All cards Flashcards
(221 cards)
1
Q
- Who did Mussolini support in his early political career?
A
Socialists.
2
Q
- What newspaper did Mussolini write for in his early political career
A
Avanti!
3
Q
How did Italy become a united country in 1861
A
The Kingdom of Italy won the war during the Franco-Prussian War. They then incorporated the other states e.g. the Papal States. King Victor Emmanuel II became king.
4
Q
- What type of political system does Italy have after 1861?
A
Constitutional monarchy
5
Q
- When was the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) founded?
A
1892
6
Q
- Which crucial part of Italy was not willing to grant legitimacy to the liberal state, largely because of the Roman Question?
A
Catholic Church
7
Q
- What was campanilismo?
A
Feeling of pride and belonging to your place of birth, much stronger than national identity.
8
Q
- What percentage of people living within Italy did not speak Italian as their first language in recently unified Italy?
A
99%
9
Q
- How many times was there a change of prime minister in the years 1870-1922?
A
29 times
10
Q
- List one concession Giolitti made to the Catholic Church:
A
Removed the divorce bill from passing through parliament.
11
Q
- What is trasformismo?
A
Political bribery and absorbing of other political parties.
12
Q
Give 2 concessions Giolitti made to the socialists:
A
The following reforms were made to ‘absorb’ the socialist:
- Compulsory accident insurance in industry paid by the employer
- Non-compulsory national insurance fund for health and old age
- Banning of employing children under 12 (1901)
- Limited the working day for women to 11 hours (1902)
- Introduction of a maternity fund (1910)
- 1913: state-subsidised sickness and old age fund for merchant navy
- 1906: non intervention in labour disputes and the establishment of arbitration courts that would settle pay disputes = less strikes
13
Q
- When was the ANI formed?
A
1910
14
Q
- What is the key word for the unclaimed land, which nationalists believed was necessary for Italy to reclaim for Italy to step towards being a ‘great power’?
A
Irredente lands
15
Q
Which empire inhibited Italy’s ability to reclaim the irridente lands?
A
Austria-Hungary
16
Q
When was the Battle of Adwa (year) and what was the outcome
A
1896, not successful, embarrassing defeat for Italy
17
Q
What was the name of the African country in which the battle of Adwa took place?
A
Abyssinia
18
Q
State the reason why Giolitti decided to invade Libya.
A
Risorgimento, pressure from nationalists, popularity of nationalism could undermine liberals.
19
Q
- On which date did Italy invade Libya?
A
29th September 1911
20
Q
- How many troops did Italy invade Libya with?
A
70,000
21
Q
- What happened on 18th October 1912?
A
Ottomon’s surrendered Libya to Italy
22
Q
- Why were Italy forced to keep 50,000 men in Libya?
A
pacify Arab population
23
Q
- How many Italians died during the war with Libya?
A
3,500
24
Q
- Who took credit for the war with Libya? How did this damage the liberal government?
A
ANI, blamed the liberal weaknesses and lack of patriotism for why the army lost so many men
25
26. What was a concern of granting suffrage to all men who had completed military service and all men over 30?
70% of Italy’s voters were now illiterate
26
27. What was the Gentiloni Pact and what was a consequence of it?
Count Genitloni asking the liberal candidates secretly for 7 concessions in return for the Catholic vote. Giolitti claimed he knew nothing about it. Concessions angered socialists and anticlerical liberals who withdrew support in parliament. Giolitti resigned.
27
28. In which year did Italy join the Triple Alliance and which countries were in this?
1882- Germany and Austria Hungary
28
30. What was Giolitti’s opinion on whether Italy should enter the ww1?
He believed Italy was not economically ready for war..
29
29. Why did Italy not have to join Austria when they invaded Serbia?
Austria did not tell Italy they were going to invade Serbia.
30
31. What was Salandra’s opinion on whether Italy should enter the ww1 and why?
Salandra was concerned that if Italy did not join the war and if Germany and AH won they would not be sympathetic to an ally who did not join them in war- therefore he argued that Italy should go to war.
