All Flashcards
1
Q
Mt. Laurel v Southern Burlington NAACP
A
Fair Housing, New Jersey
2
Q
Restaurant Parking
A
5.0 to 25.0 spaces per 1000 sf
3
Q
Industrial Parking
A
0.67 to 3.5 spaces per 1000 sf
4
Q
Shopping Center Parking
A
1.0 to 5.0 spaces per 1000 sf
5
Q
Office Parking
A
0.5 to 3.0 spaces per 1000 sf of GLA
6
Q
Medical Center Parking
A
0.1 to 0.75 spaces per 1000 sf of GLA
7
Q
Origin-Destination Study
A
Pattern of movement of persons and goods in a particular area of interest
8
Q
TDM includes
A
HOV Lanes
Ride Sharing
Home Office
Transit
9
Q
Transportation Systems Management
A
Signals
Changeable sign for speed and message
10
Q
Edward Bassett
A
Father of Zoning, NYC Zoning Act
11
Q
Cartway
A
Traveled portion of the street ROW
12
Q
1947 Housing; Home Financing Agency
A
Predecessor to HUD created to coordinate Federal Government various housing programs
13
Q
Principal Arterial
A
Longer trips
Highest volumes
Large VMT
14
Q
Arterial
A
Major thoroughfare of both local and regional significance that is designed to provide some access to smaller streets
15
Q
Urban Collector
A
Provides traffic and land access with all land uses by collecting and distributing traffic
16
Q
Local Streets
A
Provide direct access to adjacent land and access to higher class roads
17
Q
1978-1989 Urban Development Action Grants (UDAG)
A
- Facilitate public-private partnerships for development.
- Leverage intergovernmental coordination and responsibility for LGUs.
- Fertile venues for investment of [relative between private-public].
18
Q
Executive Order 12898
A
1994
Clinton Administration
Federal order engages each federal agency to develop strategy for environmental justice
19
Q
Intermodal Surface Transportation Safety Act (ISTEA 1991)
A
Coordination for air quality standards between states and metro areas
20
Q
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (1976)
A
Cradle to grave legislation for hazardous waste materials
21
Q
Americans with Disabilities Act
A
1990
22
Q
National Housing Acts
A
1934-1954
23
Q
EDA and HUD Creation
A
1965
24
Q
Model Cities Act
A
1966
Improve coordination of existing urban programs and provide additional funds for local plans
25
Fair Housing Act
1968
26
Section 8 Housing CDBG
1974
27
National Affordable Housing Act
1990
28
Empower/Enterprise Zone
1993
29
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act
2009 aka Recovery Act
Obama's stimulus package
30
Coastal Zone Management Act
34 states adopted
Protects coastal areas
Federal law can pre-empt state laws
31
Dillon's Rule
LGU subordinate institute of the state
32
Home Rule
LGUs adopt any rules
33
Title VI Civil Rights Acts
1964
| Outlaws discrimination
34
Federal Property Administration Act
1949
| Disposal of federal property by US Government
35
1949 Housing Act
First comprehensive housing legislation
Goal to construct 800k rental units
Known as Wagner-Ellender-Taft Bill
36
Public Utilities Regulatory Policies Act
1978
It was meant to promote energy conservation (reduce demand) and promote greater use of domestic energy and renewable energy (increase supply)
37
Land Grants
Morrill Act 1862
38
Homestead Act
1862
| Opened lands of public domain to settlers for nominal fee
39
Ordinance of 1785
Rectangular land survey
40
New Communities Act
1968
| Money for private development of new tires by private developers
41
Housing Act of 1934
Federal Savings and Loan
Insurance Corp
Established FHA
42
Antiquities Act
1906
| Protects archaeological sites
43
Planned Unit Development (PUD)
Mixture of uses, promotes flexibility in design and density
44
Amortization
Time period a non-conforming property has to conform to a new zoning class before prohibited
45
Bricks and clicks
E-commerce
46
Consistency
Detailed process of zoning conformance
47
Citizen Advisory Committee
Presumed to represent attitudes and ideas of local groups
48
Purple on a land use map
Industrial
49
Dezone
