All Drugs Flashcards

Question

NSAIDs (Ibuprofen, naproxen, indomethacin, ketorolac)

Answer 1

1) Use: Antipyretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory. Indomethacin is used to close a PDA. 2) Class/MOA: Reversibly inhibits cycooxygenase (both COX-1 and COX-2). Block prostaglandin synthesis. 3) Side effects/ADEs: Renal damage, fluid retention, aplastic anemia, GI distress, ulcers. 4) Fun Facts

Answer 2

1) peptic ulcer, gastritis, mild esophageal reflux 2) H2 blocker: reversibly blocks histamine H2 receptor --\> decr H+ secretion by parietal cell 3) decr renal exretion of Cr 4) N/A

Answer 3

1)Type I DM, Type II DM, gestational DM, life-threatening hyperkalemia, stress-induced hyperglycemia 2)Insulin/Bind insulin receptor (tyrosine kinase activity) -Liver: increase glucose stored as glycogen -Muscle: increase glycogen and protien synthesis and K+ uptake -Fat: aids in TG storage 3)Hypoglycemia, very rarely hypersensitivy rxns 4)Rapid-acting

Answer 4

Antifungal Ex: Ketoconazole

Answer 5

1) HTN, angina, arrhythmias, Prinzmetal's angina, Raynaud's, nodal arrhythmias (SVT) 2)Anti-arrhythmics: Ca2+ Channel Blockers(Class IV)/Block voltgae dependent L-type Ca2+ channel of cardiac and smooth muscle and thereby reduce muscle contractility -more heart effects -- decrease conduction velocity, increase ERP and PR interval 3)Cardiac depression, AV block, peripheral edema, flushing, dizziness, constipation

Answer 6

1) Glaucoma, pupillary contraction, and relief of intraocular pressure. 2) Direct Cholinomimetic. 4) Carbon copy of Ach

Answer 7

1) Use: FE Deficency Anemia 2) Class/MOA: 3) Side effects/ADEs: anaphalazis 4) Fun Facts

Answer 8

1) immediate anticoag for PE, ACS, MI, DVT (pregnancy safe) 2) LMWH antithrombin: act more on factor Xa 3) toxicity but less risk than heparin: bleeding, HIT, osteoporosis, Rx interactions; no antidote 4) compared to heparin: better bioavail, 2~4x longer 1/2 life; sub-Q; no need to monitor

Answer 9

1) Gram-positive organisms (S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes, Actinomyces) & syphillis; Bactericidal for gram-positive cocci, gram-positive rods, gram-negative cocci, & spirochetes; Not penicillinase resistant 2) PO Penicillin (Prototype Beta-lactam abx;Non-penicillinase resistant); Bind PNC-binding proteins; Block transpeptidase cross-linking of peptidoglycan; Activates autolytic enzymes 3) Hypersensitivity rxns; Hemolytic anemia 4) Resistance: Beta-lactamases cleave Beta-lactam ring

Answer 10

1. Post-transplant immunosuppression; select autoimmune disorders 2. Binds to cyclophilins. Complex blocks differentiation and activation of Tcells--\> inhibiting calcineurin--\> preventing production of IL-2 and its receptor 3. Nephrotoxicity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, tremor, gingival hyperplasia, hirsutism 4. Think old man with diabetes who wants to look good for his date so he put in dentures and got hair plugs: old (renal failure, HTN, cholesterol), diabetes (hyperglycemia), dentures (gum hyperplasia), hair plugs (hirsutism, and he is taking the drug because of his hair transplant)

Answer 11

Rx: NaHCO3 (alkalinize urine), dialysis

Answer 12

1) Use: Asthma, acute exacerbation 2) Class/MOA: Beta 2 agonist, relaxes broncial smooth muscle 3) Side effects/ADEs: 4) Fun Facts

Answer 13

1) Use: BPH, hair growth male pattern baldness 2) Class/MOA: Antiandrogen/5alpha reductase inhibitor (decrease conversion of testosterone to DHT) 3) Side effects/ADEs: Female breast growth

Answer 14

1) Use: Edema (CHF, cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome, pulmonary edema), HTN, hypercalcemia 2) Class/MOA: Loop diuretic. Inhibits cotransport system (Na, K, 2Cl) of thick ascnding limb, preventing solutes from entering medulla. Prevents concentration of urine. Stimulates PGE release for vasodilation. Increases calcium release. 3) Side effects/ADEs: OH DANG! (Ototoxicity, hypokalameia, dehydration, allergy-sulfa, nephritis, gout) 4) Fun Facts: Inhibited by NSAIDS

Answer 15

1) Use: Positive symptoms of schizophrenia, psychosis, mania, tourrettes 2) Class/MOA: High potency, typical, antipsychotic. Block D2 receptor 3) Side effects/ADEs: Mostly EPS (dyskinesia) b/c high potency 4) Fun Facts: Neurolepic malignant syndrome is dangerous toxicity of all antipsychotic

Answer 16

1) leukemia, lymphoma 2) pyrimidine analog --\> inhibit DNA polymerase 3) leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, megaloblastic anemia 4) S-phase specific

Answer 17

1) Use: Glaucoma 2) Class/MOA: Beta blocker, decreases aqueous humor secretion 3) Side effects/ADEs: no pupillary or vision changes 4) Fun Facts

Answer 18

1) Use: Rheumatoid and osteoarthritis; patients with gastritis or ulcers. 2) Class/MOA: Reversibly inhibits the cycooxygenase (COX) isoform 2, which is found in inflammatory cells and vascular endothelium and mediates inflammation and pain; spares COX-1, which maintains the gastric mucosa. Thus, should not have the corrosive effects of other NSAIDs on the GI lining. 3) Side effects/ADEs: Increased risk of thrombosis. Sulfa allergy. Less toxicity to GI mucosa (lower incidence of ulcers, bleeding than NSAIDs). 4) Fun Facts

Answer 19

1) peptic ulcer, gastritis, mild esophageal reflux 2) H2 blocker: reversibly blocks histamine H2 receptor --\> decr H+ secretion by parietal cell 3) decr renal exretion of Cr 4) N/A

Answer 20

1)Type I DM, Type II DM, gestational DM, life-threatening hyperkalemia, stress-induced hyperglycemia 2)Insulin/Bind insulin receptor (tyrosine kinase activity) -Liver: increase glucose stored as glycogen -Muscle: increase glycogen and protien synthesis and K+ uptake -Fat: aids in TG storage 3)Hypoglycemia, very rarely hypersensitivy rxns 4)Rapid-acting

Answer 21

Penicillin Ex: Methicillin

Answer 22

1) HTN, angina, arrhythmias, Prinzmetal's angina, Raynaud's, nodal arrhythmias (SVT) 2)Anti-arrhythmics: Ca2+ Channel Blockers (Class IV)/Block voltgae dependent L-type Ca2+ channel of cardiac and smooth muscle and thereby reduce muscle contractility -more heart effects -- decrease conduction velocity, increase ERP and PR interval 3)Cardiac depression, AV block, peripheral edema, flushing, dizziness, constipation

Answer 23

1) Potent stim of sweat, tears, saliva. Contracts ciliary m of eye (open angle) and pupillary sphincter (narrow angle) 2) Direct Cholinomimetic 4) Resistant to AchE

Answer 24

1) Use: PND, traumatic cardiac hemolytic anemia, folate defiency (alcoholism) 2) Class/MOA: 3) Side effects/ADEs: 4) Fun Facts

Answer 25

1) immediate anticoag for PE, ACS, MI, DVT (pregnancy safe) 2) LMWH antithrombin: act more on factor Xa 3) toxicity but less risk than heparin: bleeding, HIT, osteoporosis, Rx interactions; no antidote 4) compared to heparin: better bioavail, 2~4x longer 1/2 life; sub-Q; no need to monitor

Answer 26

1) S. aureua (except MRSA; resistant d/t altered PNC-binding protein target site) 2) PNC-Resistant PNCs; Bind PNC-binding proteins; Block transpeptidase cross-linking of peptidoglycan; Activates autolytic enzymes (=Same MOA as PNC). Narrow spectrum; Penicillinase resistant b/c of bulkier R-group 3) Hypersensitivity rxns; Interstitial nephritis (Methicillin specific)

Answer 27

1. Post- organ transplant immunosuppression; POTENT 2. Binds to FK protein-\>inhibiting calcineurin-\>preventing IL-2 3. Nephrotoxicity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, tremor 4. Think old with diabetes who is nervous because he is super sick: old (renal failure, HTN, cholesterol), diabetes (hyperglycemia), nervous (tremor), super sick (strong immunosuppressant)

Answer 28

Rx: NH4Cl (acidify urine)

Answer 29

1) Use: Asthma, prophylaxis 2) Class/MOA: Beta 2 agonist, relaxes bronchial smooth muscle, long acting 3) Side effects/ADEs: Tremor, arrhythmia 4) Fun Facts

Answer 30

1) Use: Prostate carcinoma 2) Class/MOA: Antiandrogen/ nonsteroidal competitive inhibitor of androgesn at testosterone receptor

Answer 31

1) Use: Diuresis for people with sulfa allergies 2) Class/MOA: Phenoxyacetic acid derivative. Inhibits Na, K, Cl cotransporter in ascending limb 3) Side effects/ADEs: OH DANG! (Same as furosemide) 4) Fun Facts: Same MOA as furosemide. Can be used in hyperuricemia

Answer 32

1) Use: Positive symptoms of schizophrenia, psychosis, mania, tourrettes 2) Class/MOA: Low potency, typical, antipsychotic. Block D2 receptor 3) Side effects/ADEs: blocking muscarinics (dry mouth), from blocking alpha 1 (hypotension), from blocking histamine (sedation), Neuroloeptic malignant syndromey 4) Fun Facts: Neurolepic malignant syndrome is dangerous toxicity of all antipsychotic

Answer 33

1) leukemias 2) purine (thiol) analog --\> decr de novo purine syn 3) BM, GI, liver; metabolized by xanthine oxidase so incr toxicity w/ allopurinol 4) S-phase specific; activated by HGPRT

Answer 34

1) Use: Glaucoma 2) Class/MOA: Diuretic, decreases aqueous humor secretion due to decreased HCO3- (via inhibition of carbonic anhydrase) 3) Side effects/ADEs: No pupillary or vision changes 4) Fun Facts

Answer 35

1) Use: Antipyretic, analgesic, but lacking anti-inflammatory properties. Used instead of aspirin to prevent Reye's syndrome in children with viral infections. 2) Class/MOA: Reversibly inhibits cycooxygenase, mostly CNS. Inactivated peripherally. 3) Side effects/ADEs: Overdose produces hepatic necrosis, acetaminophen metabolite depletes glutathione and forms toxic tissue adducts in the liver. N-aceylcystine is antidote - regenerates glutathione. 4) Fun Facts

Answer 36

1) peptic ulcer, gastritis, mild esophageal reflux 2) H2 blocker: reversibly blocks histamine H2 receptor --\> decr H+ secretion by parietal cell 3) decr renal exretion of Cr 4) N/A

Answer 37

1)Type I DM, Type II DM, gestational DM, life-threatening hyperkalemia, stress-induced hyperglycemia 2)Insulin/Bind insulin receptor (tyrosine kinase activity) -Liver: increase glucose stored as glycogen -Muscle: increase glycogen and protien synthesis and K+ uptake -Fat: aids in TG storage 3)Hypoglycemia, very rarely hypersensitivy rxns 4)Short-acting

Answer 38

Antibiotic, protein synthesis inhibitor Ex: Tetracycline

Answer 39

1) HTN, angina, arrhythmias, Prinzmetal's angina, Raynaud's 2)Ca2+ Channel Blockers/Block voltgae dependent L-type Ca2+ channel of cardiac and smooth muscle and thereby reduce muscle contractility -more vascular smooth muscle effects 3)Cardiac depression, AV block, peripheral edema, flushing, dizziness, constipation

Answer 40

1) Challenge test --\> dx of asthma. 2) Direct Cholinomimetic, stim muscarinic r in airway

Answer 41

1) Use: Pernicious Anemia 2) Class/MOA: 3) Side effects/ADEs: 4) Fun Facts

Answer 42

1) immediate anticoag for pts w/ HIT 2) antithrombin 3) N/A 4) deriv of hirudin (leeches)

Answer 43

1) S. aureua (except MRSA; resistant d/t altered PNC-binding protein target site) 2) PNC-Resistant PNCs; Bind PNC-binding proteins; Block transpeptidase cross-linking of peptidoglycan; Activates autolytic enzymes (=Same MOA as PNC). Narrow spectrum; Penicillinase resistant b/c of bulkier R-group 3) Hypersensitivity rxns 4) Use naf for staph!

Answer 44

1. Immunosuppression post-KIDNEY transplant (Give with cyclosporine); used with drug-eluting stents 2. Inhibits mTOR. Decreased cell proliferation in response to IL-2 3. Hyperlipidemia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia 4. SIROlimus= SERIOUS complications: immunosuppression

Answer 45

Rx: Atropine, Pralidoxime

Answer 46

1) Use: asthma, COPD (tiotropium) 2) Class/MOA: Long Acting muscarinic antagonist/ competeitve block of muscarinic receptors, prevents bronchoconstriction 3) Side effects/ADEs: 4) Fun Facts

Answer 47

1) Use: Polycystic ovarian syndrome to prevent hirsutism 2) Class/MOA: Antiandrogen/ inhibits 17,20 desmolase and inhibits steroid synthesis 3) Side effects/ADEs: Gynecomastia and amenorrhea

Answer 48

1) Use: HTN, CHF, idiopathic hypercalciuria, nephrogenic DI 2) Class/MOA: Inhibits NaCl reabsorption in early DCT, limiting diluting capacity. Decrease calcium excretion. 3) Side effects/ADEs: HyperGLUC (hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperuricemia, hpercalcemia). Hypokalemic matabolic alkalosis, hyponatremia, sulfa allergy. 4) Fun Facts:

Answer 49

1) Use: Positive symptoms of schizophrenia, psychosis, mania, tourrettes 2) Class/MOA: Low potency, typical, antipsychotic. Block D2 receptor 3) Side effects/ADEs: blocking muscarinics (dry mouth), from blocking alpha 1 (hypotension), from blocking histamine (sedation), Neuroloeptic malignant syndromey 4) Fun Facts: Neurolepic malignant syndrome is dangerous toxicity of all antipsychotic

Answer 50

1) leukemias 2) purine (thiol) analog --\> decr de novo purine syn 3) BM, GI, liver; metabolized by xanthine oxidase so incr toxicity w/ allopurinol 4) S-phase specific; activated by HGPRT

Answer 51

1) Use: Glaucoma 2) Class/MOA: Cholinomimetics, increases the outflow of the aqueous humor; contract ciliary muscle and open trabecular meshwork; use pilocarpine in emergencies, very effective at opening meshwork into canal of Schlemm 3) Side effects/ADEs: Miosis, cyclospasm 4) Fun Facts

Answer 52

1) Use: Maligancy associated hypercalcemia, Paget's diseases of the bone, postmenopausal osteoproposis. 2) Class/MOA: Inhibit osteoclastic activity; reduces both formation and resorption of hydroxyapatite. 3) Side effects/ADEs: Corrosive esophagitis (except zoledronate), nausea, diarrhea, osteonecrosis of the jaw. 4) Fun Facts

Answer 53

1) peptic ulcer, gastritis, esophageal reflux, Zollinger-Ellison syn 2) proton pump inhibitor: irreversibly inhibits H+/K+ ATPase in stomach parietal cells 3) incr risk fo C. difficile infct + pneumonia; hip fractures; decr serum Mg2+ w/ long-term use 4) N/A

Answer 54

1)Type I DM, Type II DM, gestational DM, life-threatening hyperkalemia, stress-induced hyperglycemia 2)Insulin/Bind insulin receptor (tyrosine kinase activity) -Liver: increase glucose stored as glycogen -Muscle: increase glycogen and protien synthesis and K+ uptake -Fat: aids in TG storage 3)Hypoglycemia, very rarely hypersensitivy rxns 4)Intermediate

Answer 55

Antibiotic, protease inhibitor Ex: Saqyubavir

Answer 56

1)Severe HTN (pregnancy), CHF, reflex tachycardia (w/ beta-blocker) 2)Increase cGMP to cause sm. muscle relaxation -vasodilates arterioles \> veins -Afterload reduction 3) Compensatory tachycardia, fluid retention, nausea, headache, angina, lupus-like syndrome 4) Contraindicated in angina and CAD

Answer 57

1) Post-op and neurogenic ileus and urinary retention, myasthenia gravis, reversal of neuromuscular jxn blockade (post-op). 2) Indirect Cholinomimetic; increases Ach. 4) No CNS penetration

Answer 58

1) Use: Thalasemias, or other disease with regular blood transfusions - helps avoid iron overload (causes cirrhosis, CHF, DM) 2) Class/MOA: IRON CHELATOR (NOT ORAL!) 3) Side effects/ADEs: 4) Fun Facts

Answer 59

1) immediate anticoag for pts w/ HIT 2) antithrombin 3) N/A 4) deriv of hirudin (leeches)

Answer 60

1) S. aureua (except MRSA; resistant d/t altered PNC-binding protein target site) 2) PNC-Resistant; Bind PNC-binding proteins; Block transpeptidase cross-linking of peptidoglycan; Activates autolytic enzymes (=Same MOA as PNC). Narrow spectrum; Penicillinase resistant b/c of bulkier R-group 3) Hypersensitivity rxns

Answer 61

1. Immunosuppression post-KIDNEY transplant; autoimmune disorders (including glomerulonephritis and hemolytic anemia) 2. Antimetabolite. Blocks 6-mercaptopurine synth-\> decreased synthesis of nucleic acids. Toxic to proliferating lymphocytes. 3. Bone marrow suppression. 4. Active metabolite (mercaptopurine) is metabolized by xanthine oxidase so more toxic when given with allopurinol

Answer 62

Rx: Physostigmine salicylate, control hyperthermia

Answer 63

1) Use: 1st line for chronic asthma 2) Class/MOA: Corticosteroid/ inhibits the synthesis of virtually all cytokines. Inactivates NFkB transcription factor for production of TNF alpha, among other inflammatory agents 3) Side effects/ADEs: 4) Fun Facts

Answer 64

1) Use: Polycytic ovarian syndrome prevent hirsuitsm 2) Class/MOA: Antiandrogen/inhibits steroid binding 3) Side effects/ADEs: Gynecomastia and amenorrhea

Answer 65

1) Use: Hyperaldosteronism, K+ depletion, CHF 2) Class/MOA: K+ sparing diuretic. Spironolactone is a competitive aldosterone receptor antagonist in cortical collecting duct. 3) Side effects/ADEs: Hyperkalemia (arrhythmias), endocrine effects (gynecomastia and other androgen effects) 4) Fun Facts: The K+ STAys (Spironolactone, triamterene, amiloride)

Answer 66

1) Use: Pos and negative schizoprenia symptoms. Bipolar, OCD, anxiety disorder, depression, mania, tourette's 2) Class/MOA: Atypical antipsychotic. Varied effect on 5-HT2, dopamine, alpha and H1 receptors 3) Side effects/ADEs: Fewer EPS and anticholinergics than typicals. Olanzapine specific: weight gain 4) Fun Facts:

Answer 67

1) leukemias 2) purine (thiol) analog --\> decr de novo purine syn 3) BM, GI, liver; metabolized by xanthine oxidase so incr toxicity w/ allopurinol 4) S-phase specific; activated by HGPRT

Answer 68

1) Use: Glaucoma 2) Class/MOA: Prostaglandin, increase the outflow of aqueous humor 3) Side effects/ADEs: darkens color of iris (browning) 4) Fun Facts

Answer 69

1) Use: Chronic Gout (urate lowering therapy) 2) Class/MOA: Inhibits resorption of uric acid in the PCT (also inhibits secretion of penicillin) 3) Side effects/ADEs: 4) Fun Facts

Answer 70

1) peptic ulcer, gastritis, esophageal reflux, Zollinger-Ellison syn 2) proton pump inhibitor: irreversibly inhibits H+/K+ ATPase in stomach parietal cells 3) incr risk fo C. difficile infct + pneumonia; hip fractures; decr serum Mg2+ w/ long-term use 4) N/A

Answer 71

1)Type I DM, Type II DM, gestational DM, life-threatening hyperkalemia, stress-induced hyperglycemia 2)Insulin/Bind insulin receptor (tyrosine kinase activity) -Liver: increase glucose stored as glycogen -Muscle: increase glycogen and protien synthesis and K+ uptake -Fat: aids in TG storage 3)Hypoglycemia, very rarely hypersensitivy rxns 4)Long-acting

Answer 72

-triptan, -ane, -caine, -operidol, -azine, -barbital, -zolam, -azepam, -etine, -ipramine, -trptyline

Answer 73

1)Malignant HTN 2)Increases cGMP via direct release of NO; short acting 3) Cyanide toxicity

Answer 74

1) Myasthenia gravis (long acting) 2) Indirect Cholinomimetic; increases Ach, increases strength. 4) No CNS penetration

Answer 75

1) Use: Thalasemias, or other disease with regular blood transfusions - helps avoid iron overload (causes cirrhosis, CHF, DM) 2) Class/MOA: Iron Cheltors ORAL 3) Side effects/ADEs: 4) Fun Facts

Answer 76

1) chronic anticoag: post STEMI, VTE prophylaxis, prevent stroke in afib (teratogenic) 2) antiplt: interfere w/ nl syn + carboyxlation of vit-K clotting factors (1972: X, IX, VII, II) + proteins C, S 3) bleeding, teratogenic, skin/tissue necrosis\*, Rx interactions; give vit K for OD, give FFP for severe OD 4) cyt P450 met; incr PT (extrinsic path); long 1/2 life; follow PT/INR; PO