31
32. On which day did Italy sign the Treaty of London?
26th April 1915
32
33. What did Italy agree to under the treaty of London?
To join Britain, France and Russia.
33
How many deputies announced their opposition to Salandra’s decision to sign the treaty of London?
300
34
35. Why did Salandra resign and who did the King want to replace him with?
due to the opposition to the T of London. The King wanted Giolitti to replace him.
35
36. On which day was Salandra reinstated as prime minister
16th May 1915
36
37. On which day did Italy formally declare war on Austria?
25th May 1915.
37
38. What was Trincerocrazia?
The feeling of being linked to the trenches
38
39. Under Luigi Cardona, how many military tribunals passed death sentences from 1914-1917?
4000
39
List 1 reason why the Italian army was defeated at Caporetto:
Low morale, poor leadership, divisions in the army, language barrier etc.
40
At the end of WWI, how much debt were Italy in?
23 billion lire
41
How many casualties did Italy suffer during WWI? (1 mark)
650,000
42
43. What did Orlando argue Italy should be given at the Paris Peace Conference at Versailles in 1919?
the land promised in the T of L. plus the port of Fiume
43
44. What did Britain, France and America think about Italy's land claims at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919?
that Italy had not contributed enough to the war to warrant this amount of land.
44
45. What was Orlando forced to do in June 1919?
resign
45
46. Who took over from Orlando and what were they known as?
Nitti, Cogoia
46
47. What happened on the 12th September 1919?
Gabriele D’ Annunzio took control of Fiume
47
48. How long did the government not act for in the Occupation of Fiume?
15 months, 25th December 1920
48
49. By November 1919, how many people were unemployed in Italy?
2 million
49
50. In the 1919 election, how many votes did Mussolini receive?
5000 votes- no seats
50
51. What was paraded through the streets of Milan after the 1919 election and WHY?
a coffin- symbolism of Mussolini’s political career
51
52. What percentage did the PSI get the in 1919 election?
32
52
53. Who were the Arditi?
crack troop commanders who had been formed in WW1
53
55. Who was Gabriele D’Annunzio?
Italy’s most famous poet, nationalist
54
56. Explain the situation at Fiume in 1919-20: (Cause, Events, Consequences)
Cause: T of V
Events: D’Annunzio and 5000 took control
Consequences Gov did not act for 15 months, showed Mussolini how violence can be used to take over gov.
55
54. What did the Arditi do in April 1919?
Attack Avanti offices
56
57. Name the period between 1919 and 1920 when socialist and communist organisations were at their peak, also known as 'two red years'.
Biennio Rosso
57
58. Name the new system of voting that the government changed to in 1919.
Proportional Representation
58
59. When was the PPI formed and what ideology did they follow?
1919 Catholic Church
59
60. Following the 1919 election, which political party had the greatest share of the votes?
PSI
60
61. State 2 points of the Fasci de Combattimento's programme set out in June 1919
to destroy the liberal order and create national trincerocrazia, militant unity. 8 hour working day.
Anticlericalism, Anti monarchy
61
62. What were the small military units or squads known as?
squadrismo/ squadristi
62
63. How had the fascists done in the 1919 election?
Poorly- no seats
63
64. In May 1920 the 'New Programme' was adopted by the fasci di combattimento, name 2 new policies
compulsory military service, more pro-business, keep the monarchy, dropped anticlericalism
64
65. How did the fascists use violence during the general election in May 1921?
attack socialist campaigns, lent vehicles etc. by police and army
65
66. In October 1921 the fasci movement was organised into an official what?
party-PNF
66
67. By the end of 1921 the PNF had 200,000 members- name 2 groups who supported them.
urban middle class, white collar workers, small business owners
67
68. What happened to the PSI in January 1921?
Split to form the PSI and PCI
68
69. Who did Mussolini sign the Pact of Pacification within August 1921?
PSI
69
70. Despite Mussolini being PM of Italy in 1922, how many fascist deputies were there in parliament?
35- PSI still majority
70
71. Name two positions within parliament that Mussolini gave to himself?
Foreign minister and minister for the interior
71
72. Give two ways in which Mussolini increased his support from the Catholic Church.
Increased clerical pay and reinstated crucifixes in schools
72
73. What happened in February 1923 which strengthened the position of the PNF?
The ANI was Absorbed
73
74. Mussolini told the deputies at his speech on 16th November 1922 that he required a years' worth of emergency powers in order to carry out the reforms Italy needed. Did he get his request? What was the consequence of this?