Simplify the zoning code
50
Performance Zoning
Regulates the character of the use instead of the use itself
51
Special use permit
Device to provide flexibility within zoning ordinance
52
Exactions
Costs levied on developers as a condition for receiving permission to develop
53
Concurrency
Requirement that public services be adequate to meet the needs of the new development
54
Incentive Zoning
Use these to encourage development that exceeds the minimum standards
55
Safe Routes to School
Overcome physical and psychological barriers
Bronx was first
TDM strategy
56
PERT
Graphic depiction of the interrelationships of the tasks that make up the project
57
Fish bowl planning
Workshop format in which a large group can participate in working through a problem
58
Linear programming
Final optimum design solution
| ID best combination of resources
59
Hoshin Planning
Type of strategic planning
| Has 7 steps
60
4 New Urbanism Cities
Seaside, FL
Kentlands, MD
Celebration, FL
Mississippi Coast
61
Mariemont, OH
First New Urbanism city
| Emery and Nolen
62
Levittown, NY
| Park Forest, IL
Post-WWII tract homes
63
1 hectare
10,000 sq mi
64
1 mile
5,280 feet
65
1 acre
43,560 sq ft
66
Greenbelt Cities
Resettlement Administration
Greenbelt, MD
Greenbelt, OH
Greenbelt, WI
67
Neighborhood Parks
5 to 10 acres
| Serve area within 1/4 to 1/2 mi
68
Mini park
Less than one acre
| Also known as parklet, pocket park, tot lots, turnkey
69
Community park
30 to 50 acres
| Serves multiple neighborhoods
70
Colonias
Rural unincorporated communities within 150 mi of US-Mexico boarder
71
National Recreation and Park Association
Developed park classification system
72
Boston Common
Oldest urban park
| 1728
73
Resettlement Administration
1930s
| Created by Roosevelt
74
Plan of Chicago
1909
| First metropolitan plan in US
75
US Geological Survey Formed
1897
76
Grand Coulee Dam
Largest concrete structure
| Columbia River, WA
77
of federally recognized tribes
562
78
Types of theories
Normative
Disciplinary
Procedural
79
4 functions of planning
1. Improve efficiency
2. Enhance social welfare
3. Widen range of choice
4. Enrich civic engagement and governance
80
New Urbanism
Promotes walkability, mixed uses, compactness, nostalgic arch.
81
Radburn, NJ
Planned by Slein and Wright
| Forerunner to Greenbelt towns
82
New Town movement
Started in the 1960s
Reston, VA (Simon)
Columbia, MD (Rouse)
83
1949 Housing Act
Focused on slum clearance
84
1937 Housing Act
Slum clearance tied to public housing
85
First Earth Day
April 22, 1970
86
National Monument
Doesn't require act of Congress
| Managed by National Parks Service
87
Public Land Survey System
1785 by Thomas Jefferson
| Single largest act of land planning
88
Endangered Species
1,200
89
Annual per capita consumption of gasoline (Year 2000)
430 gallons
90
Warren County, NC
Toxic substances disposed of in predominantly black neighborhood
91
Prevention of significant deterioration (PSD)
Prevent significant deterioration of high quality airsheds
92
Oligotrophic lakes
Deep with low supply of nutrients
| Low organic matter
93
Input-Output Analysis
3 tables
Direct
Indirect
Induced
94
Location quotient
LQi=% local em/% national em
l=equivalent
<1=local share is less than national
>1=local share is more than national
95
General obligation bond
Pledge to levy tax to meet debt service requirements
96
Capital improvement budgeting
Budget model involving capital projects that are linked to a comprehensive plan
97
Fees in lieu
Payments from the developer as an alternative to the land required
98
Reserve funds
Funds that are accumulated in advance for capital purchase
99
Planning, programming, or budgeting systems
Program orientated with long-range projections that emphasizes planning not budgeting
100
Project management (budgeting)
Focus on evaluating and ranking outputs by program
101
Zero-base budgeting