Answer 77

1) Extended-spectrum PNC--Haemophilus influenza, E. Coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella, Shigella, enterococci (HELPSS kill enterococci) 2) AminoPNCs; Bind PNC-binding proteins; Block transpeptidase cross-linking of peptidoglycan; Activates autolytic enzymes (=Same MOA as PNC). Wider spectrum; Penicillinase sensitive. Also combine w/ clavulonic acid to protect against Beta-lactamase. 3) Hypersensitivity rxs; Ampicillin rash; Pseudomemranous colitis 4) Resistance: Beta-lactamases cleave Beta-lactam ring

Answer 78

1. Immunosuppression post-KIDNEY transplant 2. Monoclonal antibody to CD3 on T-cells. Blocks interaction with CD3 responsible for T-cell signal transduction 3. Cytokine release syndrome, hypersensitivity reaction 4. Antibodies= hypersensitivity, hypersensitivity= cytokine release -nab= monocolonal antibody therapy (usually)

Answer 79

Rx: Glucagon

Answer 80

1) Use: Block Asthma, especially aspirin induced 2) Class/MOA: Antileukotrienes/block leukotriene receptor 3) Side effects/ADEs: 4) Fun Facts

Answer 81

1) Use: Hypogonadism, ovarian failure, menstural abnormalities, HRT postmenopausal, men with androgen dependent prostate cancer 2) Class/MOA: Binds estrogen receptors 3) Side effects/ADEs: Increase risk endometrial cancer, bleed postmenopausal, vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma if exposed to DES in utero, increase risk thormbi 4) Fun Facts: contraindicated if ER positive breast cancer or history of DVTs

Answer 82

1) Use: Hyperaldosteronism, K+ depletion, CHF 2) Class/MOA: K+ sparing diuretic. Triamterene and amiloride block Na channel in CCT. 3) Side effects/ADEs: Hyperkalemia (arrhythmias), endocrine effects (gynecomastia and other androgen effects) 4) Fun Facts: The K+ STAys (Spironolactone, triamterene, amiloride)

Answer 83

1) Use: Pos and negative schizoprenia symptoms. Bipolar, OCD, anxiety disorder, depression, mania, tourette's 2) Class/MOA: Atypical antipsychotic. Varied effect on 5-HT2, dopamine, alpha and H1 receptors 3) Side effects/ADEs: Fewer EPS and anticholinergics than typicals. Clozapine specific: weight gain, agranulocytosis and seizures. 4) Fun Facts: Must monitor WBC. Must watch clozapine clozely

Answer 84

1) Wilm's tumor, Ewin's sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma; peds tumors 2) intercalates in DNA 3) myelosuppression 4) N/A

Answer 85

1) Use: Pain, cough suppression (dextromethophran), diarrhea (loperamide and diphenoxylate), acute pulmonary edema, maintenance program for addicts (methadone). 2) Class/MOA: Acts as agonists at opioid receptors (mu = morphine, delta = enkephalin, kappy = dynorphin) to modulate synaptic transmission - open K+ channels, close Ca2+ channels = decrease in synaptic transmission. Inhibit release of ACh, NE, 5-HT, glutamate, substance P. 3) Side effects/ADEs: Addiction, respiratory depression, constipation, miosis (pinpoint pupils), addictive CNS depression with other drugs. Tolerance does not develop with miosis and constipation. Toxicity treated with nalazone or naltrexone (opiod receptor antagonist). 4) Fun Facts

Answer 86

1) Use: Chronic Gout (urate lowering therapy) 2) Class/MOA: Inhibits xanthine oxidase, decreases conversion of xanthine to uric acid. Also used in lymphoma and leukemia to prevent tumor lysis-associated urate nephropathy. Increases concentration of azathioprine and 6-MP (both normally metabolized by xanthine oxidase). 3) Side effects/ADEs: Do not dive salicylates; all but the highest dosages depress uric acid clearance. Even high doses (5-6 g/day) have only minor uricosuric activity. 4) Fun Facts

Answer 87

1) peptic ulcer, gastritis, esophageal reflux, Zollinger-Ellison syn 2) proton pump inhibitor: irreversibly inhibits H+/K+ ATPase in stomach parietal cells 3) incr risk fo C. difficile infct + pneumonia; hip fractures; decr serum Mg2+ w/ long-term use 4) N/A

Answer 88

1)Type I DM, Type II DM, gestational DM, life-threatening hyperkalemia, stress-induced hyperglycemia 2)Insulin/Bind insulin receptor (tyrosine kinase activity) -Liver: increase glucose stored as glycogen -Muscle: increase glycogen and protien synthesis and K+ uptake -Fat: aids in TG storage 3)Hypoglycemia, very rarely hypersensitivy rxns 4)Long-acting

Answer 89

5-HT 1B/1D agonists (for migranes) Ex: Sumatriptan

Answer 90

1)Malignant HTN 2)Dopamine (D1) receptor agonist -leads to coronary, peripheral, renal, and splanchnic vasodilation -decreases BP and increases naturesis

Answer 91

1) Diagnosis of myasthenia gravis (short acting). 2) Indirect Cholinomimetic; increases endogenous Ach

Answer 92

1) Use: anemia 2) Class/MOA: GROWTH FACTOR EPO = increases RBC 3) Side effects/ADEs: 4) Fun Facts

Answer 93

1) early MI, early ischemic stroke, direct thrombolysis of severe PE 2) thrombolytic: aid plasminogen --\> plasmin to cleave thrombin + fibrin clots 3) bleeding (contraindicate in active bleed, intracranial bleed hx, recent sx, known bleed diathese, severe HTN); tx toxicity w/ aminocaproic acid (inhibits fibrinolysis) 4) incr PT, PTT; no change in plt ct

Answer 94

1) Extended-spectrum PNC--Haemophilus influenza, E. Coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella, Shigella, enterococci (HELPSS kill enterococci) 2) AminoPNCs; Bind PNC-binding proteins; Block transpeptidase cross-linking of peptidoglycan; Activates autolytic enzymes (=Same MOA as PNC). Wider spectrum; Penicillinase sensitive. Also combine w/ clavulonic acid to protect against Beta-lactamase. 3) Hypersensitivity rxs; Ampicillin rash; Pseudomemranous colitis 4) Resistance: Beta-lactamases cleave Beta-lactam ring; AmOxicillin has greater Oral bioavailability vs Ampicillin

Answer 95

Rx: Normalize K+, Lidocaine, Anti-dig Fab fragments, Mg2+

Answer 96

1) Use: Asthma 2) Class/MOA: Antileukotrienes/5 lipoxygenase pathway inhibitor, blocks conversion of arachidonic acid to leukotrienes 3) Side effects/ADEs: 4) Fun Facts

Answer 97

1) Use: Infertility and PCOS 2) Class/MOA: Selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERMs)/ partial agonist at estrogen receptors in hypothalamus, prevents normal feedback inhibition and increases relase of LH and FSH from pituitary and stimulates ovulaiton 3) Side effects/ADEs: Hot flashes, ovarian enlargement, multiple simultaneous pregnancies, visual disturbances 4) Fun Facts: Remember, infertile, take clomiphene have twins, seeing double

Answer 98

1) Use: Hyperaldosteronism, K+ depletion, CHF 2) Class/MOA: K+ sparing diuretic. Triamterene and amiloride block Na channel in CCT. 3) Side effects/ADEs: Hyperkalemia (arrhythmias), endocrine effects (gynecomastia and other androgen effects) 4) Fun Facts: The K+ STAys (Spironolactone, triamterene, amiloride)

Answer 99

1) Use: Pos and negative schizoprenia symptoms. Bipolar, OCD, anxiety disorder, depression, mania, tourette's 2) Class/MOA: Atypical antipsychotic. Varied effect on 5-HT2, dopamine, alpha and H1 receptors 3) Side effects/ADEs: Fewer EPS and anticholinergics than typicals. Ziprasidone prolongs QT interval.

Answer 100

1) solid tumors, leukemias, lymphomas 2) makes ROS; non-covalently intercalate in DNA --\> breaks DNA --\> decr replication 3) cardiotoxicity\* (dilated cardiomyopathy; use dexrazoxane, Fe chelator, to prevent), myelosuppression, alopecia; toxic to tissues following extravasation 4) N/A

Answer 101

1) Use: Pain; causes less respiratory depression than dull agonists 2) Class/MOA: Partial agonist at opiod mu receptors, agonist at kappa receptors. 3) Side effects/ADEs: Causes withdrawal if on full opiod agonist. 4) Fun Facts

Answer 102

1) Use: Chronic Gout (urate lowering therapy) 2) Class/MOA: Inhibits xanthine oxidase 3) Side effects/ADEs: 4) Fun Facts

Answer 103

1) peptic ulcer, gastritis, esophageal reflux, Zollinger-Ellison syn 2) proton pump inhibitor: irreversibly inhibits H+/K+ ATPase in stomach parietal cells 3) incr risk fo C. difficile infct + pneumonia; hip fractures; decr serum Mg2+ w/ long-term use 4) N/A

Answer 104

1)First-line therapy in Type II DM, can be used in pts w/o islet function 2)Biguanide/ Exact MOA unknown --\> decreases gluconeogenesis, increases glycolysis, increases peripheral glucose uptake (insulin sensitivity) 3)GI upset, lactic acidosis (most serious) 4)Contraindicated in renal failure

Answer 105

Inhalational general anesthetic Ex: Halothane

Answer 106

1)Angina, pulmonary edema 2)Vasodilator -- release of NO in sm. muscle --\> increases cGMP and sm muscle relaxation -dilates veins \>\> arteries (decreases preload) 3) reflex tachycardia, hypotension, flushing, headache 4) "Monday Disease" --\> devleop tolerance during the week and loss of tolerance during weekend resulting in side effects

Answer 107

1) Anticholinergic toxicity 2) Indirect Cholinomimetic; increases Ach. 4) crosses BBB

Answer 108

1) Use: GROWTH FACTOR any chemo that causes neutropenia; meylosuppressive therapy 2) Class/MOA: stimulates proliferation, matruation and efficacy of NEUTROPHILS via JAK/STAT tyrosine kinase pathway 3) Side effects/ADEs: 4) Fun Facts: same as G-CSF

Answer 109

1) early MI, early ischemic stroke, direct thrombolysis of severe PE 2) thrombolytic: aid plasminogen --\> plasmin to cleave thrombin + fibrin clots 3) bleeding (contraindicate in active bleed, intracranial bleed hx, recent sx, known bleed diathese, severe HTN); tx toxicity w/ aminocaproic acid (inhibits fibrinolysis) 4) incr PT, PTT; no change in plt ct

Answer 110

1) Pseudomonas spp. & gram-negative rods; Susceptible to penicillinase; Use w/ Clavulonic acid (to protect against Beta-lactamase) 2) Antipseudomonals; Bind PNC-binding proteins; Block transpeptidase cross-linking of peptidoglycan; Activates autolytic enzymes (=Same MOA as PNC). Extended spectrum 3) Hypersensitivity rxns 4) TCP (Ticarcillin, Carbenicillin, & Piperacillin)--Takes Care of Pseudomonas

Answer 111

Aldesleukin (interleukin-2) Epoetin alfa (erythropoietin) Filgrastim (CSF-G) Sargramostim (CSF-GM) Alpha-Interferon Beta-Interferon Gamma-Interferon Oprelvekin (interleukin-11) Thrombopoietin

Answer 112

Rx: Deferoxamine, deferasirox

Answer 113

1) Use: Allergic asthma resistant to inhaled steroid and long acting beta agonists 2) Class/MOA: Monoclonal anti IgE antibody, binds mosly unbound serum IgE 3) Side effects/ADEs: 4) Fun Facts

Answer 114

1) Use: Treat and prevent recurrence ER positive breast cancer 2) Class/MOA: SERM/Antagonist on breast tissue

Answer 115

1) Use: HTN, CHF, diabetic renal disease, prevent heart remodeling from HTN 2) Class/MOA: Inhibit ACE to reduce angiotensin II/bradykinin and vasodilation. Renin release increases 3) Side effects/ADEs: CAPTOPRIL (Cough, Angioedema, Proteinuira, Taste changes, hypOtension, Pregnancy problems, Rash, Increased renin, Lower ATII) Hyperkalemia. Avoid with bilateral renal artery stenosis becauase ACE inhibitors reduce GFR. 4) Fun Facts: ATII receptor blockers (sartans) are similar to these without the cough.

Answer 116

1) Use: Pos and negative schizoprenia symptoms. Bipolar, OCD, anxiety disorder, depression, mania, tourette's 2) Class/MOA: Atypical antipsychotic. Varied effect on 5-HT2, dopamine, alpha and H1 receptors 3) Side effects/ADEs: Fewer EPS and anticholinergics than typicals.

Answer 117

1) solid tumors, leukemias, lymphomas 2) makes ROS; non-covalently intercalate in DNA --\> breaks DNA --\> decr replication 3) cardiotoxicity\* (dilated cardiomyopathy; use dexrazoxane, Fe chelator, to prevent), myelosuppression, alopecia; toxic to tissues following extravasation 4) N/A

Answer 118

1) Use: Chronic pain 2) Class/MOA: Very weak opiod agonist; also inhibits serotonin and NE reuptake (works on multiple neurotransmitters - "tram it all" in) 3) Side effects/ADEs: Similar to opiods. Decreases seizure threshold. 4) Fun Facts

Answer 119

1) Use: Acute Gout (urate lowering therapy) 2) Class/MOA: Binds and stabilizes tubulin to inhibit polymerization, impairing leukocyte chemotaxis and deregulation. 3) Side effects/ADEs: GI side effects, especially if given orally (note: Indomethacin is less toxic, also used in acute gout). 4) Fun Facts

Answer 120

1) peptic ulcer, gastritis, esophageal reflux, Zollinger-Ellison syn 2) proton pump inhibitor: irreversibly inhibits H+/K+ ATPase in stomach parietal cells 3) incr risk fo C. difficile infct + pneumonia; hip fractures; decr serum Mg2+ w/ long-term use 4) N/A

Answer 121

1)Type II DM --stimulate endogenous insulin release 2)Sulfonylureas (1st generation)/Close K+ channel in beta cell membrane so cell depolarizes --\> triggers insulin release via Ca2+ influx 3)Disulfiram-like effects 4)Useless in Type I DM b/c requires some islet cell function

Answer 122

Local anesthetic Ex: Lidocaine

Answer 123

1)Lipid-lowering agent (sig. decrease of LDL and slight decrease of triglycerides, increase HDL) 2)HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/ Inhibits conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate (cholesterol precursor) 3)Hepatotoxicity (increase LFTs), rhabdomyolysis

Answer 124

1) Alzheimers 2) Indirect Cholinomimetic; increases Ach

Answer 125

1) Use: GROWTH FACTOR thrombocytopenia 2) Class/MOA: stimulates the growth of primative MEGAKARYOCYTE progenitors - increase megakaryocytes, increase peripheral platelets 3) Side effects/ADEs: fatigue, headache, CVE 4) Fun Facts:

Answer 126

1) early MI, early ischemic stroke, direct thrombolysis of severe PE 2) thrombolytic: aid plasminogen --\> plasmin to cleave thrombin + fibrin clots 3) bleeding (contraindicate in active bleed, intracranial bleed hx, recent sx, known bleed diathese, severe HTN); tx toxicity w/ aminocaproic acid (inhibits fibrinolysis) 4) incr PT, PTT; no change in plt ct

Answer 127

1) Pseudomonas spp. & gram-negative rods; Susceptible to penicillinase; Use w/ Clavulonic acid (to protect against Beta-lactamase) 2) Antipseudomonals; Bind PNC-binding proteins; Block transpeptidase cross-linking of peptidoglycan; Activates autolytic enzymes (=Same MOA as PNC). Extended spectrum 3) Hypersensitivity rxns 4) TCP (Ticarcillin, Carbenicillin, & Piperacillin)--Takes Care of Pseudomonas

Answer 128

1. Renal cell carcinoma Metastatic Melanoma 2. Cytokine: Interleukin-2 MOA: increases helper, cytotoxic, and regulatory T cells

Answer 129

Rx: CaEDTA, dimercaprol, succimer, penicillamine

Answer 130

1) Use: Asthma 2) Class/MOA: Methylxanthines/ causes bronchodilation by inhibiting phosphodiesterase, thereby decreasing cAMP hydrolysis, blocks adenosine 3) Side effects/ADEs: cardiotoxicity, neurotoxicity, metabolized by P450 these limit use 4) Fun Facts

Answer 131

1) Use: Osteoporosis 2) Class/MOA: SERM/Agonist on bone, reduces resorption of bone

Answer 132

1) Use: HTN, CHF, diabetic renal disease, prevent heart remodeling from HTN 2) Class/MOA: Inhibit ACE to reduce angiotensin II/bradykinin and vasodilation. Renin release increases 3) Side effects/ADEs: CAPTOPRIL (Cough, Angioedema, Proteinuira, Taste changes, hypOtension, Pregnancy problems, Rash, Increased renin, Lower ATII) Hyperkalemia. Avoid with bilateral renal artery stenosis becauase ACE inhibitors reduce GFR. 4) Fun Facts: ATII receptor blockers (sartans) are similar to these without the cough.

Answer 133

1) Use: Pos and negative schizoprenia symptoms. Bipolar, OCD, anxiety disorder, depression, mania, tourette's 2) Class/MOA: Atypical antipsychotic. Varied effect on 5-HT2, dopamine, alpha and H1 receptors 3) Side effects/ADEs: Fewer EPS and anticholinergics than typicals.

Answer 134

1) testicular CA, Hodgkin's lymphoma 2) ROS formation --\> causes breaks in DNA strands 3) pulm fibrosis\*, skin changes; minimal myelosuppression 4) N/A

Answer 135

1) Use: Epilepsy drug, used in: partial simple, partial complex, 1st line for generalized tonic clonic, 1st line for prophylaxis of generalized status seizures. Also a class IB antiarrhytimic. 2) Class/MOA: Increases Na+ channel inactivation, I.E. use-dependent blockade of Na+ channels: increase refractory period, inhibition of glutamate release from excitatory presynaptic neuron 3) Side effects/ADEs: Nystagmus, diplopia, ataxias, sedation, teratogenesis (fetal hydantion syndrome), SLE-like syndrome, induction of cytrocrome P-450. Chronic use produces gingival hyperplasia in children, peripheral neuropathy, hirtuim, meglobastic anemia (decrease in folate absorption). 4) Fun Facts: fosphentoin for parenteral use

Answer 136

1) Use: Acute Gout (urate lowering therapy) 2) Class/MOA: Naproxen. 3) Side effects/ADEs: 4) Fun Facts

Answer 137

1) incr ulcer healing, traveler's diarrhea 2) bind ulcer base to provide physical protection + let HCO3- secretion re-establish pH gradient in mucus layer 3) N/A 4) N/A

Answer 138

1)Type II DM --stimulate endogenous insulin release 2)Sulfonylureas (1st generation)/Close K+ channel in beta cell membrane so cell depolarizes --\> triggers insulin release via Ca2+ influx 3)Disulfiram-like effects 4)Useless in Type I DM b/c requires some islet cell function

Answer 139

Butyrophenone (neuroleptic) Ex: Haloperidol

Answer 140

1)Lipid-lowering agent (sig. decrease of LDL and slight decrease of triglycerides, increase HDL) 2)HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/ Inhibits conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate (cholesterol precursor) 3)Hepatotoxicity (increase LFTs), rhabdomyolysis

Answer 141

Exacerbation of COPD, asthma, and peptic ulcers

Answer 142

1) Use: GROWTH FACTOR thrombocytopenia 2) Class/MOA: same as IL-12: stimulates growth of primative megakarycytic progenitors, increasing megakaryocytes, increasing platelets 3) Side effects/ADEs: fatigue, headache, CVE 4) Fun Facts

Answer 143

1) antipyretic, analgesic, anti-infl, anti-plt (decr aggregation) 2) irreversibly inhibits COX-1 (and -2) via covalent acetylation --\> decr TxA2 + prostaglandins 3) gastric ulcer, tinnitus (CN VIII); chronic use: acute renal failure, interstitial nephritis, upper GI bleed; Reye's syn in kids w/ viral infct; OD: respir alkalosis + met acidosis 4) plts can't syn new COX so effect lasts until new plts made; incr bleeding time; no effect on PT, PTT

Answer 144

1) Pseudomonas spp. & gram-negative rods; Susceptible to penicillinase; Use w/ Clavulonic acid (to protect against Beta-lactamase) 2) Antipseudomonals; Bind PNC-binding proteins; Block transpeptidase cross-linking of peptidoglycan; Activates autolytic enzymes (=Same MOA as PNC). Extended spectrum 3) Hypersensitivity rxns 4) TCP (Ticarcillin, Carbenicillin, & Piperacillin)--Takes Care of Pseudomonas

Answer 145

1. Anemias (esp in renal failure) 2. Cytokine: Erythropoietin MOA: Stimulates Erythrocyte replication

Answer 146

Rx: Dimercaprol (BAL), succimer

Answer 147

1) Use: Expectorant 2) Class/MOA: Thins respiratory secreitons, doesn't suppress cough reflex 3) Side effects/ADEs: 4) Fun Facts

Answer 148

1) Use: Relief/prevent menopausal symptoms (hot flashes, vaginal atrophy) and osteoporosis 2) Class/MOA: 3) Side effects/ADEs: Unopossed estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) causes increase endometrial cancer so add progesterone, possible increase in CV risk

Answer 149

1) Use: HTN, CHF, diabetic renal disease, prevent heart remodeling from HTN 2) Class/MOA: Inhibit ACE to reduce angiotensin II/bradykinin and vasodilation. Renin release increases 3) Side effects/ADEs: CAPTOPRIL (Cough, Angioedema, Proteinuira, Taste changes, hypOtension, Pregnancy problems, Rash, Increased renin, Lower ATII) Hyperkalemia. Avoid with bilateral renal artery stenosis becauase ACE inhibitors reduce GFR. 4) Fun Facts: ATII receptor blockers (sartans) are similar to these without the cough.

Answer 150

1) Use: Pos and negative schizoprenia symptoms. Bipolar, OCD, anxiety disorder, depression, mania, tourette's 2) Class/MOA: Atypical antipsychotic. Varied effect on 5-HT2, dopamine, alpha and H1 receptors 3) Side effects/ADEs: Fewer EPS and anticholinergics than typicals.