Yes, for one year. This meant he could not be removed by parliament and had full power to govern and raise taxes without parliamentary approval.
74
75. What did Mussolini create in December 1922 to rival the cabinet in Italy?
Fascist Grand Council
75
76. What was the MSVN?
Created in January 1923- this absorbed the squads. They supported the army and police in defending a ‘fascist revolution’.
76
77. How many members were in the MSVN? Who was their commander in chief?
300,000 and Mussolini
77
78. Where was most of the PNF’s support coming from?
Middle classes
78
79. What was the problem with proportional representation for the PNF?
They were concerned they would not receive a majority
79
80. Name the law introduced to overcome the problem of Proportional representation for the PNF in 1924
The Acerbo Law
80
81. Under the Acerbo law what percentage of the vote did a party need to receive to gain 2/3s of parliamentary seats?
25% or more
81
82. Mussolini called an election on 6th April 1924, how did the fascists gain votes?
Violence and intimidation by blackshirts- destroyed opposition and murdered PSI candidate Antonio Piccinni
82
83. What percentage of the vote did the PNF win in the 1924 Election?
66.3%
83
84. Give two reasons for the victory of the PNF in the 1924 election
Violence, weakness of opposition, belief in Mussolini’s leadership
84
85. Who was Giacomo Matteotti? What did he do to anger Mussolini?
Leader of PCI. Gave a speech saying Mussolini gained votes only through violence
85
86. What happened to Matteotti and when?
Kidnapped 10th June 1924, murdered, body found 16th August
86
87. Who was Dumini?
Head of fascist terror squad. Strong belief of Mussolini or PNF involvement.
87
88. What did Mussolini declare on 3rd January 1925?
Announced the start of a fascist dictatorship.
88
What was the Palazzo Vidoni Pact?
Established official fascist unions as the only representatives of Italy’s workers.
89
90. Who was Tito Zaniboni and what did he try to do?
Leader of PSU (Partito Socialista Unitario) and allegedly plotted to assassinate Mussolini.
90
91. In January 1926 what was Mussolini granted the ability to do?
Rule by decree
91
92. What was declared on 31st October 1926?
Only PNF party allowed. All others banned.
92
93. How many antifascists fled Italy after Mussolini’s constitutional amendments?
10,000
93
1. What was the name of the Italian murdered on the border between Greece and Albania
Enrico Tellini
94
2. What were Mussolini’s demands of Greece after the murder of Tellini?
* Honor Italian flag at a funeral service
* Pay Italy a penalty of 50 million lire
* Give Italy a Greek island
95
3. What ended the Italian occupation of Corfu on 27 September 1923?
The British navy
96
4. Which poet and war hero led the occupation of Fiume in 1919?
Gabrielle D’Annuzzio
97
5. True or False? Italy had to fight Yugoslavia for Fiume in 1924
False
98
6. What did Italy have to recognize in return for control of Fiume?
Yugoslavian control of Susak
99
7. Which of the following did Italy gain from being involved at the Locarno Treaty negotiations?
* Renegotiation of Italian/Austrian borders
* Opportunity to be seen alongside ‘great powers’ of Europe
* Italy join the League of Nations
* Opportunity to be seen alongside ‘great powers’ of Europe
100
8. True or False? The Locarno Pact negotiation involved a mixture of success and failure for Mussolini’s foreign policy.
True
101
9. True or False? Italy held long-term territorial ambitions in South East Europe.
True
102
11. Italy provided funding for terrorists of which identity to assassinate the Yugoslavian king, Alexander, in 1934?
Croatian
103
12. In which year did Italy invade Libya?
1911
104
13. Approximately what proportion of the Libyan population were either killed or starved to death in the Pacification of Libya?