Decision packages start from scratch and are tied to long range plans
102
Fiscal Impact Analysis
Tax rates
School costs
Building costs
103
Capitalization rate
Income rate of a total property
| Net operating income + purchase price
104
Shift share analysis
Indicates why various industries grew or declined
| How much growth is national trend versus unique regional factor
105
Net operating income
Gross operating income x (1-vacancy rate)-operating income
106
New regionalism
Focus on specific territories and spatial plan
Response to metro problems
Integrates environment, equity, economic goals
107
Muir
Father of the National Parks
Sierra Club Founder, 1892
Petitioned for Yosemite and Sequoia
108
Pierre L'Enfant
Grid and radials
Washington, DC
McMilan Commission partial redesign
109
Myerson and Barfield
Rational Planning Model
110
Charles Lindblom
Incrementalism science of muddling through
| Intelligence of Democracy 1965
111
Thomas Adams
Wrote regional survey of NY and environs
112
Aaron Wildansky
budgeting
113
Tugwell
Garden Cities
| New Deal
114
Walter Moody
1912
| Wacker's Manual of Plan of Chicago
115
Richard Florida
Rise of creative class 2002
116
TJ Kent
Urban General Plan 1964
117
William Whyte
Social life of small urban places
118
Joel Garreva
1991
| Edge City
119
Alfred Bettman
1925
Developed comprehensive plan for Cincinnati
Defended zoning in Amber v Euclid
120
James Rouse
Designed Columbia, MD
| Part of the New Town movement
121
Peter Calthorpe
Congress for New Urbanism
| TOD concepts
122
John Degrove
Father of Growth Management (FL)
123
Lewis Mumford
The City in History 1961
124
Jane Jacobs
1960s
Death and Life of American Cities
Urban studies
Eyes on the street
125
Catherine Bauer
Modern Housing 1934
126
Frank Olmstead Jr
Founded American City Planning Institute
127
George Marsh
Man v Nature 1864
| Inspired conservationist
128
Walker Christaller
1893-1969 German georgraphic central places in South Germany (1933)
129
Ian McHarg
Design with Nature (1960s)
| Father of Environmental Planning
130
Robert Moses
NY Master Builder 1930s
Led planning for activity-based recreation
Central to NY urban renewal
131
William Penn
4 quadrants green space
132
Taparelli D'Azeglio[a]
Italian Catholic Scholar 1840
133
John Rawls
Theory of Justice 1971
134
Betty Friedman
Feminine Mystique 1962
135
Robert Bullard
Father of Environmental Justice
| Involved in Warren County, NC toxic waste cleanup
136
Frederick Olmsted and Calvert Vaux
Designed Central Park
Olmsted is the Father of Landscape Architecture
Firm designed 2000 parks
Capitol, Biltmore, Boston's Emerald Necklace
137
Gifford Pinchot
First head of USFS
138
Clarence Stein
American Garden City Movement
| Sunnyside Gardens NY
139
James Olgthorpe
1733 Savannah
| Ward would include 4 large resident blocks and 4 small civic blocks
140
Kevin Lynch
Image of the City
| No density, paths, landmarks
141
Amitai Etzioni
Mixed scanning
Comprehensive overview/broad brush
Selective use of detailed analysis
142
Sherry Arnstein
Ladder of participation
143
Jacob Riis
Photojournalist
How the Other Half Lives 1890
Children of the Poor 1892
144
Jane Addams
Settlement House
Hull House Chicago 1889
Social and education services
Response to problems of urban industry
145
Le Corbusier
Resilient City 1920
| High rises
146
Paul Davidoff
1960s
Advocacy
Suburban Action Institute (1969)
Mt. Laurel case
147
Saul Kalinsky
```
1960s
Father of organizing
Organize and build coalitions
Disrupt normal activity
Need money for protesters
```
148
Ebenezer Howard
Part of the Garden City movement
1898
English cities of Letchworth and Welwyn
149
Patrick Geddes
1915 Cities of Evolution
| Father of Regional Planning
150
Daniel Burnham
City Beautiful movement
1893 World's Fair
Columbian Exposition
White City
151
Krumholtz
Cleveland 1969-1979
| Center for Neighborhood Development
152
Andres Duany
Congress for New Urbanism
Seaside, NJ
Increase walkability, etc.