Answer 151

1) solid tumors, leukemia, lymphoma, some brain CAs 2) alkylating agent: covalently X-link DNA at guanine N-7 3) myelosuppression; hemorrhagic cystitis (partly prevent w/ mesna, thiol grp of mesna binds toxic metabolite) 4) need liver bioactivation

Answer 152

1) Use: Epilepsy drug, used in: first line in partial simple, partial complex & generalized tonic clonic seizures 2) Class/MOA: Increases Na+ channel inactivation 3) Side effects/ADEs: Diplopia, ataxia, blood dyscrasias (agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia), liver toxicity, teratogenesis, induction of cytrochrome P-450, SIADH, Steven's-Johnson syndrome 4) Fun Facts: fist line for trigeminal neuralgia

Answer 153

1) Use: Rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, ankylosing spondylitis. 2) Class/MOA: Recombinant form of human TNF receptor that binds TNF. 3) Side effects/ADEs: All TNF alpha inhibitors predispose to infection including reactivation of latent TB since TNF blockade prevents activation of macrophages and destruction of phagocytosed microbe. 4) Fun Facts: EntanerCEPT is a TNF decoy reCEPTor.

Answer 154

1) incr ulcer healing, traveler's diarrhea 2) bind ulcer base to provide physical protection + let HCO3- secretion re-establish pH gradient in mucus layer 3) N/A 4) N/A

Answer 155

1)Type II DM -- stimulates endogenous insulin release 2)Sulfonylureas (2nd generation)/Close K+ channel in beta cell membrane so cell depolarizes --\> triggers insulin release via Ca2+ influx 3)Hypoglycemia 4)Useless in Type I DM b/c requires some islet cell funciton

Answer 156

Phenothiazine (neuroleptic, antiemetic) Ex: Chlorpromazine, compazine

Answer 157

1)Lipid-lowering agent (sig. decrease of LDL and slight decrease of triglycerides, increase HDL) 2)HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/ Inhibits conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate (cholesterol precursor) 3)Hepatotoxicity (increase LFTs), rhabdomyolysis

Answer 158

Irreversibly inhib AchE. (DUMBBELSS) Diarrhea, Urination, Miosis, Bronchospasm, Bradycardia, Excitation of skeletal m and CNS, Lacrimation, Sweating, and Salivation

Answer 159

1) Use: PLATELET INHIBITOR 2) Class/MOA: Actylates and irreversibly inhibits COX-1 and COX-2 to prevent conversion of arachadonic acid to thromboxane A2 3) Side effects/ADEs: increase BT, no effect on PT, PTT | Gastric ulcertation, bleeding, hyperventilation, Reye's Syndr

Answer 160

1) ACS, coronary stenting, decr incidence + recurr of thrombotic stroke 2) ADP R inhibitor: inhibit plt aggregation by irreversibly blocking ADP R; inhibit fibrinogen binding via Gp IIb/IIIa 3) N/A 4) N/A

Answer 161

1) Often added to PNC abxs to protect the abx from destruction by Beta-lactamase (penicillinase) 2) Beta-lactamase inhibitor 3) -- 4) CAST (Clavulonic Acid, Sulbactam, & Tazobactam)

Answer 162

1. Recovery of bone marrow 2. GM-CSF (Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor)

Answer 163

Rx: Penicillamine

Answer 164

1) Use: Expectorant, CF patients, antidote for acetaminophen overdose 2) Class/MOA: Mucolytic, loosen mucous plugs (CF patients) 3) Side effects/ADEs: 4) Fun Facts

Answer 165

1) Use: Postmenopausal women with breast cancer 2) Class/MOA: Aromatase inhibitor

Answer 166

Increase NaCl in urine. Decrease NaCl in serum

Answer 167

1) Use: Bipolar, SIADH 2) Class/MOA: Not established. Related to phosphoinositol cascade (?) 3) Side effects/ADEs: Movement, Nephrogenic DI, hypOthyroidism, Pregnancy (LMNOP) 4) Fun Facts: May cause fetal cardiac defects, excreted by kidneys

Answer 168

1) solid tumors, leukemia, lymphoma, some brain CAs 2) alkylating agent: covalently X-link DNA at guanine N-7 3) myelosuppression; hemorrhagic cystitis (partly prevent w/ mesna, thiol grp of mesna binds toxic metabolite) 4) need liver bioactivation

Answer 169

1) Use: Epilepsy drug, used in: partial simple, partial complex & generalized tonic clonic seizures 2) Class/MOA: Designed as a GABA analog, but primarily inhibits HVA Ca2+ channels 3) Side effects/ADEs: sedation, ataxia 4) Fun Facts: also used for peripheral neuropathy and bipolar disorder

Answer 170

1) Use: Chron's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis. 2) Class/MOA: Anti-TNF antibody 3) Side effects/ADEs: All TNF alpha inhibitors predispose to infection including reactivation of latent TB since TNF blockade prevents activation of macrophages and destruction of phagocytosed microbe. 4) Fun Facts INFLIimab INFLIX pain on TNF

Answer 171

1) prevent NSAID-induced peptic ulcers; maintenance of patent ductus arteriosus; also induce labor (ripens cervix) 2) PEG1 analog: incr production + secretion of gastric mucus barrier; decr acid production 3) diarrhea; contraindicated in women of childbearing age (abortifacient) 4) N/A

Answer 172

1)Type II DM -- stimulates endogenous insulin release 2)Sulfonylureas (2nd generation)/Close K+ channel in beta cell membrane so cell depolarizes --\> triggers insulin release via Ca2+ influx 3)Hypoglycemia 4)Useless in Type I DM b/c requires some islet cell funciton

Answer 173

Barbituate Ex: Phenobarbital

Answer 174

1)Lipid-lowering agent (sig. decrease of LDL and slight decrease of triglycerides, increase HDL) 2)HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/ Inhibits conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate (cholesterol precursor) 3)Hepatotoxicity (increase LFTs), rhabdomyolysis

Answer 175

Atropine + Pralidoxime = regenerate active AchE

Answer 176

1) Use: PLATELET INHIBITOR 2) Class/MOA: Inhibit platelet aggregation by irreversibly blocking ADP RECEPTORS | inhibit fibrinogen binding by preventing glycoprotein Iib/I

Answer 177

1) ACS, coronary stenting, decr incidence + recurr of thrombotic stroke 2) ADP R inhibitor: inhibit plt aggregation by irreversibly blocking ADP R; inhibit fibrinogen binding via Gp IIb/IIIa 3) neutropenia (unique) 4) N/A

Answer 178

1) Often added to PNC abxs to protect the abx from destruction by Beta-lactamase (penicillinase) 2) Beta-lactamase inhibitor 3) -- 4) CAST (Clavulonic Acid, Sulbactam, & Tazobactam)

Answer 179

1. Recovery of bone marrow 2. GM-CSF (Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor)

Answer 180

Rx: Nitrite + thiosulfate, hydroxocobalamin

Answer 181

1) Use: Pulmonary arterial hypertension 2) Class/MOA: Compeitively antagonizes endothelin 1 receptors, decreasing pulmonary vascular resistance 3) Side effects/ADEs: 4) Fun Facts

Answer 182

1) Use: OCP, Mirena IUD, treatment of endometrial cancer and abnormal uterine bleeding 2) Class/MOA: Binds progesterone receptors, reduce growth and increase vascularizaiton of endometrium 4) For OCP have to take at same time everyday so not as effective contraceptive

Answer 183

Increase urine K. Decrease serum K

Answer 184

1) Use: Generalized anziety disorder 2) Class/MOA: Stimulates 5-HT1A receptor. 3) Side effects/ADEs: No sedation, addiction or tolerance 4) Fun Facts: No interactions with barbituates or benzodiazepines

Answer 185

1) brain tumors (incl glioblastoma multiforme) 2) alkylating agent: nitrosourea 3) CNS toxicity: dizziness, ataxia 4) needs bioactivation; X's BBB --\> CNS

Answer 186

1) Use: Epilepsy drug, used in: partial simple, partial complex & generalized tonic clonic seizures 2) Class/MOA: Blocks Na+ channels, increases GABA action 3) Side effects/ADEs: Sedation, mental dulling, kidney stones, weight loss. 4) Fun Facts

Answer 187

1) Use: Psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis 2) Class/MOA: Anti-TNF antibody 3) Side effects/ADEs: All TNF alpha inhibitors predispose to infection including reactivation of latent TB since TNF blockade prevents activation of macrophages and destruction of phagocytosed microbe. 4) Fun Facts

Answer 188

1) acute variceal bleeds, acromegaly, VIPoma, carcinoid tumors 2) long-acting somatostatin analog 3) nausea, cramps, steatorrhea 4) N/A

Answer 189

1)Type II DM -- stimulates endogenous insulin release 2)Sulfonylureas (2nd generation)/Close K+ channel in beta cell membrane so cell depolarizes --\> triggers insulin release via Ca2+ influx 3)Hypoglycemia 4)Useless in Type I DM b/c requires some islet cell funciton

Answer 190

Benzodiazepine Ex: Alprazolam

Answer 191

1)Lipid-lowering agent (sig. decrease of LDL and slight decrease of triglycerides, increase HDL) 2)HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/ Inhibits conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate (cholesterol precursor) 3)Hepatotoxicity (increase LFTs), rhabdomyolysis

Answer 192

1) Blocks Organophosphate poisoning. Used to treat bradycardia and opthalmic applications 2) Muscarinic antagonist.

Answer 193

1) Use: PLATELET INHIBITOR 2) Class/MOA: Monoclonal antibody that binds to the GLYCOPROTEIN RECEPTOR Ib/IIIa on activated platelets, preventing aggregation 3) Side effects/ADEs: bleeding, thrombocytop

Answer 194

1) ACS, coronary stenting, decr incidence + recurr of thrombotic stroke 2) ADP R inhibitor: inhibit plt aggregation by irreversibly blocking ADP R; inhibit fibrinogen binding via Gp IIb/IIIa 3) N/A 4) N/A

Answer 195

1) Often added to PNC abxs to protect the abx from destruction by Beta-lactamase (penicillinase) 2) Beta-lactamase inhibitor 3) -- 4) CAST (Clavulonic Acid, Sulbactam, & Tazobactam)

Answer 196

1. Hepatitis B and C Kaposi's Sarcoma Leukemia Malignant Melanoma 2. Inhibit viral protein synthesis and activates NK cells to kill virally infected cells

Answer 197

Rx: Methylene blue, vit C

Answer 198

1) Use: antitussive=cough suppressant 2) Class/MOA: Antagonizes glutamate recptors, synthetic codeine analog 3) Side effects/ADEs: Mild opioid effect when used in excess, mild abuse potential 4) Fun Facts: Naloxone can be given for overdose

Answer 199

1) Use: Terminiation of pregnancy +misoprostol (PGE1) 2) Class/MOA: Competitive inhibitor of progestins at progesterone receptors 3) Side effects/ADEs: Heavy bleeding, GI effects (nausea, vomiting, anorexia), abdominal pain

Answer 200

Loop diuretics increase it. thiazides decrease it from enhanced paracellular calcium reabsorption in PCT and loop of henle.

Answer 201

1) Use: Depression, GAD, panic disorder, OCD, bulimia, PTSD, social phobias 2) Class/MOA: SSRI 3) Side effects/ADEs: GI stress, sexual dysfunction, serotonin syndrome (when combined with MAO inhibitors or TCAs) 4) Fun Facts: Takes 4-8 weeks to have an effect

Answer 202

1) brain tumors (incl glioblastoma multiforme) 2) alkylating agent: nitrosourea 3) CNS toxicity: dizziness, ataxia 4) needs bioactivation; X's BBB --\> CNS

Answer 203

1) Use: Epilepsy drug, used in: partial simple, partial complex & generalized tonic clonic seizures 2) Class/MOA: increased GABAA 3) Side effects/ADEs: Sedation, tolerance, dependence, induction of cytrochrome P-450 4) Fun Facts: 1st line in pregnant women, children

Answer 204

1) esophageal reflux dz's 2) antacid 3) can affect absorption, bioavail or urinary excretion of other Rx by altering gastric + urinary pH or by delaying gastric emptying; hypokalemia; constipation + hypophosphatemia; proximal musc weakness; osteodystrophy; seizures 4) N/A

Answer 205

1)Monotherapy in Type II DM or in combination therapy 2)Glitazone/Thiazolidinedione: Incraeses insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissue;, binds PPAR-gamma nuclear transcription regulator 3)Weight gain, edema, hepatoxicity, heart failure

Answer 206

Benzodiazepine Ex: Diazepam

Answer 207

1)Lipid-lowering agent (decreases LDL and TG, sig increases HDL) 2)Inhibits lipolysis in adipose tissue, reduces hepatic VLDL secretion into circulation 3)Red flushed face, hyperglycemia (acanthosis nigrans), hyperuricemia (excerbates gout)

Answer 208

3) Increase body temp, rapid pulse, dry mouth, dry/flushed skin, cycloplegia, constipation. Can cause acute angle-glaucoma in elderly, urinary retention in men with BPH, hyperthermia in infants

Answer 209

1) Use: PLATELET INHIBITOR 2) Class/MOA: increase cAMP = decrease ADENOSINE uptake/cyclic nucleotide PDE = decreased aggregation 3) Side effects/ADEs: serious bleeding risk 4) Fun Facts

Answer 210

1) ACS, coronary stenting, decr incidence + recurr of thrombotic stroke 2) ADP R inhibitor: inhibit plt aggregation by irreversibly blocking ADP R; inhibit fibrinogen binding via Gp IIb/IIIa 3) N/A 4) N/A

Answer 211

1) Gram-positive cocci, Proteus mirabilis, E. Coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae. \*\*Cefazolin--used prior to surgery to prevent S. aureus wound infections. 2) Beta-lactam, 1st Generation Cephalosporins; Beta-lactam rx that inhibits cell wall synthesis but are less susceptible to penicillinases. Bactericidal 3) Hypersensitivity rxns, Vit K deficiency. Low cross-reactivity w/ Penicillins. Increased nephrotoxicity of Aminoglycosides. 4) Orgs covered by 1st Generation=PEcK--Proteus mirabilis, E. Coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae; Orgs typically not covered by Cephalosporins are LAME: Listeria, Atypicals (Chlamydia, Mycoplasma), MRSA & Enterococci. (Exception= Ceftaroline-covers MRSA)

Answer 212

Multiple Sclerosis

Answer 213

Rx: 100% O2, Hyperbaric O2

Answer 214

1) Use: Nonprescription nasal decongestants: Reduce hyperemia, edema and nasal congestion, obstructed eustachian tubes 2) Class/MOA: Sympathomimetic alpha antagonistic 3) Side effects/ADEs: Hypertension, CNS stimulaiton/anxiety (pseudoephedrine) 4) Fun Facts: also used as a stimulant and to make meth

Answer 215

1) Use: Prevent pregnancy 2) Class/MOA: Estrogen and progestins inhibit LH/FSH and prevent estrogen surges so no LH surge and no ovulaiton. Progestins cause thickenign of cervical mucus, limiting access of sperm to uterus. Also inhibits endometrial proliferation, making endometirum less suitable for implanation of embryo 3) Side effects/ADEs: Contraindicated in smokers \>35 yo becuase increase risk of DVT and CV events, patients with history of thormoembolism and storke or estrogen dependent tumor

Answer 216

1) Use: Depression, GAD, panic disorder, OCD, bulimia, PTSD, social phobias 2) Class/MOA: SSRI 3) Side effects/ADEs: GI stress, sexual dysfunction, serotonin syndrome (when combined with MAO inhibitors or TCAs) 4) Fun Facts: Takes 4-8 weeks to have an effect

Answer 217

1) brain tumors (incl glioblastoma multiforme) 2) alkylating agent: nitrosourea 3) CNS toxicity: dizziness, ataxia 4) needs bioactivation; X's BBB --\> CNS

Answer 218

1) Use: Epilepsy drug, used in: partial simple, partial complex, 1st line in tonic clonic generalized seizures and in absence generalized seizures. 2) Class/MOA: Increases Na+ channel inactivation, increases GABA concentration 3) Side effects/ADEs: GI distress, rare but fatal hepatotoxicity (measure LFT), neural tube defects in fetus (spinal bifida), tremor, weight gain. Contraindicated in pregnancy. 4) Fun Facts: Also used for myoclonic seizures

Answer 219

1) esophageal reflux dz's, constipation 2) antacid; osmotic laxative: provide osmotic load to draw out H2O 3) can affect absorption, bioavail or urinary excretion of other Rx by altering gastric + urinary pH or by delaying gastric emptying; hypokalemia; diarrhea; hyporeflexia; hypotension; cardiac arrest; diarrhea, dehydration 4) may be abused by bulimics

Answer 220

1)Monotherapy in Type II DM or in combination therapy 2)Glitazone/Thiazolidinedione: Incraeses insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissue;, binds PPAR-gamma nuclear transcription regulator 3)Weight gain, edema, hepatoxicity, heart failure

Answer 221

SSRI Ex: Fluoxetine

Answer 222

1)Lipid-lowering agents (decrease LDL, slightly increase TG and HDL 2)Bile Acid Resins/Prevent intestinal reabsorption of bile acids (liver has to make more) 3)Bad taste, GI discomfort, decreases absorption of fat-soluble vitamins, cholesterol gallstones

Answer 223

1) Produce mydriasis and cycloplegia 2) Muscarinic antagonist

Answer 224

1) Use: immediate ANTICOAG for PE, stroke, ACS, MI, DVT | used during pregnancy | follow PTT 2) Class/MOA: INHIBITS THROMBIN ACTION | cofactor for activation of ANTI-THROMBIN, decrease thrombin and Xa, short 1/2 life 3) Side effects/ADEs: Bleeding, thrombocytopenai (HIT),

Answer 225

1) intermittent claudication, coronary vasodilation, prevent stroke/TIAs (w/ ASA), angina prophylaxis 2) PDE III inhibitor --\> incr cAMP in plts --\> inhibit plt aggregation; vasodilator 3) nausea, HA, facial flush, hypotension, ab pain 4) N/A

Answer 226

1) Gram-positive cocci, Proteus mirabilis, E. Coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae 2) Beta-lactam, 1st Generation Cephalosporins; Beta-lactam rx that inhibits cell wall synthesis but are less susceptible to penicillinases. Bactericidal 3) Hypersensitivity rxns, Vit K deficiency. Low cross-reactivity w/ Penicillins. Increased nephrotoxicity of Aminoglycosides. 4) Orgs covered by 1st Generation=PEcK--Proteus mirabilis, E. Coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae; Organisms typically not covered by Cephalosporins are LAME: Listeria, Atypicals (Chlamydia, Mycoplasma), MRSA & Enterococci. (Exception= Ceftaroline-covers MRSA)

Answer 227

1. Chronic Granulomatous disease 2. Activates macrophages and Th1 cells Suppresses Th2 cells. 4. (G)amma = (G)ranulomatous

Answer 228

Rx: Fomepizole\> ethanol, dialysis

Answer 229

1) Use: Asthma challenge testing 2) Class/MOA: Muscarinic receptor agonist 3) Side effects/ADEs: 4) Fun Facts

Answer 230

1) Use: Reduces premature uterine contraction 2) Class/MOA: B2 agonist that relaxes the uterus

Answer 231

1) Use: Depression, GAD, panic disorder, OCD, bulimia, PTSD, social phobias 2) Class/MOA: SSRI 3) Side effects/ADEs: GI stress, sexual dysfunction, serotonin syndrome (when combined with MAO inhibitors or TCAs) 4) Fun Facts: Takes 4-8 weeks to have an effect

Answer 232

1) brain tumors (incl glioblastoma multiforme) 2) alkylating agent: nitrosourea 3) CNS toxicity: dizziness, ataxia 4) needs bioactivation; X's BBB --\> CNS

Answer 233

1) Use: Epilepsy drug, used in: 1st line in generalized absence seizure 2) Class/MOA: Blocks thalamic T-type Ca2+ channels 3) Side effects/ADEs: GI distress, fatigue, headache, urticaria, Steven's-Johnson syndrome (EFGH- Ethosuximide, Fatigue, GI, Headache) 4) Fun Facts

Answer 234

1) esophageal reflux dz's 2) antacid 3) can affect absorption, bioavail or urinary excretion of other Rx by altering gastric + urinary pH or by delaying gastric emptying; hypokalemia; hypercalcemia; rebound incr in acid 4) can chelate + decr effectiveness of other Rx (ie, tetracycline)

Answer 235

1)Monotherapy in Type II DM, or in combination therapy 2)Alpha-glucosidase Inhibitor/ Inhibits intestinal brush-border alpha-glucosidases --\> get delayed sugar hydrolysis and glucose absorption -decreases postprandial hyperglycemia 3)GI disturbances

Answer 236

TCA Ex: Imipramine

Answer 237

1)Lipid-lowering agents (decrease LDL, slightly increase TG and HDL 2)Bile Acid Resins/Prevent intestinal reabsorption of bile acids (liver has to make more) 3)Bad taste, GI discomfort, decreases absorption of fat-soluble vitamins, cholesterol gallstones

Answer 238

1) Produce mydriasis and cycloplegia 2) Muscarinic antagonist

Answer 239

1) Use: Anticoagulation 2) Class/MOA: Cofactor for activation of ANTITHROMBIN and Xa (work better on Xa), better bioavailibilty and 2-4 times longer 1/2 life - can be administered subQ and without lab monitoring 3) Side effects/ADEs: can't reverse esily

Answer 240

1) intermittent claudication, coronary vasodilation, prevent stroke/TIAs (w/ ASA), angina prophylaxis 2) PDE III inhibitor --\> incr cAMP in plts --\> inhibit plt aggregation; vasodilator 3) nausea, HA, facial flush, hypotension, ab pain 4) N/A

