle
CSF is made in the choroid plexus, it circulates through the ventricles and exits the 4th ventricle
654
As CSF leaves the 4th ventricle, it enters the
subarachnoid space.
655
CSF travel to subarachnoid space into the dural venous sinuses
via arachnoid granulations
656
657
Frontal and Parietal lobes
• Attention
658
Parietal Lobes
Visuospatial
659
Frontal and Temporal Lobes
Language
660
• Executive function
Frontal Lobes
661
Temporal and Frontal lobes
Memory
662
• Area of cortex between frontal and occipital lobes
parietal lobe
663
Principle regions of parietal lobe
• post-central gyrus • superior parietal lobule • supramarginal gyrus • angular gyrus
665
Processes and integrates somatosensory and visual information
parietal lobe
666
parietal lobes
Processes sensations
and guidance of movement
667
"Gerstmann's Syndrome."
• Lesion usually in angular and supramarginal gyri
Left parietal lobe damage
668
• right-left confusion, dysgraphia, dyscalculia
"Gerstmann's Syndrome."
669
finger agnosia.
"Gerstmann's Syndrome."
670
Right parietal lobe damage
Neglect of contralateral side of body or space
Difficulty making things (constructional apraxia)
671
Denial of deficits (anosagnosia)
Right parietal lobe damage
672
• Sensory Thresholds • Prosopagnosia•
other symptoms of parietal lobes damage
673
• Inability to locate and recognize parts of the body or self
other symptoms of parietal lobes damage
674
• Neglect of visual, auditory and somatosensory stimuli on the side of the body opposite to the lesion
Contralateral Neglect
675
defective sensation and perception and
defective attention
cause Contralateral Neglect
676
Temporal Lobe
below the Sylvian fissure and anterior to occipital cortex
677
Temporal lobe
amgydala, limbic cortex, and hippocampus
678
Temporal Lobe
auditory and gustatory areas
679
• Inputs from all sensory modalities, parietal and frontal lobes,
Temporal Lobe
680
input from ventral visual stream, limbic structures and basal ganglia
Temporal Lobe
681
Wernicke’s area
Temporal Lobe
682
Comprehension of language
Wernicke’s area of temporal lobe
683
Processing of auditory input
Primary auditory cortex of temporal lobe
684
Learning and memory
Hippocampus and Amygdala of Temporal lobe
685
• Lesion in superior temporal gyrus
Wernicke's Aphasia
686
• Comprehension of speech is impaired
• Comprehension of speech is impaired
Wernicke's Aphasia
687
Speech is: –
fluent but meaningless (word salad) –
devoid of any content –
neologisms
Wernicke's Aphasia
688
Content ranges from mildly inappropriate to complete nonsense
Wernicke's Aphasia
689
The ability to encode, store, retain, recall and recognize information
Memory
690
Memory
duration of memories and formation and retrieval of information
691
Four types of memory based on
duration of retention
692
Sensory memory •
200-500 ms after input is perceived
693
– Working memory •
Focuses on the processing of briefly stored information
694
– Short-term memory •
Holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten
695
Long-term memory •
Relatively permanent and limitless storehouse
696
Three stages in the formation and retrieval of memory:
Encoding storage retrieval
697
• Processing and combining received information
encoding
698
• Creation of a permanent record of the encoded information
storage
699
• Calling back stored information in response to some cue for use in a process or activity
Recognition
Recall
700
Hippocampus
Consolidates memories
701
• Critical structure for explicit memory
hippocampus
702
Hippocampus
Made permanent before stored elsewhere
703
Hippocampus
curved sheet of cortex in the medial temporal lobe
704
Hippocampus
Dentate gyrus
Subiculum
CA (cornu ammonis) subfields
705
Entorhinal Cortex (EC)
Main input to HC and a target of hippocampal output
706
Hipocampus
amygdala to the splenium of the corpus callosum
709
A collection of nuclei located at the anterior end of the hippocampus
Amygdala
710
severe anterograde amnesia
Bilateral removal of the hippocampus; patient was unable to form new memories of facts or events
711
Bilateral removal of the hippocampus
• Past, early memories were intact
712
• Mirror Drawing Task with Case of Patient HM
H.M.ʼs performance does improve on this task
BUT Doesnʼt remember ever completing the task
713
Amygdala Sends impulses to hypothalamus for activation of the ---- ----- -----
sympathetic nervous system
714
associating sensory stimuli with appropriate emotion response
and Also involved in sense of smell
amygdala
716
Efferents of amygdala
project to the cerebral cortex and hypothalamus
717
Visceral inputs, particularly olfactory inputs, are especially prominent
to amygdala
718
• Involved in memories of emotional, olfactory and visceral events
Amygdala
719
Frontal Lobe; All cortical tissue anterior to
central sulcus
722
723
Stroke in Hippocampus and/or Amygdala
• Profound memory impairments
Impaired ability to determine and identify emotional significance of stimuli or events
724
Stroke in Hippocampus and/or Amygdala
• Decreased emotional responses
Decreased responsiveness, aggression, fear, dominance and social interest
725
All neural roads lead to the
frontal lobes”
727