153
Frank Lloyd Wright
Boradacre City
154
Harland Bartholomew
First full time planner hired by municipality (St. Louis)
155
Homer Hoyt
Sector Theory 1939
156
Ernest Burgess
Concentric Ring Theory 1925
157
Gettsburg v Us 1896
Historic Preservation
158
Munn v Illinois
P/p property free
Enterprise versus state rights
State had right to regulate commerce
159
Associated Home Builders of Greater Bay v City of Livermore 1976
CA Supreme Court allowed the time phasing of residential development until performance codes were met
160
Golden v Planning Board of Ramapo 1972
Dealt with use of performance criteria as a means of slowing development in communities
161
Nectow v City of Cambridge 1928
Zoning ordinance was invalid as applied to a landowner where land was restricted to residential use because it didn't provide health, safety
162
Austin v Older
Non-conforming use built day before ordinance took effect
163
Welch v Swasey 1909
Right of cities to limit building heights in districts
164
Babbit v Sweet Home Chapter of Communities for a Great OR (1996)
Government can restrict land development to protect endangered species and their habitats, not a taking
165
Just v Marinette County (1972)
Established that environmental protection regulations are a reasonable exercise of the police power of the state and do not amount to a taking of private property without just compensation
166
Metromedia v San Diego 1981
Banned all signs
| Reversed by SCOTUS
167
Renton v Playtime 1986
Distance rule
| Upheld by SCOTUS
168
Young v American Mini Theatres 1976
Detroit Zoning Control
| Upheld by SCOTUS, "speech" not absolute
169
Central Hudson Gas v Public Service Commission 1980
Ban utility ads
| Violates 1st and 14th amendments
170
1, Lemon v Kauzmann
| 2. Luicumi Babula Aye v Hidlean
1. 1971 3 part test
| 2. 1993 animal slaughter
171
Larkin v Grendel's Den
1982
Religion
Church liquor ban
Reversed by SCOTUS
172
Kelo v New London
2005
CRA condemnation of neighborhood solely on economic development
Upheld by SCOTUS, it's enough
Reaction was laws limited economic development
173
Types of takings
1. Permanent taking
2. Regulatory taking
3. Derivative, indirect, or defacto taking. This decreases property value and results in "planning blight"
174
Penn Coal v Mahon
1922
Takings case
Coal kept mining rights
175
Loretto v Teleprompter CATV
1982
| Physical invasion requires compensation
176
Dolan v City of Tigurd
1997
Permit condition easement for bike path
"Essential nexus not enough"
177
Koontz v St. John River WMD (2013)
Orlando 15 acre wetland
| Dual nexus test
178
Palazzolo v Rhode Island (2001)
Environmental protection laws prohibiting filling undeveloped wetlands did not remove all economically viable uses of the land, not a taking
179
Tahoe Sierra Preservation Council v Tahoe Regional Planning Agency
Moratoria on permits
180
1st English Lutheran Church v LA County
1987
Camp destroyed by flood, moratorium on new development
SCOTUS said monetary damages are allowed for temporary takings
181
Nollan v CA Coastal Commission
1987
Condition constituted taking because the dedication did not bear a logical nexus to the harm the government sought to add
182
Agins v Tiburon
1980
| Open space requirements did not result in a taking
183
Lucas v SC Coastal Council
```
1992
2 ocean lots
SCOTUS
Said per se taking. Regulations deny all economic use
Occurs in two circumstances
```
184
FCC v FL Power Corp
Takings [add detail]
185
Pumpelly v Green Bay
1872
| Takings [add detail]
186
Suitum v Tahoe Regional Planning
1997
| Taking [add detail]
187
Kaiser Aetna v US
1979
Taking marina
Rivers and Harbors Act
188
Penn Central v City of New York
1978
Landmark preservation law
Establishes "air rights"
Taking requires loss of all reasonable "didn't pass"
189
Rancho Palos Verdes v Abrams
2005
CA radion tower
SCOTUS: he didn't exercise alternate dispute
190
Edmonds v Oxford Hosue
1994
Seattle group home
SCOTUS: Ordinance subject to FHA
191
Willowbrook v Oleech
2000
Water hookup "a class of one"
Intentionally treated differently
192
Belle Torre v Boraas
1974
SUNY student housing
Defers to legislative process
193
East Lake v Forest City Enterprises
1976
High rise, residents voted it down
Overturned council
194