Answer 241

1) Gram-positive cocci, Haemophilus influenzae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Neisseria spp., Proteus mirabilis, E. Coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens 2) Beta-lactam, 2nd Generation Cephalosporins; Beta-lactam rx that inhibits cell wall synthesis but are less susceptibl to penicillinases. Bactericidal 3) Hypersensitivity rxns, Vit K deficiency. Low cross-reactivity w/ Penicillins. Increased nephrotoxicity of Aminoglycosides. 4) Orgs covered by 2nd Generation=HEN PEcKS--Haemophilus influenzae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Neisseria spp., Proteus mirabilis, E. Coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens; Organisms typically not covered by Cephalosporins are LAME: Listeria, Atypicals (Chlamydia, Mycoplasma), MRSA & Enterococci. (Exception= Ceftaroline-covers MRSA)

Answer 242

1. Thrombocytopenia 2. IL-11

Answer 243

Rx: Naloxone/naltrexone

Answer 244

1 ) Inflammatory processes 2) prasympathetic tone so therapy is direct at these 2 pathways

Answer 245

1) Use: BPH 2) Class/MOA: Alpha 1 antagonist, inhibits smooth muscle contraction. Selective for alpha 1 A,D receptors on prostate (not vascular alpha 1B receptor)

Answer 246

1) Use: Depression, GAD, panic disorder, OCD, bulimia, PTSD, social phobias 2) Class/MOA: SSRI 3) Side effects/ADEs: GI stress, sexual dysfunction, serotonin syndrome (when combined with MAO inhibitors or TCAs) 4) Fun Facts: Takes 4-8 weeks to have an effect

Answer 247

1) CML; also to ablate BM before BMT 2) alkylating agent 3) pulm fibrosis\*; hyperpigmentation 4) N/A

Answer 248

1) Use: Epilepsy drug, used in: 1st line for acute generalized status seizures 2) Class/MOA: Increases GABAA action 3) Side effects/ADEs: sedation, tolerance, dependence 4) Fun Facts: also used for seizures of eclampsia (1st line is MgSO4)

Answer 249

1) constipation 2) osmotic laxative: provide osmotic load to draw out H2O 3) diarrhea, dehyration 4) may be abused by bulimics

Answer 250

1)Monotherapy in Type II DM, or in combination therapy 2)Alpha-glucosidase Inhibitor/ Inhibits intestinal brush-border alpha-glucosidases --\> get delayed sugar hydrolysis and glucose absorption -decreases postprandial hyperglycemia 3)GI disturbances

Answer 251

TCA Ex: Amitriptyline

Answer 252

1)Lipid-lowering agents (decrease LDL, slightly increase TG and HDL 2)Bile Acid Resins/Prevent intestinal reabsorption of bile acids (liver has to make more) 3)Bad taste, GI discomfort, decreases absorption of fat-soluble vitamins, cholesterol gallstones

Answer 253

1) Rx for Parkinsons. 2) Muscarinic Antagonist

Answer 254

1) Use: 2) Class/MOA: Hirudin derivatives; directly INHIBITS THROMBIN 3) Side effects/ADEs: 4) Fun Facts: used as an alternative to heparin for anticoagulating patients with HIT

Answer 255

1) ACS, PTCA 2) Gp IIb/IIIa inhibitor: bind R on activated plts --\> prevent aggregation 3) bleeding, thrombocytopenia 4) made from monoclonal ab Fab fragments (unique)

Answer 256

1) Gram-positive cocci, Haemophilus influenzae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Neisseria spp., Proteus mirabilis, E. Coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens 2) Beta-lactam, 2nd Generation Cephalosporins; Beta-lactam rx that inhibits cell wall synthesis but are less susceptibl to penicillinases. Bactericidal 3) Hypersensitivity rxns, Vit K deficiency. Low cross-reactivity w/ Penicillins. Increased nephrotoxicity of Aminoglycosides. 4) Orgs covered by 2nd Generation=HEN PEcKS--Haemophilus influenzae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Neisseria spp., Proteus mirabilis, E. Coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens; Organisms typically not covered by Cephalosporins are LAME: Listeria, Atypicals (Chlamydia, Mycoplasma), MRSA & Enterococci. (Exception= Ceftaroline-covers MRSA)

Answer 257

Thrombocytopenia

Answer 258

Rx: Flumazenil

Answer 259

1) Use: Erectile dysfunction 2) Class/MOA: Inhibits phosphodiesterase 5, increase cGMP, smooth muscle relaxaiton in corpus cavernosum, increase blood flow and penile erection 3) Side effects/ADEs: Headache, flushing, dyspepsia, impaired blue green color vision, risk of life threatening hypotension in patients taking nitrates "Hot and sweath" but then Headace, Heartburn, Hypotension 4) Fun Facts: DON'T USE WITH NITRATES

Answer 260

1) Use: Depression. Venlafaxine also in GAD, panic disorders. 2) Class/MOA: SNRI, Inhibit serotonin and NE reuptake 3) Side effects/ADEs:Increased BP

Answer 261

1) solid tumors, leukemias, lymphomas 2) microtubule inhibitor: alkaloid that binds to tubulin in M phase + blocks polymerization so mitotic spindle can't form 3) neurotoxicity: areflexia, periph neuritis; paralytic ileus 4) N/A

Answer 262

1) Use: anxiety, spacticity, status epileptics (lorazepam and diazepam), detoxification (especially in alcohol DTs-DTs), night terrors, sleepwalking, general anesthetic (amnesia, muscle relaxation), hypnotic (insomnia) 2) Class/MOA: Facilitate GABAA action by increasing frequency of Cl- channel opening, decreasing REM sleep. Most have long half-lives and active metabolites. FREnzodiazepines (Increase FREquency), short acting = TOM thumb (Triazolam, Oxzepam, Midazolam ... also has the highest addictive potential). Benzos, barbs, and EtOH all bind GABA(A)-R which is a ligand-gated chloride channel. 3) Side effects/ADEs: dependence, additive CNS depression effects with alcohol. Less risk of respiratory depression and coma than with barbiturates. 4) Fun Facts: treat overdose with flumazenil (competitive antagonist at GABA benxodiazepine receptor)

Answer 263

1) constipation 2) osmotic laxative: provide osmotic load to draw out H2O 3) diarrhea, dehyration 4) may be abused by bulimics

Answer 264

1)Type I and II DM 2)Amylin Analog/ Decreases glucagon 3)Hypoglycemia, nausea, diarrhea

Answer 265

-olol, -terol, -zosin,

Answer 266

1) Lipid-loweing agents (decrease LDL) 2) Cholesterol Absorption Blockers/Prevent cholesterol reabsorption at small intestine brush border 3) Rare increase in LFTs, diarrhea

Answer 267

1) Motion sickness. 2) Muscarinic antagonist

Answer 268

1) Use: HIT, patient with kidney dysfunction 2) Class/MOA: directly INHIBITS THROMBIN 3) Side effects/ADEs: falsely elevates INR levels 4) Fun Facts: irreversible

Answer 269

1) ACS, PTCA 2) Gp IIb/IIIa inhibitor: bind R on activated plts --\> prevent aggregation 3) bleeding, thrombocytopenia 4) N/A

Answer 270

1) Gram-positive cocci, Haemophilus influenzae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Neisseria spp., Proteus mirabilis, E. Coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens 2) Beta-lactam, 2nd Generation Cephalosporins; Beta-lactam rx that inhibits cell wall synthesis but are less susceptibl to penicillinases. Bactericidal 3) Hypersensitivity rxns, Vit K deficiency. Low cross-reactivity w/ Penicillins. Increased nephrotoxicity of Aminoglycosides. 4) Orgs covered by 2nd Generation=HEN PEcKS--Haemophilus influenzae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Neisseria spp., Proteus mirabilis, E. Coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens; Organisms typically not covered by Cephalosporins are LAME: Listeria, Atypicals (Chlamydia, Mycoplasma), MRSA & Enterococci. (Exception= Ceftaroline-covers MRSA)

Answer 271

Rx: NaHCO3 (plasma alkalinization)

Answer 272

1) Use: Endometriosis and hereditary angioedema 2) Class/MOA: Synthetic androgen acts as partial agonist at andorgen recpetors 3) Side effects/ADEs: Weight gain, edema, acne, hirsutism, masculinizaiton, decrease HDL levels, hepatotoxicity

Answer 273

1) Use: Depression, diabetic peripheral neuropathy. 2) Class/MOA: SNRI, Inhibit serotonin and NE reuptake (greater effect on NE than other SNRI-venlafaxine). Toxicity: Convulsions, coma, cardiotoxicity (treat with NaBicarb) 3) Side effects/ADEs:Increased BP

Answer 274

1) solid tumors, leukemias, lymphomas 2) microtubule inhibitor: alkaloid that binds to tubulin in M phase + blocks polymerization so mitotic spindle can't form 3) BM suppression (VinBLASTine BLASTS Bone Marrow) 4) N/A

Answer 275

1) Use: epilepsy drug, used in: partial simple and partial complex seizures 2) Class/MOA: inhibits GABA reuptake 3) Side effects/ADEs: 4) Fun Facts

Answer 276

1) constipation; hepatic encephalopathy 2) osmotic laxative: provide osmotic load to draw out H2O; gut flora degrades this Rx into metabolites (lactic acid, acetic acid) that promote nitrogen excretion as NH4+ 3) diarrhea, dehyration 4) may be abused by bulimics

Answer 277

1)Type II DM 2)GLP-1 Analog/ Increase insulin and decrease glucagon release 3)Nausea, vomiting, pancreatitis

Answer 278

B-antagonist Ex: Propranolol

Answer 279

1)Lipid-lower agents (sig decrease TGs, slightly decrease LDL, increase HDL) 2)Fibrates/Upregulates LPL --\> increases TG clearance 3)Myositis, hepatotoxicity (increase LFTs), cholesterol gallstones

Answer 280

1) Rx for COPD, Asthma. 2) Muscarinic antagonist

Answer 281

1) Use: Chronic anticoagulation | not used in pregnat women | follow PT/INR values 2) Class/MOA: interfears with normal synthesis of K depedent clotting factors through blocking | INHIBIT THROMBIN GENERATION 3) Side effects/ADEs: bleeding, teratogenic,

Answer 282

1) ACS, PTCA 2) Gp IIb/IIIa inhibitor: bind R on activated plts --\> prevent aggregation 3) bleeding, thrombocytopenia 4) N/A

Answer 283

1) Serious gram-negative infections resistant to other Beta-lactams; \*\*Ceftriaxone--meningitis & gonorrhea 2) Beta-lactam, 3rd Generation Cephalosporins; Beta-lactam rx that inhibits cell wall synthesis but are less susceptibl to penicillinases. Bactericidal 3) Hypersensitivity rxns, Vit K deficiency. Low cross-reactivity w/ Penicillins. Increased nephrotoxicity of Aminoglycosides. 4) Organisms typically not covered by Cephalosporins are LAME: Listeria, Atypicals (Chlamydia, Mycoplasma), MRSA & Enterococci. (Exception= Ceftaroline-covers MRSA)

Answer 284

Muromonab-CD3 (OKT3 Digoxin Immune Fab Infliximab Adalimumab Abciximab Trastuzumab (Herceptin) Rituximab Omalizumab

Answer 285

Rx: Protamine

Answer 286

1) Use: Major depression, fibromyalgia 2) Class/MOA: 3rd generation tricyclic antidepression. Block NE and serotonin 3) Side effects/ADEs: Alpha blocking side effects (postural hypotension), anticholinergic effects (tachycardia, urinary retention, dry mouth), Sedation. Toxicity: Convulsions, coma, cardiotoxicity (treat with NaBicarb) 4) Fun Facts: Third generation TCAs have more anticholinergic side effects

Answer 287

1) ovarian + breast carcinomas 2) microtubule inhibitor: hyperstabilizes polymerized microtubules in M phase so mitotic spindle can't break down (blocks anaphase) 3) myelosuppression, hypersensitivity 4) N/A

Answer 288

1) Use: epilepsy drug, used in: partial simple and partial complex seizures 2) Class/MOA: Irreversibly inhibits GABA transaminase - increases GABA 3) Side effects/ADEs: 4) Fun Facts

Answer 289

1) Crohn's dz, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis 2) monoclonal ab to TNF-alpha 3) infct (including reactivation of latent TB); fever; hypotension 4) N/A

Answer 290

1)Type II DM 2)GLP-1 Analog/ Increase insulin and decrease glucagon release 3)Nausea, vomiting, pancreatitis

Answer 291

B2-agonist Ex: Albuterol

Answer 292

1)Lipid-lower agents (sig decrease TGs, slightly decrease LDL, increase HDL) 2)Fibrates/Upregulates LPL --\> increases TG clearance 3)Myositis, hepatotoxicity (increase LFTs), cholesterol gallstones

Answer 293

1) Rx for COPD, Asthma. 2) Muscarinic antagonist

Answer 294

1) Use: CVA, acute MI, PE 2) Class/MOA: converts plasminogen to plasmin and helps cleave fibrin mesh TPA 3) Side effects/ADEs: bleeding 4) Fun Facts

Answer 295

1) Serious gram-negative infections resistant to other Beta-lactams 2) Beta-lactam, 3rd Generation Cephalosporins; Beta-lactam rx that inhibits cell wall synthesis but are less susceptibl to penicillinases. Bactericidal 3) Hypersensitivity rxns, Vit K deficiency. Low cross-reactivity w/ Penicillins. Increased nephrotoxicity of Aminoglycosides. 4) Organisms typically not covered by Cephalosporins are LAME: Listeria, Atypicals (Chlamydia, Mycoplasma), MRSA & Enterococci. (Exception= Ceftaroline-covers MRSA)

Answer 296

1. Immunosuppression post-KIDNEY transplant 2. Monoclonal antibody to CD3 on T-cells. Blocks interaction with CD3 responsible for T-cell signal transduction 3. Cytokine release syndrome, hypersensitivity reaction 4. Antibodies= hypersensitivity, hypersensitivity= cytokine release -nab= monocolonal antibody therapy (usually)

Answer 297

Rx: Vit K, FFP

Answer 298

1) Use: Major depression, fibromyalgia 2) Class/MOA: 2nd generation tricyclic antidepression. Block NE and serotonin 3) Side effects/ADEs: Alpha blocking side effects (postural hypotension), anticholinergic effects (tachycardia, urinary retention, dry mouth), Sedation. Toxicity: Convulsions, coma, cardiotoxicity (treat with NaBicarb) 4) Fun Facts: Second generation TCAs have fewer anticholinergic side effects

Answer 299

1) testicular, bladder, ovary, lung carcinomas 2) X-links DNA 3) nephrotoxicity (prevent w/ amifostine, ROS scavenger), acoustic nerve damage, chloride diuresis 4) N/A

Answer 300

1) Use: epilepsy drug, used in: partial simple and partial complex seizures and in generalized tonic-clonic seizures 2) Class/MOA: Unknown, may modulate GABA and glutamate release 3) Side effects/ADEs: 4) Fun Facts

Answer 301

1) ulcerative colitis, Crohn's dz 2) combo of sulfapyridine (antibacterial) + 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA, anti-inflammatory); activated by colonic bacteria (cleaves bond) 3) malaise; nausea; sulfonamide toxicity; reversible oligospermia 4) N/A

Answer 302

1)Type II DM 2)DPP-4 Inhibitors/ Increase insulin and decrease glucagon release 3)Mild urinary or respiratory infections

Answer 303

Alpha1-antagonist Ex: Prazosin

Answer 304

1)Lipid-lower agents (sig decrease TGs, slightly decrease LDL, increase HDL) 2)Fibrates/Upregulates LPL --\> increases TG clearance 3)Myositis, hepatotoxicity (increase LFTs), cholesterol gallstones

Answer 305

1) Reduce urgency in mild cystitis and reduce bladder spasms. 2) Muscarinic Antagonist

Answer 306

1) Use: REVERSES HEPRIN 2) Class/MOA: 3) Side effects/ADEs: 4) Fun Facts

Answer 307

1) Serious gram-negative infections resistant to other Beta-lactams; \*\*Ceftazidime--Pseudomonas. 2) Beta-lactam, 3rd Generation Cephalosporins; Beta-lactam rx that inhibits cell wall synthesis but are less susceptibl to penicillinases. Bactericidal 3) Hypersensitivity rxns, Vit K deficiency. Low cross-reactivity w/ Penicillins. Increased nephrotoxicity of Aminoglycosides. 4) Organisms typically not covered by Cephalosporins are LAME: Listeria, Atypicals (Chlamydia, Mycoplasma), MRSA & Enterococci. (Exception= Ceftaroline-covers MRSA)

Answer 308

Target: Digoxin Use: Antidote for Digoxin toxicity

Answer 309

Rx: Aminocaproic acid

Answer 310

1) Use: Major depression, fibromyalgia, bedwetting 2) Class/MOA: Tricyclic antidepression. Block NE and serotonin 3) Side effects/ADEs: Alpha blocking side effects (postural hypotension), anticholinergic effects (tachycardia, urinary retention, dry mouth), Sedation. Toxicity: Convulsions, coma, cardiotoxicity (treat with NaBicarb) 4) Fun Facts: use for bedwetting is imipramine specific.

Answer 311

1) testicular, bladder, ovary, lung carcinomas 2) X-links DNA 3) nephrotoxicity (prevent w/ amifostine, ROS scavenger), acoustic nerve damage, chloride diuresis 4) N/A

Answer 312

1) Use: sedative for anxiety, seizures, insomnia, induction of anesthesia (thiopental) 2) Class/MOA: facilitate GABAA action by increasing duration of Cl- channel opening, thus decreasing neuron firing (barbiDURATe - increase DURATion). 3) Side effects/ADEs: dependence, additive CNS depression effects with alcohol, respiratory or cardiovascular depression (can lead to death), drug interactions owing to induction of liver microsomal enzymes (cytrochrome P-450) 4) Fun Facts: treat overdose with symptom management (assist respiration, increase blood pressure). Contraindicated in porphyria.

Answer 313

1) control vomiting postoperatively + in pts undergoing CA chemo 2) 5-HT3 antagonist; powerful central-acting antiemetic 3) HA, constipation 4) N/A

Answer 314

1)Type II DM 2)DPP-4 Inhibitors/ Increase insulin and decrease glucagon release 3)Mild urinary or respiratory infections

Answer 315

-oxin, -pril, -afil

Answer 316

1)Lipid-lower agents (sig decrease TGs, slightly decrease LDL, increase HDL) 2)Fibrates/Upregulates LPL --\> increases TG clearance 3)Myositis, hepatotoxicity (increase LFTs), cholesterol gallstones

Answer 317

1) Parenteral: preop --\> reduce airway secretions. PO: Rx for drooling, peptic ulcer 2) Muscarinic Antagonist

Answer 318

1) Use: vWF disease 2) Class/MOA: RELEASES vWF stored in endothelium 3) Side effects/ADEs: 4) Fun Facts

Answer 319

1) Increase activity against Pseudomonas & gram-positive orgs 2) Beta-lactam, 4th Generation Cephalosporins; Beta-lactam rx that inhibits cell wall synthesis but are less susceptibl to penicillinases. Bactericidal 3) Hypersensitivity rxns, Vit K deficiency. Low cross-reactivity w/ Penicillins. Increased nephrotoxicity of Aminoglycosides. 4) Organisms typically not covered by Cephalosporins are LAME: Listeria, Atypicals (Chlamydia, Mycoplasma), MRSA & Enterococci. (Exception= Ceftaroline-covers MRSA)

Answer 320

Target: TNF-alpha Use: Crohn's Disease, Rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis

Answer 321

Rx: B-blocker

Answer 322

1) Use: Major depression, fibromyalgia. 2) Class/MOA: Ttricyclic antidepression. Block NE and serotonin 3) Side effects/ADEs: Alpha blocking side effects (postural hypotension), anticholinergic effects (tachycardia, urinary retention, dry mouth), Sedation. Toxicity: Convulsions, coma, cardiotoxicity (treat with NaBicarb) 4) Fun Facts: Less sedating, higher seizure threshold. .