1/3
105
15. List 3 motivations for the invasion of Abyssinia
- Help the economy
- Link to the idea of autarky
- Movement of southern peasants to new land
- Radicalization- shows the fascist militaristic ideals
- Cult of Il Duce
- Build Italy as a great power
106
16. In what month and year did Italy invade Abyssinia?
October 1935
107
17. How many Italians settled in Abyssinia?
400,000
108
18. How many Abyssinians were killed using chemical warfare?
500,000
109
19. After the Abyssinian invasion, the national budget deficit of Italy increased from 2.5 billion to how much?
16 Billion
110
20. Name the campaign led by Queen Elena that involved women in Italy donating their wedding rings to help fund the invasion of Abyssinia.
"Gold for the Patria"
111
21. True or False? Allied invasion of Libya (North Africa) was at first prevented by German military intervention.
True
112
22. True or False? The Italian navy and air force coordinated their attacks well, to have some success in the Mediterranean.
False
113
25. How many Italian people listened to Mussolini’s public radio broadcast on 9th May, proclaiming Italy had gained its empire?
20 Million
114
26. List one positive consequence of the invasion of Abyssinia.
- Mussolini’s leadership- stood up to the L of N
- Invasion was blessed by the church
- Peak of Mussolini’s popularity
115
27. List one negative consequence of the invasion of Abyssinia.
- Debt increase
- Illegal use of chemical weapons- loss of relationship with Britain and France
- Only 130,000 ever settled in Abyssinia
116
28. What does “Spazio vitale” mean
Living space
117
29. When did Italian troops enter the Spanish Civil War?
September 1936
118
30. Name the Spanish Civil War leader who the Italian’s backed
General Franco
119
31. List 2 motivations for Mussolini for entering the Spanish Civil War.
Stop communism spreading in Europe
Gain naval bases in the Balearic Islands
Gain another fascist ally
120
32. How many troops did Mussolini commit to the Spanish Civil War?
50k
121
33. Name the pact made between Britain and France in 1935
Hoare-Laval Pact
122
34. What was agreed under the Hoare-Laval pact?
Italy would receive 2/3 of Abyssinia when fighting ceased
123
35. What did Italy do in the early summer of 1938 which angered the British?
Sunk neutral boats while attacking the Spanish in the Meditteranean
124
37. When did Britain recognise Italian rule of Abyssinia?
1938
125
38. What was the Rome- Berlin Axis?
An informal agreement between Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany
126
39. When was the Rome-Berlin axis signed?
October 25th 1936
127
40. From 1936 onwards what happened to Italian exports?
In an attempt to achieve autarky they decreased but started to rely on Germany for products they needed
128
41. In September 1937, Mussolini visited Berlin. How many people came out to hear his proclamation of Nazi and fascist ideologies?
800,000
129
42. Name the pact signed in November 1937 between Italy, Germany and Japan.
Anti-Comintern Pact
130
43. Who was the anti comintern pact signed against?
Aggression from the Soviet Union
131
44. When did Mussolini withdraw Italy from the League of Nations?
December 1937
132
45. When did Hitler cross the border into Austria to begin the process of Anschluss?
March 1938
133
46. How did Mussolini react to Hitler's crossing of the Austrian Border in comparison to the past?
Made no attempt to stop Hitler.
134
47. When do historians argue that Italy began to lose its independence and become a German satellite state?
After the Anschluss
135
48. Between 1935 and 1939, what percentage of tax was being spent on the military?
80%
136
49. What negative impact was the quest for autarky having on consumer goods?
State deficit, squeezed middle class incomes, comsumer goods more expensive
137
50. How as the Battle for Grain affecting the lives of many Italians?
Worsening diet
138
51. How many workers were aimed to be transferred to Germany by 1945?
500,000
139
52. Was this policy (Transferring Italian Workers to Germany) popular or unpopular with workers and why?
Unpopular, treated badly by the Germans, condescending attitude
140
53. How was Mussolini's image as a leader becoming weaker from 1939-45?
His policies were contradicting his speeches. His policies made him look like a weak copycat compared to Hitler
141
54. Evidence to show Mussolini wasn’t losing power from 1939-45?
Still personally popular
142
55. Give evidence of the weakness of the Italian army in 1939.
Weaknesses during the invasion of Albania: troops unorganised, used weapons never trained with, poor co-ordination with army, navy and air-force.