Arlington Heights v Metro Housing Development Corp
1977
MF low income housing, village refused
SCOTUS: negative racial impact with [nut proof] of discrete intent
195
Dissimilarity Index
Population under 18 + pop 65 divided by pop 18-64
| Measures relative separation or integration of gap
196
Step down method
Area's population is proportionally derived from projections of a larger region
197
Cohort-component method
Components of population change are projected separately for each birth cohort
Assumes constant rates
198
Standard deviation
Measure of how much the data in a collection are scattered around mean
199
Gini coefficient
Measure of income inequality
200
Metropolitan Statistical Area
A CBSA with at least one urbanized area that has population of 50,000
201
Core Based Statistical Area
Core area containing at least 10,000 together with adjacent community having a high degree of social and economic integration
202
Micropolitan Statistical Area
CBSAs with urban cluster that has a population of at least 10,000 but less than 50,000
203
Urbanized area
Central place and adjacent [territory] with population density greater >1,000 people per sq mi
Minimum residential population >50,000
204
Non-probability sampling
Convenient volunteer
205
Probability sampling
Random
System
Stratified
Cluster
206
Regression
Test of effect of one variable had on another while holding all other conditions constant
Simple-one independent variables
Multiple-two or more independent variables
207
Normal distribution
68% are within one standard deviation
| 95% are within two standard deviations
208
Frequency distribution
```
Tabular formats
Class formats
Cross tabulations
Histograms
Stem and leaf
```
209
Coefficient of variation
Measures the relative dispersion from the [mean/standard deviation/mean]
210
Variance
Square of standard deviation
211
Densest MSA in US (2001 study)
Los Angeles
212
Census Block
Largest geographic unit for which the Census Bureau tabulates 100% data
213
Chi Square Statistic
Computed to learn whether two variables are independent
214
Range
Difference between highest and lowest
215
Inferential Statistics
When you have population and need to make assumptions about data
216
When AICP/APA formed
1978
| Merge of AIP and American Society of Planning Officials (ASPO) [add details]
217
ASPO
Established 1934
American Society of Planning Officials
Precursor to APA
218
APA ethics effective date
June 1, 2005
219
Community Character Act
Rhode Island Senator Chafee
Incentive for states and locals to integrate smart growth
Federal grant is a partner in building places without intrusive regulations
220
Cap park
Parks built over segments of freeway
221
Location of cell towers determined by
Local government jurisdictions
222
Rational comprehensive method for decision making requires
1. Clarification of values
2. Consideration of extensive data
3. Consideration of all relevant factors
223
Sector model
Land-use model with pattern of axial growth along lines of least resistance
224
SmartCode Transect
Typically contains six zones from Rural to Urban
| Historically linked to Geddes' Valley Section
225
Strategies to help combat climate change
GHG reduction
Adaptive reuse
Water conservation
226
Connectivity Index
Links/Nodes
227
Big questions addressed by Environmental Impact Statement
Purpose of the EIS
Environmental consequences of proposed action
Alternatives to proposed action
228
Power Towns
Likely to include anchor department stores with a lifestyle center
229
Washington DC greater mall is an example of
City Beautiful
230
Multiplier
Metric to forecast resulting economic growth for a specific planning decision
231
Distaster Mitigation Act (2000) requires which hazards to be address to remain eligible for certain federal funds
Natural hazards
Man-made hazards
No new development in low-lying environmental sensitive coastal areas
232
Superblock concept associated with
Le Corbusier's Radiant City
Clarence Perry's Neighborhood Unit
Radburn, New Jersey
Urban renewal public housing projects
233
Utopianism theory linked to works by
Le Corbusier
Danial Burnham
Frank Lloyd Wright
234
Harvey Molotch
Believe real estate improvements are the most important factor affecting the shape of the city
235
Telecommunications Act (1996)