Answer 323

1) solid tumors, leukemias, lymphomas 2) topo II inhibitor --\> incr DNA degradation 3) myelosuppression, GI irritation, alopecia 4) N/A

Answer 324

1) Use: Insomnia 2) Class/MOA: act via the BZI receptor subtype and are reversed by flumazenil 3) Side effects/ADEs: Atazia, headaches, confusion. Short duration because of rapid metabolism by liver enzymes. Unlike older sedative-hypnotics, cause only modest day-after psychomotor depression and few amnesic effects. Lower dependence risk than benzodiazepines. 4) Fun Facts

Answer 325

1) DM, post-sx gastroparesis, antiemetic 2) D2 receptor antagonist: incr resting tone, contractility, LES tone, motility; doesn't influence colon transport time 3) incr parkinsonian effects; restlessness; drowsiness; fatigue; depression; nausea; diarrhea; contraindicated in pts w/ small bowel obstruction or Parkinson's dz 4) Rx interaction w/ digoxin + DM agents

Answer 326

1)Type II DM 2)DPP-4 Inhibitors/ Increase insulin and decrease glucagon release 3)Mild urinary or respiratory infections

Answer 327

Cardiac glycoside (inotropic agent) Ex: Digoxin

Answer 328

1)CHF (increase contractility), A.fib (decrease conduction at AV node, depression of SA node) 2)Cardiac Glycoside/Direct inhibition of Na+/K+ ATPase leads to indirect inhibtion of Na+/Ca2+ exchanger/antiport --\> increases Ca2+ concentration(positive inotropy) -stimulates vagus nerve to decrease HR 3)Cholinergic --\> N/V/D, blurry yellow vision, EKG changes (increased PR, decrased QT, ST scooping, T-wave inversion, arrhythmia, AV block), hyperkalemia -Factors predisposing to toxicity --\> renal failure, hypokalemia, quinidine (decreases clearance) 4)Antidote --\> slowly normalize K+, lidocaine, cardiac pacer, anti-digoxin Fab fragments, Mg2+

Answer 329

1) Anaphylaxis, glaucoma (open angle), asthma, hypotension 2) Sympathomimetics; A1, A2, B1, B2. LOW dose selective for B1

Answer 330

1) Use: REVERSES Warfarin 2) Class/MOA: 3) Side effects/ADEs: 4) Fun Facts

Answer 331

1) \*\*Only Cephalosporin that covers MRSA 2) Beta-lactam, \*\*Newest Generation Cephalosporin; Beta-lactam rx that inhibits cell wall synthesis but are less susceptibl to penicillinases. Bactericidal 3) Hypersensitivity rxns, Vit K deficiency. Low cross-reactivity w/ Penicillins. Increased nephrotoxicity of Aminoglycosides. 4) Organisms typically not covered by Cephalosporins are LAME: Listeria, Atypicals (Chlamydia, Mycoplasma), MRSA & Enterococci. (Exception= Ceftaroline-covers MRSA)

Answer 332

Target: TNF-alpha Use: Crohn's Disease, Rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis

Answer 333

Rx: Cocaine, sumatriptan, ergot alkaloids

Answer 334

1) Use: Major depression, fibromyalgia. First line OCD. 2) Class/MOA: Ttricyclic antidepression. Block NE and serotonin 3) Side effects/ADEs: Alpha blocking side effects (postural hypotension), anticholinergic effects (tachycardia, urinary retention, dry mouth), Sedation. Toxicity: Convulsions, coma, cardiotoxicity (treat with NaBicarb)

Answer 335

1) solid tumors, leukemias, lymphomas 2) topo II inhibitor --\> incr DNA degradation 3) myelosuppression, GI irritation, alopecia 4) N/A

Answer 336

1) Use & Effects: Anesthetic - myocardial depression, respiratory distress, nausea/emesis, increase cerebral blood flow (decrease cerebral metabolic demand 2) Class/MOA: mechanism unknown 3) Side effects/ADEs: Hepatotoxicity (halothane), nephrotoxicity (methoxyflurane), proconvulsant (endlurane), malignant hyperthermia (rare), expansion of trapped gas (NO) 4) Fun Facts

Answer 337

1)Hyperthyroidism 2)Block peroxidase inhibiting organificatoin of iodide anda coupling of thyroid hormone synthesis -also blocks 5'-deiodinase --\> decreases peripheral conversion of T4 to T5 3)Skin rash, agranulocytosis (rare), aplastic anemia, hepatotoxicity

Answer 338

ACE inhibitor Ex: Captopril

Answer 339

1)Atrial and ventricular arrhythmias -- re-entrant and ectopic supraventricular, ventricular tachycardia 2)Anti-arrhythmics:Na+ Channel Blocker (Class IA)/ Slow or block conduction -- increase AP duration, ERP and QT interval 3)Cinchonism -- headache, tinnitus; thrombocytopenia, Torsades de Pointes (increased QT), hyperkalemia causes increased toxicity

Answer 340

1) Hypotension (but low renal perfusion) 2) Sympathomimetics; A1, A2 \> B1

Answer 341

1) Use: potent means to stop bleeding! 2) Class/MOA: BASICALLY FACTOR VII | binds activated platelets and catalysex X-\> Xa, which turns activated factor II -\> Iia (thrombin) 3) Side effects/ADEs: thrombosis 4) Fun Facts

Answer 342

1) Gram-positive cocci, gram-negative rods, & anaerobes. Wide spectrum, but the significant side effects limit use to life-threatening infections, or after other drugs have failed. 2) Beta-lactam, \*\*Newer\*\* Carbapenem; Bind PNC-binding proteins; Block transpeptidase cross-linking of peptidoglycan; Activates autolytic enzymes (=Same MOA as PNC) 3) GI distress, Skin rash, & CNS toxicity (seizures) at high plasma levels

Answer 343

Target: Glycoprotien IIb/IIIa Use: Prevent cardiac ischemia in unstable angina and patients treated with percutaneous coronary intervention MOA: Prevents platelet aggregation by inhibiting the platelet-GIIb/IIIa-fibrinogen bonds

Answer 344

Rx: Vancomycin, Adenosine, Niacine, Ca2+ channel, blockers

Answer 345

1) Use: Major depression, fibromyalgia. 2) Class/MOA: Ttricyclic antidepression. Block NE and serotonin 3) Side effects/ADEs: Alpha blocking side effects (postural hypotension), anticholinergic effects (tachycardia, urinary retention, dry mouth), Sedation. Toxicity: Convulsions, coma, cardiotoxicity (treat with NaBicarb)

Answer 346

1) melanoma, CML, sickle cell dz (incr HbF) 2) inhibits ribonucleotide reductase --\> decr DNA syn (S-phase specific) 3) BM suppression, upset GI 4) N/A

Answer 347

1) Use & Effects: intravenous anesthetic, used for induction of anesthesia and short surgical procedures. Effect terminated by rapid redistribution into tissue (I.e. skeletal muscle) and fat. Decrease in cerebral blood flow. 2) Class/MOA: high potency, high lipid solubility, rapid entry into the brain 3) Side effects/ADEs: 4) Fun Facts:

Answer 348

1)Hyperthyroidism 2)Block peroxidase inhibiting organificatoin of iodide anda coupling of thyroid hormone synthesis 3)Skin rash, agranulocytosis (rare), aplastic anemia 4)Possible teratogen

Answer 349

Erectile Dysfunction Ex: Sildenafil

Answer 350

1)Atrial and ventricular arrhythmias -- re-entrant and ectopic supraventricular, ventricular tachycardia 2)Anti-arrhythmics:Na+ Channel Blocker (Class IA)/ Slow or block conduction -- increase AP duration, ERP and QT interval 3)Reversible SLE-like syndrome, thrombocytopenia, Torsades de Pointes (increased QT),hyperkalemia causes increased toxicity

Answer 351

1) Torsade de pointes (tachycardia decr low QT interval), bradyarrhythmias (but can worsen ischemia) 2) Sympathomimetics; B1=B2

Answer 352

TREATMENT OF BLEEDING all anti fibrinolytic - a drug to stop a clot from breaking down

Answer 353

1) Gram-positive cocci, gram-negative rods, & anaerobes. Wide spectrum, but the significant side effects limit use to life-threatening infections, or after other drugs have failed. 2) Beta-lactam, \*\*Newer\*\* Carbapenem; Bind PNC-binding proteins; Block transpeptidase cross-linking of peptidoglycan; Activates autolytic enzymes (=Same MOA as PNC) 3) GI distress, Skin rash, & CNS toxicity (seizures) at high plasma levels

Answer 354

Target: HER2 Use: HER2 overexpressing breast cancer

Answer 355

Rx: Doxorubicin (Adriamycin), daunorubicin

Answer 356

1) Use: Major depression, fibromyalgia. 2) Class/MOA: Ttricyclic antidepression. Block NE and serotonin 3) Side effects/ADEs: Alpha blocking side effects (postural hypotension), anticholinergic effects (tachycardia, urinary retention, dry mouth), Sedation. Toxicity: Convulsions, coma, cardiotoxicity (treat with NaBicarb)

Answer 357

1) CA chemotx: CLL, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas; immunosuppressant (autoimmune dz) 2) glucocorticoid; may trigger apoptosis; may work on non-dividing cells 3) Cushing-like sx's; immunosuppression, cataracts, acne, osteoporosis, HTN, peptic ulcers, hyperglycemia, psychosis 4) N/A

Answer 358

1) Use: intravenous anesthetic, used for endoscopy; used adjunctively with gaseous anesthetics and narcotics 2) Class/MOA: 3) Side effects/ADEs: may cause severe postoperative respiratory distress, decrease in blood pressure (treat overdose with flumazenil) and amnesia. 4) Fun Facts

Answer 359

1)Hypothyroidism, myxedema 2)THyroxine replacement 3)Tachycardia, heat intolerance, tremors, arrhythmias

Answer 360

1)Atrial and ventricular arrhythmias -- re-entrant and ectopic supraventricular, ventricular tachycardia 2)Anti-arrhythmics:Na+ Channel Blocker (Class IA)/ Slow or block conduction -- increase AP duration, ERP and QT interval 3)Heart failure, thrombocytopenia, Torsades de Pointes (increased QT), hyperkalemia causes increased toxicity

Answer 361

1) Shock (renal perfusion), heart failure 2) Sympathomimetic; D1 (low dose) \>B (medium dose) \>A (high dose), inotropic and chronotropic

Answer 362

1) Use: NHL, breast/ovarian carcinomas | immunosupressant 2) Class/MOA: ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT | ALKYLATING AGENT | Covalently links X-link (intrastrand) DNA at guanine N-7 | requires bioactivation by the liver 3) Side effects/ADEs: Myelosupression, hemor

Answer 363

1) Gram-negative rods only--No activity against gram-positives or anaerobes. For penicllin-allergic pts & those w/ renal insufficiency who cannot tolerate aminoglycosides 2) Beta-lactam, Monobactam; Resistant to Beta-lactamases. Prevents peptidoglycan cross-linking by binding to PBP3. Synergistic w/ Aminoglycosides. No cross-allergenicity w/ Penicillins. 3) Usually nontoxic; Occasional GI upset

Answer 364

Target: CD20 Use: B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

Answer 365

Rx: Class III (Sotalol) and class IA (quinidine) anti-arrhyth

Answer 366

1) Use: Atypical depression, anxiety, hypochondriasis 2) Class/MOA: Nonselective MAO inhibitor. Increases levels of Ne, serotonin and dopamine (all amine NTs) 3) Side effects/ADEs: Hypertensive crisis, CNS stimulation. Serotonin syndrome (with SSRI, TCA, St. John's wort, meperidine, dextromethorphan) 4) Fun Facts: MAO Takes Pride In Shanghai (tranylcypromine, phenelzine, isocarboxazid, selegilint)

Answer 367

1) CA chemotx: CLL, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas; immunosuppressant (autoimmune dz) 2) glucocorticoid; may trigger apoptosis; may work on non-dividing cells 3) Cushing-like sx's; immunosuppression, cataracts, acne, osteoporosis, HTN, peptic ulcers, hyperglycemia, psychosis 4) N/A

Answer 368

1) Use: intravenous anesthetic 2) Class/MOA: PCP analogs that act as dissociate anesthetics, blocks MNDA receptors. 3) Side effects/ADEs: cardiovascular stimulant, causes disorientation, hallucination and bad dreams, increases cerebral blood flow. 4) Fun Facts

Answer 369

1)Hypothyroidism, myxedema 2)THyroxine replacement 3)Tachycardia, heat intolerance, tremors, arrhythmias

Answer 370

Pituitary hormone Ex: Somatotropin

Answer 371

1)Acute ventricular arrhythmias (esp post-MI), digitalis-induced arrhythmias 2)Anti-arrhythmics:Na+ Channel Blocker (Class IB)/ Slow or block conduction --decrease AP duration 3)Local anesthetic, CNS stimulation/depression, cardiovascular depression 4)Preferentially affects ischemic or depolarized Purkinje and ventricular tissue, hyperkalemia causes increased toxicity

Answer 372

1) Heart failure, cardiac stress testing 2) Sympathomimetic; B1\>B2, inotropic and chronotropic)

Answer 373

1) Use: CML - ablate bone marrow before BM transplant 2) Class/MOA: ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT | ALYKATING AGENT | lkylates DNA 3) Side effects/ADEs: Pulmonary fibrosis, hyperpigmentation 4) Fun Facts

Answer 374

1) Gram-positive cocci, gram-negative rods, & anaerobes. Wide spectrum, but the significant side effects limit use to life-threatening infections, or after other drugs have failed. \*\*Meropenem, however, has a reduced risk of seizures & is stable to dehydropeptidase I. 2) Beta-lactam, Carbapenem; Bind PNC-binding proteins; Block transpeptidase cross-linking of peptidoglycan; Activates autolytic enzymes (=Same MOA as PNC) 3) GI distress, Skin rash, & CNS toxicity (seizures) at high plasma levels

Answer 375

Target: IgE Use: Additional treatment for severe asthma

Answer 376

Rx: Clozapine, Carbamazepine, Colchicine, Propylthiouracil, Methimazole, Dapsone

Answer 377

1) Use: Atypical depression, anxiety, hypochondriasis 2) Class/MOA: Nonselective MAO inhibitor. Increases levels of Ne, serotonin and dopamine (all amine NTs) 3) Side effects/ADEs: Hypertensive crisis, CNS stimulation. Serotonin syndrome (with SSRI, TCA, St. John's wort, meperidine, dextromethorphan) 4) Fun Facts: MAO Takes Pride In Shanghai (tranylcypromine, phenelzine, isocarboxazid, selegilint)

Answer 378

1) breast CA tx + prophylaxis; prevent osteoporosis 2) SERM: R antagonist in breast + agonist in bone; block estrogen binding to ER+ cells 3) partial agonist in endometrium --\> incr endometrial CA risk; "hot falshes" 4) compare toxicity to raloxifene

Answer 379

1) Use: used with other CNS depressants during general anesthesia 2) Class/MOA: 3) Side effects/ADEs: 4) Fun Facts

Answer 380

1)GH deficiency, Turner's Syndrome

Answer 381

H2 antagonist Ex: Cimetidine

Answer 382

1)Acute ventricular arrhythmias (esp post-MI), digitalis-induced arrhythmias 2)Anti-arrhythmics:Na+ Channel Blocker (Class IB)/ Slow or block conduction --decrease AP duration 3)Local anesthetic, CNS stimulation/depression, cardiovascular depression 4)Preferentially affects ischemic or depolarized Purkinje and ventricular tissue, hyperkalemia causes increased toxicity

Answer 383

1) Hypotension (vasoconstrictor), ocular procedures (mydriatic), rhinitis (decongestant) 2) Sympathomimetic; A1\>A2

Answer 384

1) Use: Refractory CLL, low NHL 2) Class/MOA: ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT | Alkylating agent - Nitrogen Mustard 3) Side effects/ADEs: NO allopecia, liver irritation, fatigue, rash 4) Fun Facts

Answer 385

1) Gram-positive cocci, gram-negative rods, & anaerobes. Wide spectrum, but the significant side effects limit use to life-threatening infections, or after other drugs have failed. \*Meropenem, however, has a reduced risk of seizures & is stable to dehydropeptidase I. 2) Beta-lactam, Carbapenem; \*Imipenem--broad-spectrum, Beta-lactamase-resistant carbapenem. Bind PNC-binding proteins; Block transpeptidase cross-linking of peptidoglycan; Activates autolytic enzymes (=Same MOA as PNC). \*\*Always administered w/ Cilastatin (inhib of renal dehydropeptidase I) to decrease inactivation of drug in renal tubules. 3) GI distress, Skin rash, & CNS toxicity (seizures) at high plasma level

Answer 386

Rx: Chloramphenicol, benzene, NSAIDs, propylthiouracil, methimazole

Answer 387

1) Use: Atypical depression, anxiety, hypochondriasis 2) Class/MOA: Nonselective MAO inhibitor. Increases levels of Ne, serotonin and dopamine (all amine NTs) 3) Side effects/ADEs: Hypertensive crisis, CNS stimulation. Serotonin syndrome (with SSRI, TCA, St. John's wort, meperidine, dextromethorphan) 4) Fun Facts: MAO Takes Pride In Shanghai (tranylcypromine, phenelzine, isocarboxazid, selegilint)

Answer 388

1) breast CA tx + prophylaxis; prevent osteoporosis 2) SERM: R antagonist in breast + agonist in bone; block estrogen binding to ER+ cells 3) no incr in endometrial carcinoma b/c it's an endometrial antagonist 4) compare toxicity to tamoxifen

Answer 389

1) Use: rapid anesthesia induction and short procedures. 2) Class/MOA: Potentates GABAA receptors. 3) Side effects/ADEs: Less postoperative nausea than thiopental. 4) Fun Facts: Not recommended for home use by pop stars

Answer 390

1)Acromegaly, carcinoid, gastrinoma, glucagonoma, espohageal varices

Answer 391

1)Acute ventricular arrhythmias (esp post-MI), digitalis-induced arrhythmias 2)Anti-arrhythmics:Na+ Channel Blocker (Class IB)/ Slow or block conduction --decrease AP duration 3)Local anesthetic, CNS stimulation/depression, cardiovascular depression 4)Preferentially affects ischemic or depolarized Purkinje and ventricular tissue, hyperkalemia causes increased toxicity

Answer 392

1) Acute asthma 2) Sympathomimetic; Selective B2-agonist (B2\>B1)

Answer 393

1) Use: Brain tumors (including glioblastoma multifome) 2) Class/MOA: ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT | ALKYLATING AGENT | Require bioactivation | cross BBB = CNS 3) Side effects/ADEs: CNS tocicity (dizziness, ataxia) 4) Fun Facts

Answer 394

1) Gram-positive only--serious, amultidrug-resistant orgs, including MRSA, enterococci, & C. difficile (oral dose for pseudomembranous colitis) 2) Antimicrobial; Inhib cell wall peptidoglycan formation by binding D-ala D-ala portion of cell wall precursors. Bactericidal. 3) Nephrotoxicity, Ototoxicity, Thrombophlebitis, diffuse flushing--red man syndrome (can largely prevent by pretreatment w/ antihistamines & slow infusion rate). Well tolerated in general (--does NOT have many problems) 4) Resistance: Occurs w/ amino acid change of D-ala D-ala to D-ala D-lac. ["Pay back 2 D-alas (dollars) for VANdalizing (VANcomycin)]

Answer 395

Rx: Methyldopa, PCN

Answer 396

1) Use: Atypical depression, anxiety, hypochondriasis 2) Class/MOA: Nonselective MAO inhibitor. Increases levels of Ne, serotonin and dopamine (all amine NTs) 3) Side effects/ADEs: Hypertensive crisis, CNS stimulation. Serotonin syndrome (with SSRI, TCA, St. John's wort, meperidine, dextromethorphan) 4) Fun Facts: MAO Takes Pride In Shanghai (tranylcypromine, phenelzine, isocarboxazid, selegilint)

Answer 397

1) HER-2 (+) breast CA 2) monoclonal ab against HER-2 (c-erbB2), a tyrosine kinase --\> kill breast CA cells taht overexpress HER-2 (ab-dependent cytotoxicity) 3) cardiotoxicity 4) N/A

Answer 398

1) Use: Minor surgical prodeedures, spinal anestheia. If allergic to esters, give amides. 2) Class/MOA: block Na+ channels by binding to specific receptors on inner portion of channel. Perferentially bind to activated Na+ channels, so most effective in rapidly firig neurons. 3 degree amine local anesthetics penetrate membrnae in uncharged form, then bind to ion channel as charged form. 3) Side effects/ADEs:CNS excitation, severe cadiovascular toxifity (bupivacaine), hypertension, hypotension and arrhthmias (cocaine). 4) Fun Facts/Principle: 1) in infected (acidic) tissue, alkaline anesthetics are charged and can't penetrate membranes effectivly. More anestetic is needed in these cases. 2) order of nerve blockage- small diamaeter fibers \> large diameter. Mylinated fibers \> unmylinated fibers. Overall, size factor predominates over myelination such that small myelinated fibers \>small unmylinated fibers \> large mylinated fibers \> large unmylinated fibers. Order of loss - pain (lose first) \> temperature \> touch \> pressure (lose last). 3) Except for cocain, given with vasoconstrictors (usually epinephrine) to enhance local action - decreases bleeding, increases anesthesia by decreasing systemic contraction.

Answer 399

1)Stimulate labor, uterine contractions, milk let-down, controls uterine hemorrhage

Answer 400

1)V.tach that progress to V.fib, intractable SVT, last resort in refractory tachyarrhythmias 2)Anti-arrhythmias: Na+ Channel Blocker (Class IC)/ Slow or block conduction -- no effect on AP duration 3)Pro-arrhythmic (esp post-MI), prolongs refractory period in AV node 4)Contraindicated post-MI and in pts with structural abnormalities, hyperkalemia causes increased toxicity

Answer 401

1) Long-term treatment of asthma or COPD control 2) Sympathomimetic; Selective B2-agonist (B2\>B1)

Answer 402

1) Use: Testicular, bladder, ovary and lung carcinomas 2) Class/MOA: ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT | ALKYLATING AGENT | Cross-link DNA 3) Side effects/ADEs: Nephrotoxicity and acoustic nerve damage 4) Fun Facts

Answer 403

1) Severe gram-negative rod infections. Synergistic w/ Beta-lactam Abs. 2) Aminoglycoside; Bactericidal. Inhibits formation of initiation complex & cause misreading of mRNA. Also block translocation. Req O2 for uptake; therefore, ineffective against anaerobes. (A "initiates" the Alphabet) 3) Nephrotoxicity (esp when used w/ Cephalosporins), Neuromuscular blockade, Ototoxicity (esp when used w/ Loop diuretics). Teratogen. 4) Resistance: Transferase enzymes that inactivate the drug by acetylation, phosphorylation, or adenylation. 4) Aminoglycoside Rxs & ADES: "MEAN"=(aMINoglycosides) GNATS caNNOT kill anaerobes--Gentamicin, Neomycin, Amikacin, Tobramycin, Streptomycin, Nephrotox, Neuromuscular blockade, Ototoxicity, Teratogen

Answer 404

Antifungal Ex: Ketoconazole

Answer 405

Rx: Chloramphenicol

Answer 406

1) Use: Smoking cessation. Depression 2) Class/MOA: Atypical antidepressant. Increase NE/dopamine via unknown mechanism 3) Side effects/ADEs: Toxicity: tachycardia, insomnia, headache, seizures in bulimics 4) Fun Facts: No sexual side effects

Answer 407

1) CML, GI stromal tumors 2) Ph chr bcr-abl tyroxine kinase inhibitor 3) fluid retention 4) N/A

Answer 408

1) Use: for muscle paralysis in surgery or mechanical ventilation. Selective for motor (vs. autonomic) nicotinic receptor. 2) Class/MOA: 3) Side effects/ADEs: hypercalcemia and hyperkalemia 4) Fun Facts: for reversal of blockage: Phase I) prolonged depolarization: no antidote. Block potential by cholinesterase inhibitors. Phase II) repolarized by blocked: antidote consists of cholinesterase inhibitors (e.g. neostigmine).