143
56. When was the Pact of Steel signed?
22nd May 1939
144
What was the Pact of Steel?
Formal Alliance between Italy and Germany, war support.
145
57. What did article 3 of the pact of steel state?
Committed Italy to support Germany if GERMANY chose to go to war
146
58. When had Ciano told Germany that Italy would be ready for war?
1943
147
59. What happened on the 11th of August 1939?
Ciano was told by Ribbentrop and Hitler that Germany planned to attack Poland
148
60. What was signed on the 23rd of August 1939 and by who?
Nazi-Soviet Pact
149
61. What did the Nazi Soviet pact state?
Non-aggression pact between Germany and the USSR and divided Poland in half (secret clause)
150
62. Why did Mussolini personally struggle with the idea of Italy saying neutral in WW2?
* Link between fascism and militarism
* Fascism had to be born on the battlefield
* Stayed neutral in WWI, mindful of not letting down allies again
151
63. What phrase did Mussolini use instead of neutral?
Non-belligerant
152
64. On the 26th of August Mussolini presented Hitler with a list of demands that Italy needed if they were to enter war. Give 2 examples of these demands.
* 170 million tonnes of goods
* Including: 6 million tonnes of coal, 2 million tonnes of steel
* 150 anti-aircraft batteries with ammunition
153
65. What happened on the 27th of August 1939?
Hitler released Mussolini from his obligations to the Pact of Steel
154
66. When did Germany invade Poland?
1st September 1939
155
67. What happened on 3rd September 1939?
GB and France declare war on Germany
156
68. Give 2 people who advised Mussolini to avoid getting involved in WW2.
Franco (Spain) and Oliveira Salazar (Portugal)
157
69. What had Germany achieved in the war by May 1940?
Conquered Holland, Belgium and advancing to France
157
70. List 2 of the demands Mussolini presented to Hitler on 26th August- he claimed these things were necessary for Italy to enter war as Germany’s ally.
* 170 million tonnes of goods
* Including: 6 million tonnes of coal, 2 million tonnes of steel
* 150 anti-aircraft batteries with ammunition
158
71. When did Italy enter into WW2?
10th June 1940
159
73. Mussolini invaded Greece with 60,000 men believing Greece had 30,000, how many did Greece actually have?
300,000
160
74. How many workers went on strike in March 1943 in Turin?
100,000
161
75. Why were the 1943 Turin strikes so significant?
First strikes for over 18 years
162
76. When did the allies invade Sicily?
9th July 1943
163
77. Who rescued Mussolini from prison?
Nazi Germany
164
78. Who were the partisans?
Anti-fascist fighters in WWII
165
79. How many Italian Jews were sent to concentration camps?
7,500 (7,000 murdered)
166
What were the issues with Italy’s first major engagement with the war (20th June 1940)?
Troops lacked proper clothing for Alpine War, Italian air force lacked bombs, using tanks on unsuitable terrain
167
81. Why was the first military engagement in the war a failure of Italy?
Only captured 13 unimportant villages
168
82. After France signed the armistice what did the fascist press say?
Italian intervention had been critical to Petain’s decision to sign the armistice