Preempts local regulation of cell tower radio frequency emission effects
Requires zoning decisions be in writing and supported by substantial evidence
236
Oregon Model's Four Questions
1. Where are we now?
2. Where are we going?
3. Where do we want to be?
4. How do we get here?
237
Staff report three C's
Compliance, consistency, compatibility
238
Dominant land use in the US
Agriculture
239
Largest single Native American reservation
Navajo (16 million acres)
240
6 key pollutants regulated by the Clean Air Act
```
Nitrogen oxide
Carbon monoxide
Lead
Sulfur dioxide
Ozone
Particulates
```
241
Man vs Nature (1864) author
George Perkins Marsh
| Inspired the conservation movement
242
Report on the Lands of the Arid Region of the US (1878)
John Wesley Powell
| Proposal to foster settlement and conserve water in the arid west
243
Sierra Club Founder
John Muir
244
Gifford Pinochet
First director of the US Forest Service (1905), leader of conservation movement, advocated for both preservation and scientific management of natural resources
245
The Last Landscape Author
William H. Whyte
| Coined the term greenway
246
Silent Spring (1962) Author
Rachel Carson
| About the harmful effects of pesticides on animal, plant, and human life
247
When and why was United States Geological Survey (USGS) formed
1897
| To survey and classify all public domain lands
248
Conservation easement
Separates ownership of land from the right to develop that land
249
What is National Pollution Discharge Elimination System
Formed in 1972
Authorized by the Clean Water Act, NPDES controls water pollution by regulation of point sources that discharge pollutants into US water bodies
Industrial and municipal polluters must obtain a NPDES permit
250
What is CAFE (1975)
Corporate Average Fuel Economy standards for light trucks and passenger cars
251
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA 1980)
Gave EPA power to seek out those parties responsible for any hazardous releases and assure their cooperation in the cleanup
252
Preservation versus conservation
Preservation of wilderness (Muir) versus wise use of natural resources (Pinochet)
253
Average change in size of single family detached homes over past 50 years
~1,100 sf to 2,340 sf
254
Average per capita per day water usage
50 gallons (could be 120-180 depending on calculation and lawn water usage)
255
R-factor
Ability to insulation to keep heat in during the winter and out during the summer, better insulation leads to less energy use
256
Effluent
The treated wastewater discharged by sewage treatment plants
257
Moraine
Glacial deposit of rock and soil
258
Limnology
Study of the chemical, hydrological, biological aspects of lakes and ponds
259
Lacustrine
Refers to a lake or lake-like environment, such as a wetland
260
Maximum contaminant level (MCL)
Highest level of a contaminant that is allowed in drinking water
Nitrates 10 ppm
Flouride 4 ppm
261
First zoning ordinance
New York City, 1916
| Edward Bassett
262
First national park
Yellowstone, 1872
263
First national wildlife refuge
Florida, 1903
264
First Historic Preservation Commission
New Orleans, 1921
| French Quarter
265
First off-street parking regulations
Columbus, OH, 1923
266
First limited access highway
Bronx River Parkway
267
First national conference on city planning
1901?
268
Rational planning model associated with who
Myerson and Banfield
| aka synoptic
269
Incremental planning associated with who
Charles Lindblom
| aka humanistic movement
270
Advocacy planning associated with who
```
Sherry Arnstein (Ladder of Participation, 1969)
Paul Davidoff (Planners as advocates, not neutral technocrats)
aka radical
```
271
Edge City
Suburban cities gaining on older core cities
| Joel Garreau, 1991
272
Berman v Parker (1954)
Established aesthetics and redevelopment as a valid purpose for exercising eminent domain, public ownership of land not the sole way to promote public purpose
273
Golden v Planning Board of the Town of Ramapo (1972)
Growth management, local governments can control growth on basis that adequate public services and facilities are necessary and should proceed additional subdivision development
274
Three sections of the AICP Code of Ethics
1. Aspirational principles (cannot be enforced)
2. Rules of conduct (must be followed)
3. Procedures (for handling charges of misconduct)
275
Ethics: Aspirational principles
1. Serve public interest
2. Seek social justice, work to expand choice and opportunity
3. Responsibility to clients and employers
4. Responsibility to the profession
276
Ethics: Rules of conduct
1. Provide adequate, timely, clear, and accurate information
2. Must not advocate opposing positions
3. Must not take unfair advantage of a situation
4. Avoid conflict of interest of appearance thereof
277
Ethics: Procedure
Transparency, disclosure, documentation
278
Urbanism as a Way of Life (1938)
Louis Wirth
Promoted urbanism as the prevailing way of life in contemporary society, and that density has an effect on people's behavior
279
Year Endangered Species Act enacted
1973
280
Property Administration 41 Act (1949)
Used for the disposal of Federal property by the US government
281
Cumulative zoning
Older approach to regulating land use, a hierarchical approach in which less intensive uses such as residences are allowed in areas of more intensive use, such as commercial districts