Answer 409

1)Central DI

Answer 410

1)V.tach that progress to V.fib, intractable SVT, last resort in refractory tachyarrhythmias 2)Anti-arrhythmias: Na+ Channel Blocker (Class IC)/ Slow or block conduction -- no effect on AP duration 3)Pro-arrhythmic (esp post-MI), prolongs refractory period in AV node 4)Contraindicated post-MI and in pts with structural abnormalities, hyperkalemia causes increased toxicity

Answer 411

1) Reduce premature uterine contractions 2) Sympathomimetic; Selective B2-agonist (B2\>B1)

Answer 412

1) Use: Cancers (leukemias, lymphomas, choriocarcinoma, sarcoma) non-neoplastics (abortion, ectopic pregancy, RA, psoriasis) 2) Class/MOA: ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT | ANTIMETABOLITE | FOLIC ACID ANALOG that inhibits dihydroredutase = decrease in dTMP = decrea

Answer 413

1) Severe gram-negative rod infections. Synergistic w/ Beta-lactam Abs. 2) Aminoglycoside; Bactericidal. Inhibits formation of initiation complex & cause misreading of mRNA. Also block translocation. Req O2 for uptake; therefore, ineffective against anaerobes. (A "initiates" the Alphabet) 3) Nephrotoxicity (esp when used w/ Cephalosporins), Neuromuscular blockade, Ototoxicity (esp when used w/ Loop diuretics). Teratogen. 4) Resistance: Transferase enzymes that inactivate the drug by acetylation, phosphorylation, or adenylation. 4) Aminoglycoside Rxs & ADES: "MEAN"=(aMINoglycosides) GNATS caNNOT kill anaerobes--Gentamicin, Neomycin, Amikacin, Tobramycin, Streptomycin, Nephrotox, Neuromuscular blockade, Ototoxicity, Teratogen

Answer 414

Penicillin Ex: Methicillin

Answer 415

Rx: Isoniazid (INH), Sulfonamides, Primaquine, ASA, Ibuprof, Nitrofurantoin

Answer 416

1) Use: Depression. 2) Class/MOA: Atypical antidepressant. Alpha2 antagonist (increases NE and serotonin), potent 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 antagonist 3) Side effects/ADEs: Toxicity: sedation, increase in appetite, weight gain, dry mouth 4) Fun Facts: May be used in anorexics due to side effect of weight gain

Answer 417

1) non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, rheumatoid arthritis (w/ MTX) 2) monoclonal ab against CD20 (found on most B-cell neoplasms) 3) N/A 4) N/A

Answer 418

1) Use: for muscle paralysis in surgery or mechanical ventilation. Selective for motor (vs. autonomic) nicotinic receptor. 2) Class/MOA: Competitive, compete with Ach for receptors 3) Side effects/ADEs: 4) Fun Facts: reversal of blockage: neostigmine, edrophonium and other cholinesterase inhibitors.

Answer 419

1)SIADH 2)Tetracycline/ ADH antagonist 3)Nephrogenic DI, photosensitivity, abnormalities of bone and teeth

Answer 420

1)V.tach, SVT, slowing ventricular rate during a.fib and a.flutter 2)Anti-arrhythmics: Beta-Blockers (Class II)/ Decrease cAMP and Ca2+ currents to decrease SA and AV nodal activity -- suppress abnormal pacemakers by decreasing slope of phase 4 3)Impotence, exacerbation of asthma, CV effects (bradycardia, AV block, CHF), CNS (sedation, sleep alterations), mask signs of hypoglycemia, dyslipidemia 4)Treat overdose with glucagon

Answer 421

1) Reduces premature uterine contractions 2) Sympathomimetic; B2

Answer 422

Answer 423

1) Severe gram-negative rod infections. Synergistic w/ Beta-lactam Abs. 2) Aminoglycoside; Bactericidal. Inhibits formation of initiation complex & cause misreading of mRNA. Also block translocation. Req O2 for uptake; therefore, ineffective against anaerobes. (A "initiates" the Alphabet) 3) Nephrotoxicity (esp when used w/ Cephalosporins), Neuromuscular blockade, Ototoxicity (esp when used w/ Loop diuretics). Teratogen. 4) Resistance: Transferase enzymes that inactivate the drug by acetylation, phosphorylation, or adenylation. 4) Aminoglycoside Rxs & ADES: "MEAN"=(aMINoglycosides) GNATS caNNOT kill anaerobes--Gentamicin, Neomycin, Amikacin, Tobramycin, Streptomycin, Nephrotox, Neuromuscular blockade, Ototoxicity, Teratogen

Answer 424

Antibiotic, protein synthesis inhibitor Ex: Tetracycline

Answer 425

Rx: Phenytoin, Methotrexate, Sulfa drgs

Answer 426

1) Use: Depression. 2) Class/MOA: Blocks NE reuptake. 3) Side effects/ADEs: Orthostatic hypotension, sedation

Answer 427

1) metastatic melanoma 2) small molec inhibitor of B-Raf kinases that have V600E mute 3) N/A 4) N/A

Answer 428

1) Use: used in the treatment of malignant hypertension, which is caused by inhalation anesthetics (except N2)) and succinylcholine. Also used to treat neuropleptic malignant syndrome (a toxicity of antipsychotic drugs) 2) Class/MOA: Prevents release of Ca2+ from sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle 3) Side effects/ADEs: 4) Fun Facts

Answer 429

1)Addison's Disease, inflammation, immune suppression, asthma 2)Glucocorticoid/Decrease production of leukotrienes and prostaglandins by inhibiting phospholipase A2 and COX-2 expression 3)Iatrogenic Cushing's --\> buffalo hump, moon facies, truncal obesity, muscle wasting, thin skin, bruise easily, osteoporosis, adrenocortical atrophy, peptic ulcers, DM (if chronic) 4)Can see adrenal insufficiency when drug is stopped abruptly after chronic use

Answer 430

1)V.tach, SVT, slowing ventricular rate during a.fib and a.flutter 2)Anti-arrhythmics: Beta-Blockers (Class II)/ Decrease cAMP and Ca2+ currents to decrease SA and AV nodal activity -- suppress abnormal pacemakers by decreasing slope of phase 4 3)Impotence, exacerbation of asthma, CV effects (bradycardia, AV block, CHF), CNS (sedation, sleep alterations), mask signs of hypoglycemia 4)Exacerbate vasospasm in Prinzmetal's angina

Answer 431

1) Narcolepsy, obesity, ADD 2) Indirect Sympathomimetic/general agonist, releases stored catecholamines

Answer 432

1) Use: Colon cancer and other solid tumors, basal cell carcinoma (topical), synergy with MTX 2) Class/MOA: ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT | ANTIMETABOLITE | PYRIMIDINE ANALOG | bioactivated to 5F-dUMP, which covalently complexes folic acid | this complex inhibits

Answer 433

1) Severe gram-negative rod infections. Synergistic w/ Beta-lactam Abs.; \*Neomycin--for bowel surgery 2) Aminoglycoside; Bactericidal. Inhibits formation of initiation complex & cause misreading of mRNA. Also block translocation. Req O2 for uptake; therefore, ineffective against anaerobes. (A "initiates" the Alphabet) 3) Nephrotoxicity (esp when used w/ Cephalosporins), Neuromuscular blockade, Ototoxicity (esp when used w/ Loop diuretics). Teratogen. 4) Resistance: Transferase enzymes that inactivate the drug by acetylation, phosphorylation, or adenylation. 4) Aminoglycoside Rxs & ADES: "MEAN"=(aMINoglycosides) GNATS caNNOT kill anaerobes--Gentamicin, Neomycin, Amikacin, Tobramycin, Streptomycin, Nephrotox, Neuromuscular blockade, Ototoxicity, Teratogen

Answer 434

Antibiotic, protease inhibitor Ex: Saqyubavir

Answer 435

Rx: OCPs (estrogens)

Answer 436

1) Use: Depression (at high doses). Insomina primarily. 2) Class/MOA: Atypical antidepression 3) Side effects/ADEs: Sedation, nausea, priapism, postural hypotension 4) Fun Facts: Called trazoBONE due to male specific side effect

Answer 437

1) solid tumors 2) monoclonal ab against VEGF --\> inhibits angiogenesis 3) N/A 4) N/A

Answer 438

1) Use: Parkinson's 2) Class/MOA: agonize dopamine receptors 3) Side effects/ADEs: 4) Fun Facts

Answer 439

1)Addison's Disease, inflammation, immune suppression, asthma 2)Glucocorticoid/Decrease production of leukotrienes and prostaglandins by inhibiting phospholipase A2 and COX-2 expression 3)Iatrogenic Cushing's --\> buffalo hump, moon facies, truncal obesity, muscle wasting, thin skin, bruise easily, osteoporosis, adrenocortical atrophy, peptic ulcers, DM (if chronic) 4)Can see adrenal insufficiency when drug is stopped abruptly after chronic use

Answer 440

1)V.tach, SVT, slowing ventricular rate during a.fib and a.flutter 2)Anti-arrhythmics: Beta-Blockers (Class II)/ Decrease cAMP and Ca2+ currents to decrease SA and AV nodal activity -- suppress abnormal pacemakers by decreasing slope of phase 4 3)Impotence, exacerbation of asthma, CV effects (bradycardia, AV block, CHF), CNS (sedation, sleep alterations), mask signs of hypoglycemia 4)Very short-acting

Answer 441

1) Nasal decongestion, urinary incontinence, hypotension 2) Indirect sympathomimetic/general agonist, releases stored catecholamines

Answer 442

1) Use: MDS 2) Class/MOA: ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT | ANTIMETABOLITE | PYRIMIDINE ANALOG, also restore function of tumor supressor gene 3) Side effects/ADEs: 4) Fun Facts

Answer 443

1) Severe gram-negative rod infections. Synergistic w/ Beta-lactam Abs. 2) Aminoglycoside; Bactericidal. Inhibits formation of initiation complex & cause misreading of mRNA. Also block translocation. Req O2 for uptake; therefore, ineffective against anaerobes. (A "initiates" the Alphabet) 3) Nephrotoxicity (esp when used w/ Cephalosporins), Neuromuscular blockade, Ototoxicity (esp when used w/ Loop diuretics). Teratogen. 4) Resistance: Transferase enzymes that inactivate the drug by acetylation, phosphorylation, or adenylation. 4) Aminoglycoside Rxs & ADES: "MEAN"=(aMINoglycosides) GNATS caNNOT kill anaerobes--Gentamicin, Neomycin, Amikacin, Tobramycin, Streptomycin, Nephrotox, Neuromuscular blockade, Ototoxicity, Teratogen

Answer 444

1) Use: Parkinson's, also used as a antiviral against influenza A and rubella; toxicity = ataxia 2) Class/MOA: Increase dopamine 3) Side effects/ADEs: 4) Fun Facts

Answer 445

1)Addison's Disease, inflammation, immune suppression, asthma 2)Glucocorticoid/Decrease production of leukotrienes and prostaglandins by inhibiting phospholipase A2 and COX-2 expression 3)Iatrogenic Cushing's --\> buffalo hump, moon facies, truncal obesity, muscle wasting, thin skin, bruise easily, osteoporosis, adrenocortical atrophy, peptic ulcers, DM (if chronic) 4)Can see adrenal insufficiency when drug is stopped abruptly after chronic use

Answer 446

1)When other anti-arrhythmics fail 2)Anti-arrhythmics: K+ Channel Blockers (Class III)/ Decrease cAMP and Ca2+ currents to decrase SA and AV nodal activity --increase AP, ERP, and QT interval 3)Pulmonary fibrosis, hepatotoxicity, hypothyroidism/hyperthyroidism, corneal deposits, skin deposits (blue/grey) -- cause photodermatitis, neurologic effects, constipation, cardiovascular effects (bradycardia, heart block, CHF) -- \*\*check PFTs, LFTs, TFTs\*\* 4) Has Class I, II, III and IV effects -- alters the lipid membrane

Answer 447

1) Causes vasoconstriction and local anesthesia 2) Indirect sympathomimetic/general agonist. Uptake inhibitor. 4) People use this to get high. Don't give B-blockers if cocaine intoxication suspected.

Answer 448

1) Use: AML, ALL, high grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma 2) Class/MOA: ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT | ANTIMETABOLITE | PYRIMIDINE ANTAGONIST inhibition of DNA polymerase 3) Side effects/ADEs: Leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, megaloblastic anemia 4) Fun Facts

Answer 449

1) Borrelia burgdorferi, M. pneumoniae. Drug's ability to accumulate intracellularly makes it very effective against Rickettsia & Chlamydia. 2) Tetracycline; Bacteriostatic. Bind to 30S & present attachment of aminoacyl-tRNA; Limited CNS penetration. Do not take w/ milk, antacids, or iron-containing preparations b/c divalent cations inhib its absorption in the gut 3) GI distress, Discoloration of teeth & inhib of bone growth in children, Photosensitivity. Contraindicated in pregnancy. 4) Resistance: Decreased uptake into cells or Increased efflus of cell by plasmid-encoded transport pumps.

Answer 450

5-HT 1B/1D agonists (for migranes) Ex: Sumatriptan

Answer 451

Rx: Bleomycin, Amiodarone, Busulfan

Answer 452

1) Use: Parkinson's 2) Class/MOA: increase dopamine, converted to dopamine in the CNS. Unlike dopamine, L-dopa can cross the blood brain barrier and is converted by dopa decarboxylase in the CNS to dopamine. 3) Side effects/ADEs: Arrhythmias from peripheral conversion to dopamine. Long term use can cause dysskinesia following administration, akinesia between doses. Carbidopa, a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor is given with L-dopa to increase the bioavailability of L-dopa in the brain and to limit peripheral side effects. 4) Fun Facts

Answer 453

1)Addison's Disease, inflammation, immune suppression, asthma 2)Glucocorticoid/Decrease production of leukotrienes and prostaglandins by inhibiting phospholipase A2 and COX-2 expression 3)Iatrogenic Cushing's --\> buffalo hump, moon facies, truncal obesity, muscle wasting, thin skin, bruise easily, osteoporosis, adrenocortical atrophy, peptic ulcers, DM (if chronic) 4)Can see adrenal insufficiency when drug is stopped abruptly after chronic use

Answer 454

1)When other anti-arrhythmics fail 2)Anti-arrhythmics: K+ Channel Blockers (Class III)/ Decrease cAMP and Ca2+ currents to decrase SA and AV nodal activity --increase AP, ERP, and QT interval 3)Torsades de Pointes

Answer 455

1) HTN esp w renal disease (no decr in blood flow to kidney) 2) Sympathoplegics. Centrally acting A2-agonist. Decr central sympathetic outflow

Answer 456

1) Use: Wilms tumor, Ewig's sarcoma, rahbdo, childhood tumors (kids ACT out!) 2) Class/MOA: ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT | NATURAL PRODUCT | Intercalates in DNA 3) Side effects/ADEs: Myelosupression 4) Fun Facts

Answer 457

1) Acts as diuretic in SIADH; \*Rarely used as antibiotic (Role of abx= Borrelia burgdorferi, M. pneumoniae. Drug's ability to accumulate intracellularly makes it very effective against Rickettsia & Chlamydia.) 2) Tetracycline; MOA in SIADH tx=ADH antagonist; MOA as abx=Bacteriostatic. Bind to 30S & present attachment of aminoacyl-tRNA; Limited CNS penetration. Do not take w/ milk, antacids, or iron-containing preparations b/c divalent cations inhib its absorption in the gut 3) GI distress, Discoloration of teeth & inhib of bone growth in children, Photosensitivity. Contraindicated in pregnancy. 4) Resistance: Decreased uptake into cells or Increased efflus of cell by plasmid-encoded transport pumps.

Answer 458

Inhalational general anesthetic Ex: Halothane

Answer 459

Rx: Erythromycin

Answer 460

1) Use: Adjunctive agent to L-dopa in treatment of Parkinson's disease. 2) Class/MOA: prevent dopamine breakdown, selective MAO type B inhibitor, which preferentially metabolizes dopamine over NE and 5-HT, thereby increasing the availability of dopamine. 3) Side effects/ADEs: may enhance adverse effects of L-dopa 4) Fun Facts

Answer 461

1)Addison's Disease, inflammation, immune suppression, asthma 2)Glucocorticoid/Decrease production of leukotrienes and prostaglandins by inhibiting phospholipase A2 and COX-2 expression 3)Iatrogenic Cushing's --\> buffalo hump, moon facies, truncal obesity, muscle wasting, thin skin, bruise easily, osteoporosis, adrenocortical atrophy, peptic ulcers, DM (if chronic) 4)Can see adrenal insufficiency when drug is stopped abruptly after chronic use

Answer 462

1)When other anti-arrhythmics fail 2)Anti-arrhythmics: K+ Channel Blockers (Class III)/ Decrease cAMP and Ca2+ currents to decrase SA and AV nodal activity --increase AP, ERP, and QT interval

Answer 463

1) HTN esp w renal disease (no decr in blood flow to kidney) 2) Sympathoplegics. Centrally acting A2-agonist. Decr central sympathetic outflow

Answer 464

1) Use: HD, myelomas, sarcomas and solid tumors 2) Class/MOA: ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT | NATURAL PRODUCT | Generates free radicles | noncovalently intercalates in DNA = BREAKS IN DNA = decreased replicatoin 3) Side effects/ADEs: cardiotoxicity; myelosupress

Answer 465

1) Borrelia burgdorferi, M. pneumoniae. Drug's ability to accumulate intracellularly makes it very effective against Rickettsia & Chlamydia. 2) Tetracycline; Bacteriostatic. Bind to 30S & present attachment of aminoacyl-tRNA; Limited CNS penetration. \*Doxycycline is fecally eliminated & can be used in pts w/ renal failure. Do not take w/ milk, antacids, or iron-containing preparations b/c divalent cations inhib its absorption in the gut 3) GI distress, Discoloration of teeth & inhib of bone growth in children, Photosensitivity. Contraindicated in pregnancy. 4) Resistance: Decreased uptake into cells or Increased efflus of cell by plasmid-encoded transport pumps.

Answer 466

Local anesthetic Ex: Lidocaine

Answer 467

Rx: Halothane, Amanita phalloides, Valproic acid, Acetaminophen

Answer 468

1) Use: Parkinson's 2) Class/MOA: prevent dopamine breakdown, COMT inhibitor - prevent L-dopa degradation, thereby increasing dopamine availability 3) Side effects/ADEs: 4) Fun Facts

Answer 469

1)When other anti-arrhythmics fail 2)Anti-arrhythmics: K+ Channel Blockers (Class III)/ Decrease cAMP and Ca2+ currents to decrase SA and AV nodal activity --increase AP, ERP, and QT interval 3)Torsades de Pointes, excessive beta-block

Answer 470

1) Pheochromocytoma (b4 removing tumor) 2) Irreversible, Nonselective alpha blocker 3) Orthostatic hypotension, reflex tachycardia

Answer 471

1) Use: Testicular cancer, HD 2) Class/MOA: ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT | NATURAL AGENT | Induces free radical formation; which causes BREAKS IN DNA strands 3) Side effects/ADEs: Pulomonary firbosis, skin changes, minimal myelosupression 4) Fun Facts

Answer 472

1) Borrelia burgdorferi, M. pneumoniae. Drug's ability to accumulate intracellularly makes it very effective against Rickettsia & Chlamydia. 2) Tetracycline; Bacteriostatic. Bind to 30S & present attachment of aminoacyl-tRNA; Limited CNS penetration. Do not take w/ milk, antacids, or iron-containing preparations b/c divalent cations inhib its absorption in the gut 3) GI distress, Discoloration of teeth & inhib of bone growth in children, Photosensitivity. Contraindicated in pregnancy. 4) Resistance: Decreased uptake into cells or Increased efflus of cell by plasmid-encoded transport pumps.

Answer 473

Butyrophenone (neuroleptic) Ex: Haloperidol

Answer 474

1) Use: 2) Class/MOA: Curb excess cholinergic activity, antimuscarinic; improves tremor and rigidity but has little effect on bradykinesia 3) Side effects/ADEs: 4) Fun Facts: Park your Mercedes-Benz

Answer 475

1)Diagnosing/abolishing SVT 2)Increase K+ removal from cell --\> hyperpolarize the cell and decrease I(Ca), very short-acting 3)Flushing, hypotension, chest pain 4)Effects blocked by theophylline and caffeine

Answer 476

1) Give to pts on MAO-i who eat tyramine-containing foods 2) Reversible, Nonselective alpha blocker

Answer 477

1) Use: HD, Wilms, Choriocarcinoma 2) Class/MOA: ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT | NATURAL PRODUCT | Alkaloids that BIND TO TUBULIN in M-phase and block polyermization of MICROTUBULES so that mitotic spindle can't form 3) Side effects/ADEs: neurotoxicity | Blast's

Answer 478

1) Atypical pneumonias (Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, Legionella), STDs (for Chlamydia), & gram-positive cocci (Strep infections in pts allergic to penicillins) 2) Macrolide; Inhib protein synth by blocking translocation; Bind to 23S rRNA of 50S ribosomal subunit. Bacteriostatic. 3) Motility issues, Arrhythmia caused by prolonged QT, acute Cholecstatic hepatitis, Rash, eOsiniphilia (=MACRO). Increases serum concentration of theophyllines, oral anticoagulants. 4) Resistance: Methylation of 23S rRNA binding site.

Answer 479

Phenothiazine (neuroleptic, antiemetic) Ex: Chlorpromazine, compazine

Answer 480

Rx: Clindamycin, ampicillin

Answer 481

1) Use: Alzheimer's drug 2) Class/MOA: NMDA receptor antagonist, helps prevent excitotocity (mediated by Ca2+) 3) Side effects/ADEs: Dizziness, confusion, hallucinations 4) Fun Facts

Answer 482

1)Torsades de Pointes, Digoxin toxicity

Answer 483

1) HTN, urinary retention in BPH 2) A1 blocker 3) 1st dose orthostatic hypotension, dizziness, HA

Answer 484

1) Use: Small Cell Cardinoma of the lung and prostate, testicular Carcinoma 2) Class/MOA: ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT: NATURAL PRODUCT: Inhibits TOPOisomerase II = increase in DNA degradation 3) Side effects/ADEs: myelosupression, GI irritation, alopecia 4) F

Answer 485

1) Atypical pneumonias (Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, Legionella), STDs (for Chlamydia), & gram-positive cocci (Strep infections in pts allergic to penicillins) 2) Macrolide; Inhib protein synth by blocking translocation; Bind to 23S rRNA of 50S ribosomal subunit. Bacteriostatic. 3) Motility issues, Arrhythmia caused by prolonged QT, acute Cholecstatic hepatitis, Rash, eOsiniphilia (=MACRO). Increases serum concentration of theophyllines, oral anticoagulants. 4) Resistance: Methylation of 23S rRNA binding site.

