all cards deel 3 Flashcards
(50 cards)
Cynthia Enloe
One of the most influential feminist thinkers ever to have worked in the field of IR. Her book Bananas, Beaches and Bases (1989) has been immensely popular, and offered a unique account of the ways in which women are present - though often rendered invisible - across a range of spheres of global politics.
Recipient of multiple awards recognizing the impact of her scholarship and teaching on the discipline of IR, and is widely seen as a pivotal figure in opening it up to feminist contributions. Her other works include Maneuvers: The International Politics of Militarizing Women’s Lives (2000) and The Big Push: Exposing and Challenging the Persistence of Patriarchy (2017).
Gender Inequality Index (GII)
A measure, used by the UN, of the loss in human development as a result of gender inequality, taking account of three dimensions: reproductive health, empowerment, and the labour market.
Down system
The practice of making payments in cash or goods to a bridegroom’s family, along with the bride.
Microcredit
Very small loans for business investment, often given to people who cannot access traditional credit.
Essentialism
An approach to philosophical or social-scientific reasoning that supposes people or things have an unchanging ‘essence’.
Liberal democracy
A liberal democracy is a political regime in which a ‘liberal’ commitment to individual rights and freedoms, including rights to political representation and economic enterprise, is blended with a ‘democratic’ belief in popular rule.
Othering
View or treat (a person or group of people) as intrinsically different from and alien to oneself. Often adapted in postcolonial theories, especially by Edward Said in ‘Orientalism’.
Edward Said (1935-2003)
Jerusalem-born US academic and literary critic. A prominent advocate of the Palestinian cause and a founding figure of postcolonial theory.
He developed, from the 1970s onwards, a humanist critique of the Western Enlightenment that uncovered its links to colonialism and highlighted ‘narratives of oppression’, cultural and ideological biases that disempower colonized peoples by representing them as the non Western ‘other’, particularly applying this to the Middle East.
Best known for the notion of ‘Orientalism’, which operates through ‘the history of popular anti-Arab and anti-Islamic prejudice in the West’ (1978). Key works include Orientalism (1978) and Culture and Imperialism (1993).
Privilege
A sometimes controversial concept, especially for the political Right, privilege simply means an unearned social advantage, which may be conferred through one’s proximity to majority racial or gender identities, for example.
Secularism
The belief that religion should not intrude into secular (worldly) affairs, often reflected in the demand to separate ‘church and state’.
Secularism
The belief that religion should not intrude into secular (worldly) affairs, often reflected in the demand to separate ‘church and state’.
Secularization thesis
The theory that modernization is invariably accompanied by the victory of reason over religion and the displacement of spiritual values by secular ones.
Moral relaitivism
The belief that there are no absolute values, or a condition in which there is deep and widespread disagreement over moral issues.
Ayatollah Khomeini (1900-1989)
Iranian cleric and political leader. The son and grandson of Shi’a clergy, he’s one of the foremost scholars in the major theological centre in Qom until being expelled from Iran in 1964.
His return from exile in 1979 sparked the ‘Islamic Revolution’, leaving the Ayatollah (literally, ‘gift of Allah’) as the supreme leader of the world’s first Islamic state until his death.
Breaking decisively with the Shi’a tradition that the clergy remain outside politics, his world view was rooted in a clear division between the oppressed, understood largely as the poor and excluded of the developing world, and the oppressors, seen as the twin Satans: the United States and the Soviet Union, capitalism and communism. Islam thus became a theo-political project aimed at regenerating the Islamic world by ridding it of occupation and corruption from outside.
Fundamentalism
A style of thought in which certain principles are recognized as essential truths that have unchallengeable and overriding authority, often associated with fierce, and sometimes fanatical, commitment.
Scriptural literalism
A belief in the literal truth of sacred texts, which as the revealed word of God have unquestionable authority.
Religious fundamentalism
Religion cannot and should not be confined to the private sphere, but finds its highest and proper expression in the politics of popular mobilization and social regeneration.
Cultural homogenization
The erasure or marginalization of the wide range of diverse cultural forms and traditions in the world by a single, dominant or hegemonic culture.
Consumer culture
A transition from ‘workerist’ socio-economic models, wherein social status is largely accorded by what one produces, to ‘consumerist’ ones, where status is defined by what one consumes. Emerged in the twentieth century.
McDonaldization
The process by which ever more domains of social life is transformed to fit the model introduced by corporate American fast-food chains.
Fratz Fanon (1925-1961)
‘Oppressed feels inferior, Imperialism means independence in your mind’
Wrote about colonialism- focused on french in Nigeria- he spoke about how people who are colonized themselves might believe that they are not as good as the colonizer- it’s a logic that has been internalized even by those being colonized
(He believed the only way to fight this was through violence)
Asian values
Values that supposedly reflect the history, culture and religious backgrounds of Asian societies; examples include social harmony, respect for authority and a belief in the family and wider society that is placed over the individual.
Confucianism
The system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucius and his disciples, stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct.
Sayid Qutb (1906-1966)
Egyptian writer and religious leader, sometimes seen as the father of modern political Islam.
The son of a well-to-do farmer, he was radicalized during a two-year study visit to the United States, which instilled in him a profound distaste for the materialism, immorality, and sexual licentiousness he claimed to have encountered.
His world view, or ‘Qutbism’, highlighted the barbarism and corruption that westernization had inflicted on the world, with a return to strict Islamic practice in all aspects of life offering the only possibility of salvation.
His primary targets were the westernized rulers of Egypt and other Muslim states. Imprisoned under Nasser in 1954 64, he was eventually tried for treason and executed.