282
Non-cumulative zoning
Allows only stated use and not less intensive uses
283
Delphi method
Public participation
1. Identify needs/goals/objectives or alternatives
2. Establish priorities, group preferences, differences among diverse reference groups
3. Educating and identifying areas of consensus and disagreement by sharing information
284
Hadacheck v Sebastian (1915)
SCOTUS ruled that restricting certain nuisance land uses was a legitimate exercise of police power, upheld ordinance in LA prohibiting operation of brickyard
285
Construction Industrial Association of Sonoma County v City of Petaluma
Limit on the number of building permits for single-family homes issued each year, upheld by court of appeals on ground that it sought to preserve small town character and open space and promote growth at an orderly rate
286
Zoning
Exercise of police power, which means government's right to impose regulations to protect public health, safety, and welfare
287
Euclidean zoning
Specifies exactly what uses will be allowed in each district and at what level of intensity, does not allow for mix of uses
288
Form-based zoning
Regulates size, form, appearance, and placement of buildings and parking rather than the use of the land and the density of development
289
Performance zoning
Focuses on the intensity of development that is acceptable and its impact of the environment, does not deal with use but with how development impacts the surrounding area
290
Easement
Used to secure a portion of rights associated with a parcel
291
5th Amendment
Prohibits the government from taking private property for public use without paying just compensation to the property owner (14th Amendment deals with due process in taking)
292
Ripeness doctrine
A claim is ready for judicial review only after a property owner has sought all possible relief through, for example, variance or condemnation procedures
293
Euclid v Ambler (1926)
SCOTUS upheld validity of zoning as a legitimate exercise of police power, and emphasized need to separate land uses in order to protect public health, safety, and welfare
294
LA City Council v Taxpayers for Vincent (1984)
SCOTUS ruled that LA violated free speech by banning noncommercial signage on public property
295
Land Ordinance of 1785
Provided for the rectangular land survey of the NW Territory
296
Standard State Zoning Enabling Act (1924, 1926)
Confirmed the states' authority to delegate police power to municipalities to enact local zoning ordinances, drafted under Secretary of Commerce Hoover
297
Standard City Planning Enabling Act (1928)
Outlined powers of municipal planning commissions and required the adoption of a master plan by local governing bodies, provided for establishment of regional planning commissions and regional plans, published by Department of Commerce under Hoover
298
Housing Act (1949)
Established the basis for urban renewal
299
Housing Act (1954)
Established Section 701 planning grants to local governments
300
Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act (1966)
Created Model Cities, focusing on community participation, emphasized social and economic rebuilding of communities rather than physical development
301
Four steps of hazard mitigation planning
1. Mitigation planning, to minimize damage
2. Preparation planning
3. Response planning
4. Recovery planning
302
T-value
Tolerable soil loss that, if exceeded, would adversely affect the productivity of the soil
303
Subsidence
Gradual sinking of land, sometimes due to excessive groundwater pumping in surface patterns due to urbanization
304
Legal descriptions include
1. US Government Survey
2. Metes and bounds
3. Lot, block, and tract
305
Fred French Co v City of New York
Introduced concept of planned unit development
306
Which Great Expediter said "If the ends don't justify the means, then what the hell does?"
Robert Moses
307
Amortization
The determination of the remaining useful life of a pre-existing non-conforming use
308
George Pullman designed
Town of Pullman, IL
| Model industrial town
309
A-95 Clearinghouse Review Process was responsible for
The creation of regional planning agencies
310
Satisficing
Accepting policy options short of maximizing goal attainment, and 100% consensus
311
Transportation Systems Management (TSM)
Carpooling and vanpooling incentives
Improved transit service
Staggered work schedules
312
Court case that first established the concept of "public welfare"
Village of Euclid v Ambler Realty Co
313
First president of ASPO
Alfred Bettman
314
Father of City Planning in US
Daniel Hudson Burnham
| "Plan of Chicago" gave birth to modern city planning
315
Primary purpose of census as indicated in the US Constitution
Fair apportionment among the states of seats in the US House of Representatives
316
Zoning Game author
Richard Babcock
317
1858 design of Central Park was prepared by
Fredrick Olmsted Law Sr. and Calvert Vaux
318
The American Greenbelt towns were built in the 1930s by
The Resettlement Administration of the US Department of Agriculture
319
Difference between use of police power and eminent domain in environmental and land use regulation is
Eminent domain requires compensation
320
Geometric growth rate
Pattern of population change that exhibits a constant rate of change