Answer 486

Barbituate Ex: Phenobarbital

Answer 487

Rx: Glucocorticoid w/drawal (HPA suppression)

Answer 488

1) Use: Alzheimer's drug 2) Class/MOA: acetylcholinesterase inhibitor 3) Side effects/ADEs: Nausea, dizziness, insomnia 4) Fun Facts

Answer 489

1) HTN, urinary retention in BPH 2) A1 blocker 3) 1st dose orthostatic hypotension, dizziness, HA

Answer 490

1) Use: Ovarian and breast carcinomas 2) Class/MOA: ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT | NATURAL PRODUCT hyperstablizes polymerized microtubules in M phase so that MITOTIC SPINDLE spindle can't break down (anaphase can't occur) 3) Side effects/ADEs: myelosuppresion

Answer 491

1) Atypical pneumonias (Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, Legionella), STDs (for Chlamydia), & gram-positive cocci (Strep infections in pts allergic to penicillins) 2) Macrolide; Inhib protein synth by blocking translocation; Bind to 23S rRNA of 50S ribosomal subunit. Bacteriostatic. 3) Motility issues, Arrhythmia caused by prolonged QT, acute Cholecstatic hepatitis, Rash, eOsiniphilia (=MACRO). Increases serum concentration of theophyllines, oral anticoagulants. 4) Resistance: Methylation of 23S rRNA binding site.

Answer 492

Benzodiazepine Ex: Alprazolam

Answer 493

Rx: Spironolactone, Digitalis, Cimeditine, chronic alcohol use, estrogens, Ketoconazole

Answer 494

1) Use: Huntington's drug 2) Class/MOA: amine depleting 3) Side effects/ADEs: 4) Fun Facts

Answer 495

1) HTN, urinary retention in BPH 2) A1 blocker 3) 1st dose orthostatic hypotension, dizziness, HA

Answer 496

1) Use: Melanoma, CML, sickle cell 2) Class/MOA: ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT Inhibits RIBONUCULOTIDE REDUCTASE = decrease in DNA synthesis 3) Side effects/ADEs: BM supression, GI upset 4) Fun Facts

Answer 497

1) Meningitis (Haemophius influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae). Conservative use d/t toxicities but often still used in developing countries b/c of low cost 2) Protein Synthesis Inhib; Blocks peptidyltransfease at 50s ribosomal subunit. Bacteriostatic 3) Anemia (dose dep), Aplastic aneima (dose dep), Gray baby syndrome (in premature infants b/c lack liver UDP-glucuronyl transferase) 4) Resistance: Plasmid-encoded acetyltransferase that inactivates drug

Answer 498

Benzodiazepine Ex: Diazepam

Answer 499

Rx: Tamoxifen, Clomiphene

Answer 500

1) Use: Huntington's drug 2) Class/MOA: dopamine receptor agonist 3) Side effects/ADEs: 4) Fun Facts

Answer 501

1) HTN, urinary retention in BPH 2) A1 blocker 3) 1st dose orthostatic hypotension, dizziness, HA

Answer 502

1) Use: MM 2) Class/MOA: ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT | SUPRESS ANGIONEOGENESIS, immunomodulate, pro-apoptottic? 3) Side effects/ADEs: Birth defects 4) Fun Facts

Answer 503

1) Anaerobic infections (e.g., Bacteroides fragilis, Clostridium perfringens) in aspiration pneumonia or lung abscesses. Also oroal infections w/ mouth anaerobes. 2) Protein Synthesis Inhib; Block peptide transfer (transpeptidation at 50s ribosomal subunit. Bacteriostatic. 3) Pseudomembranous colitis (C. dificile overgrowth), fever, diarrhea. 4) Clindamycin tx anaerobes ABOVE the diaphragm vs Metronidazole (which tx anaerobes BELOW the diaphragm)

Answer 504

SSRI Ex: Fluoxetine

Answer 505

Rx: Niacin, tacrolimus, protease-i, HCTZ, corticosteroids

Answer 506

1) Use: Acute migraine, cluster headache attacks. 2) Class/MOA: 5-HT 1B/1D agonist. Causes vasoconstriction, inhibition of trigeminal activation and vasoactive peptide release. Half-lifes angina), mild tingling. 4) Fun Facts: A SUMo wrestler TRIPs ANd falls on your head!

Answer 507

1) Depression 2) A2 blocker 3) Sedation, incr serum cholesterol, incr appetite

Answer 508

1) Use: Breast cancer & osteoporosis 2) Class/MOA: SERM - receptor antagonists in the breast, and antagonist in bone | block the binding of estogren to estrogen receptor positive cells 3) Side effects/ADEs: T: increase risk of endometrial carcinoma via

Answer 509

1) Gram-positive, gram-negative, Nocardia, Chlamydia. Triple sulfas or SMX for simple UTI. 2) Sulfonamides; PABA antimetabolites inhib dihydropteroate synthase. Bacteriostatic. 3) Hypersensitivity rxns, Hemolysis if G6PD deficient, Nephrotoxicity (tubulointerstitial nephritis), Photosensitivity, Kernicterus in infants, Displace other drugs from albumin (e.g. Warfarin) 4) Resistance: Altered enzyme (bacterial dihydropteroate synthase), Decreased uptake, or Increased PABA synthesis

Answer 510

TCA Ex: Imipramine

Answer 511

Rx: Lithium, Amiodarone, Sulfonamides

Answer 512

1) HTN, Angina pectoris,MI, SVT, CHF, Glaucoma 2) Beta1-antagonist (partial Beta-agonist) 3) Impotence, exacerbations of asthma, cardio (bradycardia, AV blok, CHF), CNS (sedation, seizure, sleep alteration). Use with caution in diabetics

Answer 513

1) Use: postmenopausal women with breast cancer 2) Class/MOA: ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT: HORMONES : AROMATASE INHIBITOR 3) Side effects/ADEs: 4) Fun Facts

Answer 514

1) Gram-positive, gram-negative, Nocardia, Chlamydia. Triple sulfas or SMX for simple UTI. 2) Sulfonamides; PABA antimetabolites inhib dihydropteroate synthase. Bacteriostatic. 3) Hypersensitivity rxns, Hemolysis if G6PD deficient, Nephrotoxicity (tubulointerstitial nephritis), Photosensitivity, Kernicterus in infants, Displace other drugs from albumin (e.g. Warfarin) 4) Resistance: Altered enzyme (bacterial dihydropteroate synthase), Decreased uptake, or Increased PABA synthesis

Answer 515

TCA Ex: Amitriptyline

Answer 516

Rx: Glucocorticoids, protease-i

Answer 517

1) HTN, Angina pectoris,MI, SVT, CHF, Glaucoma 2) Beta1-antagonist 3) Impotence, exacerbations of asthma, cardio (bradycardia, AV blok, CHF), CNS (sedation, seizure, sleep alteration). Use with caution in diabetics

Answer 518

1) Use: prostate carcinoma 2) Class/MOA: ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT: HORMONES a nonsteroidal competitive inhibitor of androgens at the testosterone inhibitor 3) Side effects/ADEs: 4) Fun Facts

Answer 519

1) Gram-positive, gram-negative, Nocardia, Chlamydia. Triple sulfas or SMX for simple UTI. 2) Sulfonamides; PABA antimetabolites inhib dihydropteroate synthase. Bacteriostatic. 3) Hypersensitivity rxns, Hemolysis if G6PD deficient, Nephrotoxicity (tubulointerstitial nephritis), Photosensitivity, Kernicterus in infants, Displace other drugs from albumin (e.g. Warfarin) 4) Resistance: Altered enzyme (bacterial dihydropteroate synthase), Decreased uptake, or Increased PABA synthesis

Answer 520

Rx: Phenytoin, Verapamil

Answer 521

1) HTN, Angina pectoris,MI, SVT, CHF, Glaucoma 2) Beta1-antagonist (short acting) 3) Impotence, exacerbations of asthma, cardio (bradycardia, AV blok, CHF), CNS (sedation, seizure, sleep alteration). Use with caution in diabetics

Answer 522

1) Use: advanced breast cancer 2) Class/MOA: ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT | HORMONES | binds E receptor, accelerates destruction 3) Side effects/ADEs: E withdrawl, muscle wasting and gynecomastia 4) Fun Facts

Answer 523

1) Used in combo w/ sulfonamides [trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX)], causing sequential block of folate synth. This combination is used to tx: UTIs, Shigella, Salmonella, Pneumocystic jirovecii pneumonia (tx & prophylaxis) 2) Inhib bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. Bacteriostatic 3) Megaloblastic anemia, leukopenia, granulocytopenia. [May alleviate w/ supplemental folinic acid (=Leucovorin rescue)] 4) TMP--Treats Marrow Poorly

Answer 524

B-antagonist Ex: Propranolol

Answer 525

Rx: Furosemide, Thiazides, NIacin, Cyclosporine

Answer 526

1) HTN, Angina pectoris,MI, SVT, CHF, Glaucoma 2) Beta1-antagonist 3) Impotence, exacerbations of asthma, cardio (bradycardia, AV blok, CHF), CNS (sedation, seizure, sleep alteration). Use with caution in diabetics

Answer 527

1) Use: Infertility, prostate cancer, uterine fibrosis 2) Class/MOA: ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT: HORMONE: GnRH analog with agonist properties when used in pulsatile fasion; antagonist properties wihen used in continous fashion 3) Side effects/ADEs: antiandrog

Answer 528

1) Gram-negative rods of urinary & GI tracts (including Pseudomonas), Neisseria, some gram-positive orgs 2) Fluoroquinolone; Inhib DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II) & topoisomerase IV. Bacterocidal. Must not be taken w/ antacids. 3) GI upset, Super infections, Skin rashes, HA, Dizziness. Less comonly--tendonitis, tendon rupture, leg cramps, & myalgias. Contraindicated in--pregnant women & children b/c animal studies show damage to cartilage. Some may cause prolonged QT interal. May cause tendon rupture in ppl \>60 yo & in pts taking Prednisone. 4) Resistance: Chromosome-encodede mut in DNA gyrase, plasmid-mediated resistance, efflux pumps

Answer 529

B2-agonist Ex: Albuterol

Answer 530

Rx: Fibrates, Niacin, Colchicine, Hydroxychloroquine, Interferon-a, Penicillamine, Statins, Glucocorticoids

Answer 531

1) HTN, Angina pectoris,MI, SVT, CHF, Glaucoma 2) Beta1-antagonist 3) Impotence, exacerbations of asthma, cardio (bradycardia, AV blok, CHF), CNS (sedation, seizure, sleep alteration). Use with caution in diabetics

Answer 532

1) Use: PCOS to prevent hirtuism, 2) Class/MOA: ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT: HORMONE inhibits STEROID syntehsis (inhibits desmolase) 3) Side effects/ADEs: Gynecomastia and amenorrhea 4) Fun Facts

Answer 533

1) Gram-negative rods of urinary & GI tracts (including Pseudomonas), Neisseria, some gram-positive orgs 2) Fluoroquinolone; Inhib DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II) & topoisomerase IV. Bacterocidal. Must not be taken w/ antacids. 3) GI upset, Super infections, Skin rashes, HA, Dizziness. Less comonly--tendonitis, tendon rupture, leg cramps, & myalgias. Contraindicated in--pregnant women & children b/c animal studies show damage to cartilage. Some may cause prolonged QT interal. May cause tendon rupture in ppl \>60 yo & in pts taking Prednisone. 4) Resistance: Chromosome-encodede mut in DNA gyrase, plasmid-mediated resistance, efflux pumps

Answer 534

Alpha1-antagonist Ex: Prazosin

Answer 535

Rx: Corticosteroids, heparin

Answer 536

1) HTN, Angina pectoris,MI, SVT, CHF, Glaucoma 2) Non-selective B-antagonist 3) Impotence, exacerbations of asthma, cardio (bradycardia, AV blok, CHF), CNS (sedation, seizure sleep alteration). Use with caution in diabetics

Answer 537

1) Use: NHL, RA (with MTX) 2) Class/MOA: ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT: MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY TO CD-20, which is found on most B-cell neoplasms 3) Side effects/ADEs: 4) Fun Facts

Answer 538

1) Gram-negative rods of urinary & GI tracts (including Pseudomonas), Neisseria, some gram-positive orgs 2) Fluoroquinolone; Inhib DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II) & topoisomerase IV. Bacterocidal. Must not be taken w/ antacids. 3) GI upset, Super infections, Skin rashes, HA, Dizziness. Less comonly--tendonitis, tendon rupture, leg cramps, & myalgias. Contraindicated in--pregnant women & children b/c animal studies show damage to cartilage. Some may cause prolonged QT interal. May cause tendon rupture in ppl \>60 yo & in pts taking Prednisone. 4) Resistance: Chromosome-encodede mut in DNA gyrase, plasmid-mediated resistance, efflux pumps

Answer 539

Rx: Sulfonamides, Amiodarone, Tetracycline

Answer 540

1) HTN, Angina pectoris,MI, SVT, CHF, Glaucoma 2) Non-selective B-antagonist 3) Impotence, exacerbations of asthma, cardio (bradycardia, AV blok, CHF), CNS (sedation, seizure, sleep alteration). Use with caution in diabetics

Answer 541

1) Use: HD 2) Class/MOA: ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT | MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY 3) Side effects/ADEs: infusion reactions 4) Fun Facts

Answer 542

1) Gram-negative rods of urinary & GI tracts (including Pseudomonas), Neisseria, some gram-positive orgs 2) Fluoroquinolone; Inhib DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II) & topoisomerase IV. Bacterocidal. Must not be taken w/ antacids. 3) GI upset, Super infections, Skin rashes, HA, Dizziness. Less comonly--tendonitis, tendon rupture, leg cramps, & myalgias. Contraindicated in--pregnant women & children b/c animal studies show damage to cartilage. Some may cause prolonged QT interal. May cause tendon rupture in ppl \>60 yo & in pts taking Prednisone. 4) Resistance: Chromosome-encodede mut in DNA gyrase, plasmid-mediated resistance, efflux pumps

Answer 543

Cardiac glycoside (inotropic agent) Ex: Digoxin

Answer 544

Rx: PCN, Ethosuximide, Carbamazepine, Sulfa drugs, Lamotrigine, Allopurinol, Phenytoin, Phenobarbital

Answer 545

1) HTN, Angina pectoris,MI, SVT, CHF, Glaucoma 2) Non-selective B-antagonist (partial B-agonist) 3) Impotence, exacerbations of asthma, cardio (bradycardia, AV blok, CHF), CNS (sedation, seizure, sleep alteration). Use with caution in diabetics

Answer 546

1) Gram-negative rods of urinary & GI tracts (including Pseudomonas), Neisseria, some gram-positive orgs 2) Fluoroquinolone; Inhib DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II) & topoisomerase IV. Bacterocidal. Must not be taken w/ antacids. 3) GI upset, Super infections, Skin rashes, HA, Dizziness. Less comonly--tendonitis, tendon rupture, leg cramps, & myalgias. Contraindicated in--pregnant women & children b/c animal studies show damage to cartilage. Some may cause prolonged QT interal. May cause tendon rupture in ppl \>60 yo & in pts taking Prednisone. 4) Resistance: Chromosome-encodede mut in DNA gyrase, plasmid-mediated resistance, efflux pumps

Answer 547

ACE inhibitor Ex: Captopril

Answer 548

Rx: Hydralazine, INH, Procainamide, Phenytoin

Answer 549

1) HTN, Angina pectoris,MI, SVT, CHF, Glaucoma 2) Non-selective A and B antagonist 3) Impotence, exacerbations of asthma, cardio (bradycardia, AV blok, CHF), CNS (sedation, seizure, sleep alteration). Use with caution in diabetics

Answer 550

1) Use: Metastatic breast cancer 2) Class/MOA: monoclonal Ab against HER-2 (erb-B2) helps kill breast cancer cells that overexpress HER-2, possibly through antibody dependent cytotoxicity 3) Side effects/ADEs: Cardiotoxicity 4) Fun Facts

Answer 551

1) Gram-negative rods of urinary & GI tracts (including Pseudomonas), Neisseria, some gram-positive orgs 2) Fluoroquinolone; Inhib DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II) & topoisomerase IV. Bacterocidal. Must not be taken w/ antacids. 3) GI upset, Super infections, Skin rashes, HA, Dizziness. Less comonly--tendonitis, tendon rupture, leg cramps, & myalgias. Contraindicated in--pregnant women & children b/c animal studies show damage to cartilage. Some may cause prolonged QT interal. May cause tendon rupture in ppl \>60 yo & in pts taking Prednisone. 4) Resistance: Chromosome-encodede mut in DNA gyrase, plasmid-mediated resistance, efflux pumps

Answer 552

Erectile Dysfunction Ex: Sildenafil

Answer 553

Rx: Tetracyclines

Answer 554

Non-selective A and B antagonist

Answer 555

1) Use: Metestatic Breast Cancer 2) Class/MOA: ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY TO HER-2 (erb-B2) | helps kill breast cancer cells that overexpress HER-2 possibly through antibody-dependent cytotoxicity 3) Side effects/ADEs: cardiotoxicity 4) F

Answer 556

1) Gram-negative rods of urinary & GI tracts (including Pseudomonas), Neisseria, some gram-positive orgs 2) Fluoroquinolone; Inhib DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II) & topoisomerase IV. Bacterocidal. Must not be taken w/ antacids. 3) GI upset, Super infections, Skin rashes, HA, Dizziness. Less comonly--tendonitis, tendon rupture, leg cramps, & myalgias. Contraindicated in--pregnant women & children b/c animal studies show damage to cartilage. Some may cause prolonged QT interal. May cause tendon rupture in ppl \>60 yo & in pts taking Prednisone. 4) Resistance: Chromosome-encodede mut in DNA gyrase, plasmid-mediated resistance, efflux pumps

Answer 557

Rx: Fluoroquinolones

Answer 558

Non-selective B antagonist

Answer 559

1) Use: Mets lung, colon, breast, renal cell, glioblastoma 2) Class/MOA: ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT radioimmunotherapy, binds VEGF & prevents interaction with its R - decreased endothelial cell prolifeation and decreased new blood vessel formation 3) Side e

Answer 560

1) Gram-negative rods of urinary & GI tracts (including Pseudomonas), Neisseria, some gram-positive orgs 2) Fluoroquinolone; Inhib DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II) & topoisomerase IV. Bacterocidal. Must not be taken w/ antacids. 3) GI upset, Super infections, Skin rashes, HA, Dizziness. Less comonly--tendonitis, tendon rupture, leg cramps, & myalgias. Contraindicated in--pregnant women & children b/c animal studies show damage to cartilage. Some may cause prolonged QT interal. May cause tendon rupture in ppl \>60 yo & in pts taking Prednisone. 4) Resistance: Chromosome-encodede mut in DNA gyrase, plasmid-mediated resistance, efflux pumps

Answer 561

Pituitary hormone Ex: Somatotropin

Answer 562

Rx: Lithium, demeclocycline

Answer 563

1) Use: 2) Class/MOA: ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT small molecule, inhibits EGFR - TK1 inhibitor, preents posphorylation, prevents phosphorylation of tyrosine kinase 3) Side effects/ADEs: Skin rash, fatigue, Diarrhea $$$ 4) Fun Facts

Answer 564

1) Gram-negative rods of urinary & GI tracts (including Pseudomonas), Neisseria, some gram-positive orgs 2) Quinolone; Inhib DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II) & topoisomerase IV. Bacterocidal. Must not be taken w/ antacids. 3) GI upset, Super infections, Skin rashes, HA, Dizziness. Less comonly--tendonitis, tendon rupture, leg cramps, & myalgias. Contraindicated in--pregnant women & children b/c animal studies show damage to cartilage. Some may cause prolonged QT interal. May cause tendon rupture in ppl \>60 yo & in pts taking Prednisone. 4) Resistance: Chromosome-encodede mut in DNA gyrase, plasmid-mediated resistance, efflux pumps

Answer 565

H2 antagonist Ex: Cimetidine

Answer 566

Rx: Expired tetraycline

Answer 567

1) Use: MM 2) Class/MOA: ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT Small molecule, PROTEASE inhibitor - decrased NFKB activation (cells explode because they ant breakdown proteins they contain 3) Side effects/ADEs: Neruropathy, htormbocytopenia, fever, diarrhea, $$$$ 4) Fun

Answer 568

1) Txs Giardia, Entamoeba, Trichomonas, Gardnerella vaginalis, Anaerobes (Bacteroides, C. dificile). Used w/ proton pump inhib & Clarithromycin for "triple therapy" against H. Pylori (GET GAP on the Metro w/ metronidazole!) 2) Forms free radical toxic metabolites in the bacterial cell that damage DNA. Bactericidal, antiprotozoal 3) Disulfuram-like rxn w/ alcohol; HA, Metallic taste

Answer 569

Rx: Cyclophosphamide, Ifosfamide (prevent by coadministering with mesna)

Answer 570

1) Use: CML, GI stromal tumors 2) Class/MOA: ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT PHILDELPHIA CHRphilidelphia chromosome bcr-abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor 3) Side effects/ADEs: fluid retention 4) Fun Facts

Answer 571

Antimicrobial Drugs: Prophylaxis & Tx -M. tuberculosis--Prophylaxis=Isoniazid & Tx=Rifampin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol (RIPE for tx) -M. avium-intracelluare--Prophylaxis=Azithromycin & Tx=Azithromycin, Rifampin, Ethanobutol, Streptomycin -M. leprae--Prophylaxis=N/A & Tx=Long-term tx w/ Dapsone & Rifampin for tuberculoid form. Add Clofazimine for lepromatous form.