169
83. What did Mussolini do from the 7th July 1940?
Partial demobilisation of the army, thinking it would be a short war
170
84. Why did Italy attack Libya in October 1940?
Attack British positions on the crucial Suez Canal
171
85. What happened when the British counter-attacked in December after Italy's attacks on Libya in October 1940?
Italian forces fell into a mass retreat
172
86. By May 1941 what was the Italian situation in Africa?
Awful, 250,000 troops were defeated
173
87. Why was Libyan advance by GB halted?
German General Rommel reinforced troops in Italy
174
88. Why was the German support of Italy in Libya significant for the relationship between Italy and Germany?
Ended the concept of a parallel war
175
89. What month and year did the German-Italian Axis surrender in North Africa?
May 1943
176
90. How did Italy attack Greece on 28th October 1940?
From the base in Albania
177
91. Why did Mussolini want to invade Greece?
Increase Italy’s strategic position in the Balkans
178
92. Mussolini foolishly thought which country would join him in the invasion of Greece?
Bulgaria
179
93. Who did Mussolini have to call upon to bail them out of the Greek disaster?
Germany
180
94. Why was the Greek campaign disastrous for Italian fascism?
Mussolini’s dictatorship had been shown to be weak, fascist propaganda unable to disguise the truth
181
95. Which positions did Mussolini hold in the army?
Head of the navy, airforce, supreme commander of armed forces, minister of war
182
96. Why was the Italian army in such a poor state throughout WW2?
Mussolini made all decisions without consulting experts; Mussolini gave vague instructions on how to improve war productions. Only had 75 division, WWI weapons, language problems, tactics outdated
183
97. What percentage did the German’s estimate the Italian economy was working at during WW2?
25% Potential
184
98. How many calories did an adult have due to rationing in Italy?
1,000
185
99. Name the illegal communist newspaper that reappeared during 1942
L’Unita
186
100. In April 1943 what did all groups in Italy (apart from the nationalists) decide to do?
Work together against fascism
187
101. From 1942 who were the greatest threat to Mussolini?
conservative elite
188
102. By the end of 1942 who was Mussolini starting to loose support from?
Vatican, military leaders, industrialists, police
189
103. When did GB, American and Commonwealth troops land in Sicily?
9th July
190
104. Within 1 week how much of Sicily had the allies conquered?
Western half of Sicily
191
105. How many Italians retreated off Sicily?
100,000
192
106. Why was German and Italian retreat successful?
All efforts to halt the retreat failed, anti-aircraft guns and naval artillery batteries prevented Allied warships from bombarding the shore
193
107. How many votes did Grandi’s resolution to remove Mussolini receive?
19 to 7
194
108. On which day did the King dismiss Mussolini?
25th July 1943
195
109. When did the King sign the Italian surrender?
3rd September 1943
196
110. When did Italy officially declare war on Germany?
13th September 1943
197
111. When was Rome captured by the allies?
4th June 1944
198
112. When was all of Italy defeated?
2nd May 1945
199
113. The fight for the north was between who?
RSI and Allies (included anti-fascists)
200
114. What did Mussolini do during his 2 weeks in Germany?
Radio broadcasts,
201
115. On the 25th September, Mussolini returned to Italy- what was set up?
Established new dictatorship RSI
202
116. Which areas of Italy did Salo control?
The north- Turin, Milan and Genoa
203
117. Which types of people were in Mussolini’s new cabinet?
Radical fascists, anti-clericals
204
118. What was the Verona Manifesto?
Take fascism back to its original form: anticlerical republic, industry nationalised, cooperative run by workers
205
119. What happened in January 1944 that shows the violence of Salo?
Executions of those who had been in the Grand Council motion to depose Mussolini
206
120. Where did Salo send Italian Jews to? How many were sent?
7,500 to concentration camps
207
121. What did the Verona Manifesto state about the Jewish religion?
It was a race
208
122. What was the GNR? Who was in it?
National Republic Guard- a new militia
209
123. How many people were in the army of the RSI by the start of 1944?
200,000
210
124. Who did German and RSI forces fight in the north?
Anti fascists, essentially a civil war
211
125. What did German policy state ‘for every German soldier that died…’?
10 Italians died
212
126. In March 1944 Partisan attacks killed 33 German soldiers, how many Italians died as a result?
335
213
127. Name the government in the south established by the king.
Kingdom of the South
214
127. Name the government in the south established by the king.
Kingdom of the South
215
128. How many men were conscripted to the Italian army?
100,000
216
129. What made the continued existence of the RSI impossible?
Majority of Italians did not join the RSI, unpopular, clear the Germans were losing
217
130. What did Mussolini do on 25th April?
Met with partisan leaders to negotiate surrender
218
131. When was Mussolini executed?
28th April 1945
219
132. When did war come to an end in Italy
2nd May 1945
220
133. What did Italian’s vote for in terms of the monarchy in 1946
End monarchy