321
In local government, line positions are
Those that provide service to the public
322
Non-IRA Tribe
Did not organize under the 1934 Reorganization Act
323
Great Society
Implemented under Johnson
324
Empowerment Zone
Urban area defined as depressed and made eligible for special government assistance in the form of tax breaks and subsidies for economic development
325
Metes and bounds
A system of describing and identifying land by measures and direction from and identifiable point of reference such as a monument, corner of an intersecting street, tree, or other permanent feature
326
Primary difference between variance and other land entitlements
The absence of a hardship requirement
327
Modern Housing author
Catherine Bauer Wurster
328
The Indian Reorganization Act provided for
1. Native Americans residing on reservations to organize for their common welfare
2. Native Americans residing on reservations to adopt an appropriate constitution
329
Yellow Book
Published by the National Recreation and Park Association (NRPA) and outlines park and open space standards
330
First statewide zoning system
Hawaii, 1978
331
6 theories of planning
1. Rational
2. Incremental
3. Transactive
4. Advocacy
5. Radical
6. Communicative
332
Mel Scott
Wrote History of City Planning
333
US became urbanized
1920s
334
Who led focus on traffic safety
Hoover
335
David Kruckenberg
Author of Introduction to Planning History
336
Three theories of urban growth
Concentric circle, sector, multi-nuclei
337
First year JAPA published
1925
338
First major American city to apply the City Beautiful principles
San Francisco, 1867
339
First land use zoning restrictions on the location of obnoxious uses
San Francisco, 1867
340
First state to pass enabling legislation
Wisconsin, 1909
341
Public Lands Commission (1903)
Propose rules for land development and management
342
Cores Based Statistical Area (CBSA)
Core area containing a substantial population nucleus (at least 10,000) together with adjacent communities having a high degree of social and economic integration
343
Metropolitan Statistical Area
A CBSA with at least one urbanized area that has a population of at least 50,000
344
Micropolitan Statistical Area
A CBSA with at least one urban cluster that has a population of at least 10,000 but less than 50,000
345
Combined Statistical Area
Two or more adjacent CBSAs that have a substantial employment interchange
346
Minor Civil Division (MCD)
A census unit that is used in only 29 states and corresponds to the primary governmental or administrative divisions of a county.
MCDs include barrios, boroughs, charter townships, election districts, election precincts, towns, and townships.
Census County Divisions used in the other 21 states
347
Census Designated Places
Statistical counterparts of incorporated places
348
Census Tract
A small relatively permanent statistical subdivision of a county or equivalent entity. Population size between 1,200 and 8,000 people. Optimum size of 4,000 people.
349
Block Groups
Statistical divisions of census tracts that are generally defined to contain between 600 and 3,000 people
350
Census Blocks
Generally census blocks are small in area but may encompass hundreds of square miles in remote areas. Census blocks nest within all other tabulated census geographic entities and are the basis for all tabulated data
351
Tribal Census Tracts
aka Tribal tracts
| Defined independently of the standard county-based tract delineation
352
Estimates
Calculated for current population levels
353
Projections
Calculated for future population levels
354
Forecasts
Subjective and apply only to selected populations
355
Migration
Movement of people into and out of a given study area
356
Crude birth rate
Total number of births per 1,000 people in a total population
357
General fertility rate
Total number of babies born per 1,000 females in their childbearing years (typically 15-49)
358
Age-specific fertility rate
Total number of babies born per 1,000 females in a given age group (e.g., 20-24)
359
Death rate
Total number of deaths per 1,000 people in the total population
360
Migration rate
In- and out-migration
Rate calculated by subtracting out- from in-migration, rate itself reflects total net migrants per 1,000 people in population
Positive number means net gain (in)
Negative number mean net loss (out)
361
Longitudinal data
Data over time
362
Cohort data
Follows age group over time
363
Panel data
Follows same individuals in a cohort over time
364
Linear
Projections assume that population change will continue at the same numeric increase over the life of the projection, resulting in a straight line
365
Geometric
Projections assume the rate of change remains constant, resulting in a curved line
366
Exponential
Projections assume population change will change exponentially over time, resulting in a curved line
367
Modified exponential
Projections assume population change will change exponentially over time, but the assumption is subject to an absolute cap on the change
368
Gombertz
Projections are further modified exponential projections. Used to project a change in direction over time.
369
Ratio method
Compares study area to a larger known entity (e.g., city versus state). A good point-in-time comparison as well as comparing relative changes over time.