Answer 572

Rx: Methicillin, NSAIDs, furosemide

Answer 573

1) Mycobacteriium tuberculosis; Only drug used as solo prophylaxis against TB 2) Antimicrobial; Decreases synth of mycolic acids. Bacterial catalase-peroxidases (KatG) needed to convert INH to active metabolite 3) Neurotoxicity, Hepatotoxicity. Pyridoxine (vit B6) can prevent neurotoxicity, lupus (INH--Injures Neurons & Hepatocytes) 4) Different INH half-lives in fast vs slow acetylator

Answer 574

Rx: Carbamazepine, cyclophosphamide

Answer 575

1) Mycobacterium tuburculosis; Delays resistance to dapsone when used for leprosy. Used for meningococcal prophylaxis and chemoprophylaxis in contacts of children w/ Haemophilus influenzae type B 2) Antimicrobial; Inhib DNA-dep RNA polymerase 3) Minor hepatotoxicity & drug rxns (increased P-450); Orange body fluids (nonhazardous side effect) 4) 4 Rs--RNA polymerase inhib, Revs up microsomal P-450, Red/orange body fluids, Rapid resistance if used alone

Answer 576

Rx: Quinidine, Quinine

Answer 577

1) Mycobacterium tuberculosis 2) Antimicrobial; Mech unknown--thought to acidify intracellular env via conversion to pyrazinoic acid. Effective in acidid pH of phagolysosomes, where TB engulfed by macs is found 3) Hyperuricemia, Hepatotoxicity

Answer 578

Rx: Antipsychotics, Reserpine, Metoclopramide

Answer 579

1) Mycobacterium tuberculosis 2) Antimicrobial; Decreases carbohydrate polymerization of mycobacterum cell wall by blocking arabinosyltransferase 3) optic neuropathy (red-green color blindness)

Answer 580

Rx: Isoniazid, Bupropion, Imipenem/cilastatin, Tramadol, Enflurane, Metoclopramide

Answer 581

-Ciprofloxacin (Rx of choice) -Rifampin for children

Answer 582

Rx: Antipsychotics

Answer 583

-Ceftriaxone

Answer 584

Rx: Atropine, TCAs, H1-blockers, Neuroleptics

Answer 585

-Benzathine penicllin G

Answer 586

Rx: Metronidazole, certain Cephalosporins, Procarbazine, 1st-gen Sulfonylureas

Answer 587

Rx: Aminoglycosides, Vancomycin, Loop diuretics, Cisplatin

Answer 588

-Penicillins

Answer 589

Rx: Cryoheptadine (5-HT1/2 receptor antagonist, Antihistamine)

Answer 590

-Ampicillin

Answer 591

Modafinil Barbiturates St. John's wort Phenytoin Rifampin Griseofulvin Carbamazepine Chronic alcohol use

Answer 592

-Oral penicllin

Answer 593

Macrolides Amiodarone Grapefruit juice Isoniazid Cimetidine Ritonavir Acute alcohol abuse Ciprofloxacin Ketoconazole Sulfonamides Gemfibrozil Quinidine

Answer 594

-Cefazolin

Answer 595

Probenicid, Furosemide, Acetazolamide, Celecoxib, Thiazides, Sulfonamide Ab's, Sulfasalazine, Sulfonylureas -Rxns: fever, UTI, pruritic rash, SJS, hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, agranulocytosis, and urticaria (hives)

Answer 596

-Erythromycin ointment

Answer 597

HIV Prophylaxis Tx & Infection: -CD4 \< 200 cells/mm3=\*TMP-SMX; Pneumocytis pneumonia -CD4 \< 100 cells/mm3=\*TMP-SMX=Pneumocytis pneumona & Toxoplasmosis -CD4 \< 50 cells/mm3=Azithromycin; Mycobacterium avium complex \*Aerosolized Pentamidine--can be used if pt is unable to tolerate TMP-SMX, butt this may not prevent toxoplasmosis

Answer 598

-MRSA tx = Vancomycin -VRE tx =Linezolid & Streptogramins (quinupristin/dalfopristin)

Answer 599

1) Serious systemic mycoses, Cryptococcus (w or w/o Flucytosine for cryptococcal meningitis), Blastomyces, Coccidioides, Histoplasma, Candida, Mucor. Intrathecally for fungal meningitis. 2) Antifungal; Alters membrane fnx--Binds ergosterol (unique to fungi), forms membrane pores that allow leakage of electrolytes (AmphoTERicin "TEARs" holes in fungal membrane) 3) Fever/chills ("shake & bake"), Hypotension, Nephrotoxicity, Arrhythmias, Anemia, IV phlebitis ("AMPHOTERRIble); Hydration reduces nephrotoxicity (see line #4); Liposomal Amphotericin reduced toxicity 4) Supplement K & Mg b/c of altered renal tubule permeability

Answer 600

1) "Swish & swallow" for oral candidiasis (thrush); Topical for diaper rash or vaginal candidiasis 2) Antifungal; Same MOA as Amphotericin B [=Alters membrane fnx--Binds ergosterol (unique to fungi), forms membrane pores that allow leakage of electrolytes (AmphoTERicin "TEARs" holes in fungal membrane)]. Topical form b/c too toxic for systemic use

Answer 601

1) Local & Less serious systemic mycoses; Floconazole specific=Chronic suppression of cryptoccal meningitis in AIDs pts & candida infection of all types 2) Antifungal-Azole; Inhib fungal sterol (ergosterol) synth by inhib P-450 enzyme that converts lanostrerol to ergosterol 3) Testosterone synth inhib (gynecomastia) Liver dysfnx (inhib cytochrome P-450)

Answer 602

1) Local & Less serious systemic mycoses 2) Antifungal-Azole; Inhib fungal sterol (ergosterol) synth by inhib P-450 enzyme that converts lanostrerol to ergosterol 3) Testosterone synth inhib (gynecomastia, esp Ketoconazole) Liver dysfnx (inhib cytochrome P-450)

Answer 603

1) Local & Less serious systemic mycoses; Clotrimazole (& Miconazole) specific=Topical fungal infections 2) Antifungal-Azole; Inhib fungal sterol (ergosterol) synth by inhib P-450 enzyme that converts lanostrerol to ergosterol 3) Testosterone synth inhib (gynecomastia) Liver dysfnx (inhib cytochrome P-450)

Answer 604

1) Local & Less serious systemic mycoses; Miconazole (& Clotrimazole) specific=Topical fungal infections 2) Antifungal-Azole; Inhib fungal sterol (ergosterol) synth by inhib P-450 enzyme that converts lanostrerol to ergosterol 3) Testosterone synth inhib (gynecomastia) Liver dysfnx (inhib cytochrome P-450)

Answer 605

1) Local & Less serious systemic mycoses; Itraconazole specific=Tx for Bastomyces, Coccidiodes, & Histoplasma 2) Antifungal-Azole; Inhib fungal sterol (ergosterol) synth by inhib P-450 enzyme that converts lanostrerol to ergosterol 3) Testosterone synth inhib (gynecomastia) Liver dysfnx (inhib cytochrome P-450)

Answer 606

1) Local & Less serious systemic mycoses 2) Antifungal-Azole; Inhib fungal sterol (ergosterol) synth by inhib P-450 enzyme that converts lanostrerol to ergosterol 3) Testosterone synth inhib (gynecomastia) Liver dysfnx (inhib cytochrome P-450)

Answer 607

1) Tx of systemic fungal infections (esp. meningitis caused by Cryptococcus) in combo w/ Amphotericin B 2) Antifungal; Inhib DNA & RNA biosynth by conversion to 5-fluorouracil by cytosine deaminase 3) BM suppression

Answer 608

1) Invasive aspergilliosis, Candida 2) Antifungal; Inhib cell wall synth by inhibiting synth of Beta-glucan 3) GI upset, flushing (by histasmine release)

Answer 609

1) Invasive aspergilliosis, Candida 2) Antifungal; Inhib cell wall synth by inhibiting synth of Beta-glucan 3) GI upset, flushing (by histasmine release)

Answer 610

1) Tx dermatophytoses (esp onchomycosis=fungal infection of finger or toe nails) 2) Antifungal; Inhib fungal enzyme squalene epoxidase 3) Abn LFTs, Visual disturbances

Answer 611

1) PO tx of superficial infections; Inhib growth of dermatophytes (tinea, ringworm) 2) Antifungal; Interferes w/ microtubule fnx; Disrupts mitosis. Deposits in keratin-containing tissues (e.g. nails) 3) Teratogenic, Carinogenic, Confusion, HAs, Increase P-450 & warfarin metabolism

Answer 612

1) Tx Toxoplasmosis 2) Antiprotozoan

Answer 613

1) Tx Trypanosoma brucei 2) Antiprotozoan

Answer 614

1) Tx Trypanosoma brucei 2) Antiprotozoan

Answer 615

1) Tx Trypansoma cruzi 2) Antiprotozoan

Answer 616

1) Tx Leishmaniasis 2) Antiprotozoan

Answer 617

1) Tx of plasmodial species other than P. falciparium ( d/t high resistance; see line #4) 2) Blocks detoxification of heme into hemozoin. Heme accumulates and is toxic to plasmodia 3) Retinopathy 4) P. falciparum mechanism of resistance: Membrane pump that decreases intracellular concentration of Chloroquine; Tx P. falciparum w/ Artemether/Lumifantrine OR Atovaquone/Proguanil; Tx life-threatening malaria w/ Quinidine in US (quinine elsewere) or Artisunate

Answer 618

-Artemether/Lumifantrine OR Atovaquone/Proguanil -NOT Chloroquine (d/t resistance)

Answer 619

-Quinidine in US (quinine elsewere) or Artisunate

Answer 620

2) Antihelminthic therapy; Immobilize helminths

Answer 621

2) Antihelminthic therapy; Immobilize helminths

Answer 622

2) Antihelminthic therapy; Immobilize helminths

Answer 623

2) Antihelminthic therapy; Immobilize helminths

Answer 624

1) Tx for flukes (trematodes, e.g. Schistosoma) 2) Antihelminthic therapy; Immobilize helminths

Answer 625

1) Tx and prevention of: Influenza A & B 2) Antiviral therapy; Inhib influenza neuraminidase, Decreasing the release of pogeny virus

Answer 626

1) Tx and prevention of: Influenza A & B 2) Antiviral therapy; Inhib influenza neuraminidase, Decreasing the release of pogeny virus

Answer 627

1) RSV, Chronic hepatitis C 2) Antiviral therapy; Inhib synth of guanine nucleotides by competitively inhibiting IMP dehydrogenase 3) Hemolytic anemia, Severe teratogen

Answer 628

1) HSV & ZVZ; Weak activity against EBV. No activity against CMV. Used for HSZ-induced mucocutaneous & genital lesions as well as encephalitis. Prophylaxis in immunocompromised pts. No effect on latent forms of HSZ & ZVZ. 2) Antiviral therapy; Monophosphorylated by HSV/VZV thymidine kinase. Guanosine analog. Triphosphate formed by cellular enzymes. Preferentially inihib viral DNA polymerase by chain termination 4) Mechanism of resistance: Mutated viral thymidine kinase

Answer 629

1) HSV & ZVZ; Weak activity against EBV. No activity against CMV. Used for HSZ-induced mucocutaneous & genital lesions as well as encephalitis. Prophylaxis in immunocompromised pts. No effect on latent forms of HSZ & ZVZ. 2) Antiviral therapy; \*\*= a prodrug of Acyclovir, so has better oral bioavailability vs Acyclovir\*\* Monophosphorylated by HSV/VZV thymidine kinase. Guanosine analog. Triphosphate formed by cellular enzymes. Preferentially inihib viral DNA polymerase by chain termination 4) Mechanism of resistance: Mutated viral thymidine kinase

Answer 630

1) Herpes Zoster 2) Antiviral therapy; \*\*Related to Acyclovir\*\*

Answer 631

1) CMV, esp in immunocompromised pts. 2) Antiviral therapy; 5'-monophosphate formed CMV viral kinase Guanosine analog. Triphosphate formed by cellular kinases. Preferentially inhib viral DNA polymerase 3) Leukopenia, Neutropenia, Thrombocytopenia, Renal toxicity; More toxic to host enzymes vs Acyclovir 4) Mechanism of resistance: Mutated CMV DNA polymerase or lack of viral kinase

Answer 632

1) CMV, esp in immunocompromised pts. 2) Antiviral therapy; \*\*a prodrug of Ganciclovir, so has better ora bioavailability vs Ganciclovir\*\* 5'-monophosphate formed CMV viral kinase Guanosine analog. Triphosphate formed by cellular kinases. Preferentially inhib viral DNA polymerase 3) Leukopenia, Neutropenia, Thrombocytopenia, Renal toxicity; More toxic to host enzymes vs Acyclovir 4) Mechanism of resistance: Mutated CMV DNA polymerase or lack of viral kinase

Answer 633

1) CMV retinitis in immunocompromised pts when Ganciclovir fails; Acyclovir-resistant HSV 2) Antiviral therapy; A pyrophosphate analog (Foscarnet=pyroFOSphate analog). Viral DNA polymerase inhib that binds to pyrophosphate-binding site of the enzyme. Does not req activation by viral kinase 3) Nephrotoxicity 4) Mechanism of resistance: Mutated DNA polymerase

Answer 634

1) CMV retinitis in immunocompromised pts; Acyclovir-resistant HSV 2) Antiviral therapy; Preferentially inhib viral DNA polymerase. Does not req phosphorylation by viral kinase. Long t-1/2. 3) Nephrotoxicity (co-admin w/ Probenecid & IV saline to reduce toxicity)

Answer 635

-Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) -Initiate when pts present w/ AIDS-defining illness, low CD4+ cts (\<500 cells/mm3), or high viral load -Regimen consists of (3) drugs to prevent resistance: --2 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhib (NRTIs) + --1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhib (NNRTI) OR 1 protease inhib OR 1 integrase inhib

Answer 636

1) HIV therapy 2) Protease inhib; Prevents maturation of new viruses by cleaving HIV-1 protease (Assembly of virions depends on HIV-1 protease, which cleaves polypeptide products of HIV mRNA into their functional parts) 3) Hyperglycemia, GI intolerance (N/D), Lipodystrophy, Nephropathy 4) All protease inhibitors end in -navir [Navir (never) tease a protease]

Answer 637

1) HIV therapy 2) Protease inhib; Prevents maturation of new viruses by cleaving HIV-1 protease (Assembly of virions depends on HIV-1 protease, which cleaves polypeptide products of HIV mRNA into their functional parts) 3) Hyperglycemia, GI intolerance (N/D), Lipodystrophy, Nephropathy 4) All protease inhibitors end in -navir [Navir (never) tease a protease]

Answer 638

1) HIV therapy 2) Protease inhib; Prevents maturation of new viruses by cleaving HIV-1 protease (Assembly of virions depends on HIV-1 protease, which cleaves polypeptide products of HIV mRNA into their functional parts) 3) Hyperglycemia, GI intolerance (N/D), Lipodystrophy, Nephropathy 4) All protease inhibitors end in -navir [Navir (never) tease a protease]

Answer 639

1) HIV therapy 2) Protease inhib; Prevents maturation of new viruses by cleaving HIV-1 protease (Assembly of virions depends on HIV-1 protease, which cleaves polypeptide products of HIV mRNA into their functional parts) 3) Hyperglycemia, GI intolerance (N/D), Lipodystrophy, Nephropathy 4) All protease inhibitors end in -navir [Navir (never) tease a protease]

Answer 640

1) HIV therapy 2) Protease inhib; Prevents maturation of new viruses by cleaving HIV-1 protease (Assembly of virions depends on HIV-1 protease, which cleaves polypeptide products of HIV mRNA into their functional parts) 3) Hyperglycemia, GI intolerance (N/D), Lipodystrophy, Nephropathy 4) All protease inhibitors end in -navir [Navir (never) tease a protease]

Answer 641

1) HIV therapy 2) Protease inhib; Prevents maturation of new viruses by cleaving HIV-1 protease (Assembly of virions depends on HIV-1 protease, which cleaves polypeptide products of HIV mRNA into their functional parts) 3) Hyperglycemia, GI intolerance (N/D), Lipodystrophy, Nephropathy 4) All protease inhibitors end in -navir [Navir (never) tease a protease]; Ritonavir specific=CYP450 inhib

Answer 642

1) HIV therapy 2) Protease inhib; Prevents maturation of new viruses by cleaving HIV-1 protease (Assembly of virions depends on HIV-1 protease, which cleaves polypeptide products of HIV mRNA into their functional parts) 3) Hyperglycemia, GI intolerance (N/D), Lipodystrophy, Nephropathy; Indinavir specific ADE=Hematuria 4) All protease inhibitors end in -navir [Navir (never) tease a protease]

Answer 643

1) HIV therapy 2) Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhib (NRTI); Completely inhib nucleotide binding to reverse transcriptase & terminate te DNA chain (lack a 3' OH group) 3) BM suppression (can be reversed w/ G-CSF & EPO), Peripheral neuropathy, Lactic Acidosis 4) Is a nucleotide analog, so does not have to be activated (vs other NRTIs, which are nucleoside analogs & therefore, req activation)

Answer 644

1) HIV therapy 2) Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhib (NRTI); Completely inhib nucleotide binding to reverse transcriptase & terminate te DNA chain (lack a 3' OH group) 3) BM suppression (can be reversed w/ G-CSF & EPO), Peripheral neuropathy; Lactic acidosis 4) Must be phosphorylated to be activated (True of all NRTIs, except Tenofovir b/c it is a nucleotide vs nucleoside analog)

Answer 645

1) HIV therapy 2) Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhib (NRTI); Completely inhib nucleotide binding to reverse transcriptase & terminate te DNA chain (lack a 3' OH group) 3) BM suppression (can be reversed w/ G-CSF & EPO), Peripheral neuropathy; Lactic acidosis 4) Must be phosphorylated to be activated (True of all NRTIs, except Tenofovir b/c it is a nucleotide vs nucleoside analog)

Answer 646

1) HIV therapy 2) Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhib (NRTI); Completely inhib nucleotide binding to reverse transcriptase & terminate te DNA chain (lack a 3' OH group) 3) BM suppression (can be reversed w/ G-CSF & EPO), Peripheral neuropathy; Lactic acidosis 4) Must be phosphorylated to be activated (True of all NRTIs, except Tenofovir b/c it is a nucleotide vs nucleoside analog)

Answer 647

1) HIV therapy 2) Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhib (NRTI); Completely inhib nucleotide binding to reverse transcriptase & terminate te DNA chain (lack a 3' OH group) 3) BM suppression (can be reversed w/ G-CSF & EPO), Peripheral neuropathy; Lactic acidosis; ZDZ specific ADE=Anemia 4) Used for general prophylaxis & during pregnancy to reduce risk of fetal transmission; Must be phosphorylated to be activated (the second statement is true of all NRTIs, except Tenofovir b/c it is a nucleotide vs nucleoside analog)

Answer 648

1) HIV therapy 2) Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhib (NRTI); Completely inhib nucleotide binding to reverse transcriptase & terminate te DNA chain (lack a 3' OH group) 3) BM suppression (can be reversed w/ G-CSF & EPO), Peripheral neuropathy; Lactic acidosis 4) Must be phosphorylated to be activated (True of all NRTIs, except Tenofovir b/c it is a nucleotide vs nucleoside analog)

Answer 649

1) HIV therapy 2) Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhib (NRTI); Completely inhib nucleotide binding to reverse transcriptase & terminate te DNA chain (lack a 3' OH group) 3) BM suppression (can be reversed w/ G-CSF & EPO), Peripheral neuropathy; Lactic acidosis 4) Must be phosphorylated to be activated (True of all NRTIs, except Tenofovir b/c it is a nucleotide vs nucleoside analog)

Answer 650

1) HIV therapy 2) Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhib (NNRTI); Bind to reverse transcriptase at site different from NRTIs (Nucleoside RTIs). Do not req phosphorylation to be active or compete w/ nucleotides 3) BM suppression (can be reversed w/ G-CSF & EPO), Peripheral neuropathy; Rash

Answer 651

1) HIV therapy 2) Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhib (NNRTI); Bind to reverse transcriptase at site different from NRTIs (Nucleoside RTIs). Do not req phosphorylation to be active or compete w/ nucleotides 3) BM suppression (can be reversed w/ G-CSF & EPO), Peripheral neuropathy; Rash

Answer 652

1) HIV therapy 2) Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhib (NNRTI); Bind to reverse transcriptase at site different from NRTIs (Nucleoside RTIs). Do not req phosphorylation to be active or compete w/ nucleotides 3) BM suppression (can be reversed w/ G-CSF & EPO), Peripheral neuropathy; Rash

Answer 653

1) HIV therapy 2) Integrase inhib; Inhibits HIV genome integration into host cell chromosome by reversibly inhibiting HIV integrase 3) Hypercholesterolemia

Answer 654

1) Chronic hepatitis B & C; Kaposi's sarcoma 2) Interferon; Glycoproteins synth by virus-infected cells; Blocks replication of both RNA & DNA viruses 3) Neutropenia, Myopathy

Answer 655

1) MS 2) Interferon; Glycoproteins synth by virus-infected cells; Blocks replication of both RNA & DNA viruses 3) Neutropenia, Myopathy

Answer 656

1) NADPH oxidase deficiency 2) Interferon; Glycoproteins synth by virus-infected cells; Blocks replication of both RNA & DNA viruses 3) Neutropenia, Myopathy

Answer 657

Contraindicated in Pregnancy --\> Adverse Effect: -Sulfonamides --\> Kernicterus -Aminoglycosides --\> Ototoxicity -Fluoroquinolones --\> Cartolage damage -Clarithromycin --\> Embryotoxic -Tetracyclines --\> Discolored teeth, Inhib of bone growth -Ribavirin (antiviral) --\> Teratogenic -Griseofulvin (antifungal) --\> Teratogenic -Chloramphenicol --\> "Gray baby" (SAFe Children Take Really Good Care)