ALL

Question 1

What is the hollow that the pituitary gland sits in and in what bone of the skull is it situated?

Answer 1

Pituitary fossa / sella turcica

Sphenoid bone

Question 2

How is the optic chiasm related to the pituitary gland?

Answer 2

Superior to it (sits atop)

Question 3

Which fibres from the optic nerve, nasal or temporal, cross over to the opposite side at the optic chiasm?

Answer 3

Nasal

Question 4

What is the resultant visual defect due to pituitary gland enlargement?

Answer 4

Bitemporal hemianopia

Question 5

Of the pituitary gland, what are two lobes?

Answer 5

Anterior lobe

Posterior lobe

Question 6

Which of the pituitary lobes are larger?

Answer 6

Anterior (2/3rd of total size)

Question 7

Which of the two pituitary lobes is glandular and manufactures numerous hormones?

Answer 7

Anterior lobe

Question 8

What is the function of the posterior pituitary lobe?

Answer 8

Store and release

1) Vasopressin (ADH)
2) Oxytocin

Question 9

Learn the families of hormones and specific hormones released by the anterior pituitary lobe. Refer to workbook for answers.

Answer 9

Question 10

What are the main secretory cells of the posterior pituitary?

Answer 10

Nerves (neurosecretory neurons)

Question 11

What hormones do the posterior pituitary lobe secrete?

Answer 11

Vasopressin - ADH

Oxytocin

Question 12

The pituitary gland is supplied by branches of what artery?

Answer 12

Internal carotid

Question 13

What are the two branches of the internal carotid artery that supply pituitary gland?

Answer 13

Superior hypophysial

Inferior hypophysial

Question 14

Which hypophyseal artery supplies the anterior pituitary lobe via the hypophysial portal system?

Answer 14

Superior hypophysial

Question 15

What hypophysial artery supplies the posterior pituitary gland?

Answer 15

Inferior hypophysial artery

Question 16

How does the hypothalamus communicate with the anterior pituitary lobe?

Answer 16

Hypothalamic-hypophysial portal system

(within infundibulum)

Question 17

How does the hypothalamus communicate with the posterior pituitary?

Answer 17

Neurons

(within infundibulum)

Question 18

The thyroid gland is located between the vertebral level of ____ to ____

Answer 18

C5 - T1

Question 19

The thyroid gland is located between the _________ cartilage and the ____ tracheal ring.

Answer 19

Cricoid

6th

Question 20

The isthmus of thee thyroid gland lies opposite to which two tracheal rings?

Answer 20

2nd - 3rd (4th)

Question 21

Name the 3 strap muscles that overlie the thyroid gland

Answer 21

Sternohyoid

Sternothryoid

Omohyoid

Question 22

Name the 2 nerves that supply the muscles of the vocal cord.

Answer 22

Recurrent laryngeal

Superior laryngeal

Question 23

The blood supply of the thyroid gland is by what two arteries?

Answer 23

Superior thyroid artery

Inferior thyroid artery

Question 24

From what major artery does the superior thyroid artery arise?

Answer 24

External carotid artery

Question 25

From what artery does the inferior thyroid artery arise?

Answer 25

Subclavian

Question 26

Into which vein does the superior thyroid vein drain?

Answer 26

Internal Jugular Vein

Question 27

Into which vein does the middle thyroid vein drain?

Answer 27

Internal Jugular Vein

Question 28

Into which vein does the inferior thyroid vein drain?

Answer 28

Braciocephalic vein

Question 29

Lymph vessels from the thyroid drain into what group of lymph nodes?

Answer 29

Deep cervical

Question 30

What hormones does the thyroid gland secrete? & what do they do?

Answer 30

Thyroid hormones Alter metabolism

Question 31

The parathyroid glands lie on ________ (medial/lateral) half of the _________ (anterior/posterior) surface of each thyroid lobe.

Answer 31

Medial Posterior

Question 32

How many parathyroid glands do most people have?

Answer 32

4

Question 33

The superior parathyroids are situated at the level of the inferior border of what cartilage?

Answer 33

Cricoid

Question 34

Arterial supply to the parathyroid glands is predominantly from what?

Answer 34

Inferior thryoid artery

Question 35

Venous drainage of the parathyroids is by what?

Answer 35

Veins draining the thyroid to the IJV.

Question 36

What hormone is secreted by the parathyroid glands?

Answer 36

Parathyroid hormone

Question 37

What is the action of the parathyroid hormone?

Answer 37

Increase plasma Calcium levels

Question 38

What cells does parathyroid hormone act on?

Answer 38

Bone (osteoclasts) - mobilises Ca (break down extracellular matrix) Kidney - increases Ca reabsorption Intestine - increases Ca absorption

Question 39

The suprarenal glands lie where in relation to the kidney?

Answer 39

Superior

Question 40

How are the adrenal glands seperated from the kidney?

Answer 40

Capsule

Question 41

Are the adrenal glands retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal?

Answer 41

Retroperitoneal

Question 42

Each adrenal gland has two parts - name them.

Answer 42

Outer cortex Inner medulla

Question 43

How many pairs of suprarenal arteries supply the suprarenal glands?

Answer 43

3

Question 44

The superior suprarenal arteries arise from what artery?

Answer 44

Inferior phrenic artery

Question 45

The middle suprarenal arteries arise from what?

Answer 45

Arise directly from the aorta

Question 46

The inferior suprarenal arteries arise from what?

Answer 46

Renal arteries

Question 47

How many suprarenal veins are there?

Answer 47

1

Question 48

Into which vein does the suprarenal vein drain on the right side?

Answer 48

IVC

Question 49

Into which vein does the suprarenal vein drain on the left side?

Answer 49

Left renal vein

Question 50

The outer cortex of the adrenal gland is divided into 3 distinct zones - what are they?

Answer 50

Outer - zona glomerulosa Middle - zona fasciculata Inner - zona reticularis

Question 51

What two classes of hormones are secreted by the adrenal cortex?

Answer 51

Corticosteroids (mineralocorticoids & glucocorticoids) and androgens (reproduction)

Question 52

What hormones are secreted by the adrenal medulla?

Answer 52

Catecholamines (stress hormones) e.g. adrenaline, noradrenaline

Question 53

How is the pancreas peritonised?

Answer 53

Mostly retroperitoneal | (except tail)

Question 54

Which blood vessels emerge just below the inferior border of the pancreas?

Answer 54

Superior mesenteric artery and vein

Question 55

Name the 3 cell types found in the islets of langerhans

Answer 55

Alpha Beta Delta

Question 56

What do the alpha cells of the islets secrete?

Answer 56

Glucagon

Question 57

What do the beta cells of the islets secrete?

Answer 57

Insulin

Question 58

What do the delta cells of the islets secrete?

Answer 58

Somatostatin

Question 59

Be able to recognise the histological appearance of the pancreas.

Answer 59