motor • premotor • prefrontal
functional distinct regions of frontal lobe
728
Motor Movements Speech Production
Frontlal Lobe
729
Planning Organizing Problem solving
Frontal Lobe
730
Personality Behavior Emotions
Frontal Lobe
731
Selective attention
Frontal Lobe
732
• Primary motor cortex
Controls contralateral side of body • ‘motor homunculus’ •
733
Primary motor cortex
voluntary, skilled movements
734
• Premotor cortex
• sequencing, timing, and initiation of voluntary movements
735
Brocha's area of Frontal Lobe
speech production
736
Motor and pre-motor cortices of frontal lobe
direct control of movements through projections to spinal motor neurons and cranial nerve motor neurons
737
Motor and pre-motor cortices of frontal lobe
also projects to basal ganglia
738
lesion to Broca's Aphasia
Inability to speak fluently
Non-fluent speech
Few words, short sentences, many pauses
739
lesion to
Broca's Aphasia
Words produced with effort and sound distorted • Repetition is impaired
740
lesion to Broca's Aphasia
Repetition is impaired •
Comprehension is relatively intact • Awareness of mistakes
741
Prefrontal Cortex: Executive Functions of Frontal Lobe
effective and efficient goal-directed behavior; organization of behavior & cognition
742
Prefrontal Cortex of Frontal Lobe
Initiating - Inhibiting and Judgment
743
- Planning and organizing
and problem solving
Prefrontal Cortex
744
Selective attention
- Self-monitoring
Prefrontal Cortex
745
Abstract thinking and mental flexibility
Prefrontal Cortex:
746
frontal lobe lesion
Short-term memory impairment
• Loss of flexible thinking
747
Poor response inhibition
Damage to the Frontal Lobe
748
Inappropriate social & sexual behavior
Damage to the Frontal Lobe
749
Impaired judgment, abstract thinking, hypothesis testing and planning
Damage to the Frontal Lobe
750
• Difficulties using cues and information from the environment to direct, control, or change behavior
Damage to the Frontal Lobe
751
Occiptal lobe Separated from parietal and temporal lobes
by parieto-occiptal sulcus
752
Primary visual cortex is Brodmann area 17,
Occipital lobe
753
Posterior pole of cerebral hemispheres
Occipital Lobe
754
Dorsal stream of occipital lobe
visual information to posterior parietal cortex
755
Dorsal stream of occipital lobe
“where”
756
Ventral stream of occipital lobe
visual information to inferotemporal cortex
757
Ventral stream of occipital lobe
what
758
Can only perceive movement through a compilation of still images as if watching the world through a strobe light
Akinetopsia
759
Akinetopsia
inability to perceive motion
760
brain damage disrupting input to the dorsal pathway (V5/MT).
Akinetopsia
761
Occipital Lobe Dysfunction
Visual agnosia, Prosopagnosia,Akinetopsia
762
inability recognize an object
Visual agnosia
763
Prosopagnosia
inability to recognize faces including their own
764
Agnosia?
• Inability of the brain to process or make use of sensory stimuli
765
Sensory perception of the stimulus is disconnected from memories associated with the stimulus
Agnosia
766
strokes, dementia, carbon monoxide poisoning cause
Agnosia
767
agnosia not same as
blind or deaf
768
Auditory Agnosia
Inability to recognize sounds
769
Inability to perceive objects through tactile stimulation
Somatosensory Agnosia
770
Difficultly recognizing objects, faces and words
Visual agnosia
occipital disfunction
771
Cannot sort pictures or objects into categories and – Cannot name objects
Visual agnosia
772
Visual agnosia
Prosopagnosia
Akinetopsia
Occipital Lobe Dysfunction
773
Prosopagnosia
Severe disturbance in the ability to recognize faces
774
Lesions of inferior and medial occipital lobe
Prosopagnosia
775
Recognition of facial parts is intact
Prosopagnosia
776
Prosopagnosia
• Accurate judgments about gender, age and emotion are still intact and can recall detailed information about a specific individual
777
Language is
any system for representing and communicating ideas
778
speech
particular audible manner of communicating language
779
Broca’s area –
production of area
780
Wernicke’s area –
Comprehension of language
781
Wernicke-Geschwind Model
Neural Basis of Language
782
Wernicke-Geschwind Model
Comprehension – Production – Reading
783
When we listen to speech, words are send via pathways to primary auditory cortex (Heschl’s gyrus);
relayed to Wernicke’s area(Comprehension)
784
Broca’s area
holds representations for articulating words –
785
broca's area(language production)
Instructions are sent to facial area of motor cortex -\> facial motor neurons in brain stem
786
Reading;Information is sent to visual areas 17, 18 and 19
– Goes to angular gyrus -\> Wernicke’s area
787
Wada Test
Sodium amytal, an anesthetic, is injected into the right or left carotid artery
788
Wada test
If the left hemisphere is put to sleep in people who have language ability in the left hemisphere
person cannot speak
789
if right hemisphere is put to sleep, then will be able to speak
with anestiic in left hemisphere
person can still talk
790
Identifying Language Areas;
Electrical stimulation of the cerebral cortex on left side
left side dominance language will be disrupted with electrode stimulation
