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1
Q

What is prevalence

A

Number of actual cases Alive with the disease during a period of time or at a point in time

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2
Q

What is incidence

A

The number of new cases of the disease

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3
Q

Risk model

A

Determines the likelihood of a risk occurring

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4
Q

Latent period

A

Period of delay between exposure of radiation and appearance of disease/cancer

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5
Q

Relative risk

A

The percentage of the probability of incidence due to radiation

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6
Q

Excess relative risk

A

Increase in spontaneous incidence

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7
Q

Absolute risk

A

Predicts specific number of increased adverse affects due to radiation exp above those that are naturally occurring

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8
Q

Excess absolute risk

A

Difference between absolute risk of spontaneous occurrence and absolute risk with exposure to risk factor

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9
Q

What is the biological effect

A

The fact that ionizing radiation produces biological effects on the body- based on evidence from mines, radiation accidents

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10
Q

Radiosensitivity

A

Susceptibility of cells, tissues and organs to the harmful effects of ionizing radiation

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11
Q

Law of bergonie & tribendeau

A

Radiosensitivity is dependant on cell maturity and metabolism

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12
Q

3 physical factors affecting Radiosensitivity

A

Linear energy transfer- rate of ionisation energy transferred from Beam to tissue
Relative biological affectiveness- representation of the affect of high LET
Protractionation + fractionation- delivery of steady dose at low dose, delivery of equal dose over several time periods

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13
Q

Biological factors affecting Radiosensitivity

A
  1. Age- more sensitive at birth
  2. Oxygen- aerobic conditions mean more Radiosensitivity
  3. Recovery- how the cell will recover if not killed by radiation
  4. Chemical agents- radiosensitisers and radioprotectors
  5. Hormesis- hypoth that states that small amounts of radiation have a positive affect on the body
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14
Q

Schotastic vs deterministic effect

A

S- detriment relate to chance, had no threshold

D- detriment not related to chance, will occur once threshold is reached

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15
Q

Acute radiation syndromes

A
  1. Haematologic effect eg anemia 2-10gyt
  2. GI death 10-50gyt
  3. CNS death- 50+gyt
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16
Q

4 phases of ARS

A
  1. Prodromal period- immediate, nausea
  2. Latent phase- no signs
  3. Manifest illness- observation of sickness
  4. Manifestation of death
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17
Q

Meiosis

A

Germ cell reproduction that results in 2 daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell

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18
Q

PMAT

A

Prophase- chromosome prominent due to coiling of chromatid threads
Metaphase- chromosomes meet in the middle + Centromeres duplicate
Anaphase- duplicated chromosomes migrate
Telophase- become elongated chromatin threads, division of cytoplasm

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19
Q

Inheritance

A

A combination of dominant and recessive alleles that combine to make a genetic makeup

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20
Q

Simple vs polygenetic inheritance

A

Simple- dominant inheritance due to dominant allele on set of alleles
Polygenetic- determined by interaction of sever alleles

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21
Q

Stages of foetal development

Study These Flashcards
A

1- preimplantation- fert to day 9

  1. Major organogenesis- weeks 2-8
  2. Feral growth day 50- birth
22
Q

Free radicle

Study These Flashcards
A

An unstable atom with an unpaired electron in its outer orbital making it highly reactive: may break bonds to fulfil orbit, has no net charge

23
Q

What is radiolysis of h2o and its products

Study These Flashcards
A

The chemical break down of water due to radiation interacting with it, forming a normal element and an electron. Can recombine to form more FR

  • hydroxyl radical (OH*)
  • hydrogen radical (H*)
  • hydroperoxyl radical (HO2*)
24
Q

Which FR causes more cell damage

Study These Flashcards
A

2/3 caused by hydroxyl

25
How do FR do damage
Can become cytotoxic and recombine to form other elements within the atom
26
Key role of DNA
Chemical instructions to the body to create proteins that go on to make tissues, organs and chemicals for living organisms
27
Gene
A unit of genetic information responsible for cell activity + transmitting hereditary Info
28
4 consequences of double strand break
1. Restitution- strands rejoin no damage 2. Deletion- loss of part of chromosome 3. Rearrangement- of broken ends , shape change and rearrangement of genetic material 4. Rearrangement- of broken ends with no change of shape
29
Chromosome vs chromatid aberration
Chromosome- happens before cell division, daughter cells affected Chromatid- occurs after cell division, one daughter cell affected
30
Point mutation
Wrong base pair is created/missing causing mutation (insertion or deletion of base pair) and creates abnormal gene that is passed on
31
3 categories of cell damage due to radiation
Lethal- no repair and cell death Potentially lethal- may repair and depends on environment Sublethal- cell may repair
32
Early affects of radiation on body
Deterministic Associated with high dose Cell death almost always occurs
33
Late affects of radiation on the body
Schotastic | Associated with low dose
34
3 stages of carcinogenesis
1. Initiation- cell damage causes mutation of genetic makeup if DNA not repaired 2. Promotion- mutated cell stimulated to grow- rapid and benign Tumour forms 3. Progression- tumour expands and may become malignant
35
What is radiation protection
Protection of staff patients and public from unnecessary radiation- legislations and regulations enforced by government
36
International atomic energy agency
to control the radiation exposure of workers patient and public by enforcing laws and administrative measures and having inspectors in force them
37
International commission on radiation protection
Aim to prevent cancer and other diseases and effects associated with ionizing radiation. They set 1msv to public and 20msv to radiation workers
38
Radiation safety act 1999
Protects persons and the environment from the harmful effects of ionizing radiation and harmful non-ionizing radiation. Licensing regime to regulate possession, use and transportation of radiation
39
Possession licence
Authorisation required for those wishing to control a source of radiation
40
RSPP
Details radiation protection measures that will be conducted by a practice: - identifies all radiation related hazards - identifies how these hazards will be managed - structures/arrangements that will be put in place
41
Leakage radiation and how it is managed
Radiation that leaves the housing, SID AND SOD
42
Primary and secondary barrier examples
P: lead bonded to concrete brick S: acrylic, lead, glass, gypsum board
43
Justification, limitation and optimisation
J- will more harm result than good? L- setting radiation dose limits, keeping health risk below certain range O- minimising health risk, ALARA, only expose if necessary
44
Radiation gas chamber
Rad enters chamber, ionization (removal of electron), collected by electrode. Strength of electrons- meter moves
45
Detector ranges
RIPGMCD
46
Scintillation detectors
More sensitive than gas filled. Light released proportional to radiation entering and brightness matched with LUT. Voltage one is not as accurate
47
Why is personelle monitoring necessary
ALARA- clinic and radiographer working safely In emergencies badge can be used to determine dose released In emergencies provides documentation
48
Operation of TLD
Electrons prefer to be in their stable state, when radiation enters the detector some energy is deposited on the atoms causing electrons to jump to a metas table state and stay there. Electrons continue to be trapped until device is heated and they are released. Light emitted by this - dose
49
AHPRA
Australian health practitioner regulation agency: recognises qualifications necessary to practice in the medial radiation profession. Looks at licensing and registration in system as well as delivery of radiation safety
50
ASMIRT
Australian society of medical imaging and radiation therapy- guidelines for professional conduct guidance and ensuring that working conditions are sufficient and work practices are adhered to

Radiation Science (2 decks)

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