- copper end - lets heat get to end - spread heat throughout - conductor - wood end - burnt - trapped heat - insulator

all energy - yr9 Flashcards by b m

non renewable resources 2

cannot be replenished once used
fossil fuels
nuclear

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

renewable resources 7

easy to replace or replenish
biofuel
solar
wind
wave
tidal
geothermal
hydroelectric

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

nuclear

energy released when atoms break apart - nuclear fission
\+ doesnt release CO2/SO2
\+ produces lots of energy
\+ available always
- non-renewable
- expensive
- leaves behind radioactive waste

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

fossil fuels

produced when living material breaks down forming coal(plant life), oil or gas(animal life)
burnt in a power station to create energy
chemical -> heating path -> kinetic -> electric path
+ available readily
+ easy to produce energy from
- non-renewable
- releases CO2/SO2
- increasing cost

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

biofuel/ biomass

plant matter breaking down - like fossil fuels
chemical -> heat path -> Kinetic-> electrical path
+less SO2 released than fossil fuel
-uses crop land

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

solar

harness energy from the sun
radiation path->chemical-> electrical path
\+cheap to run
\+no connection to national grid
\+no CO2/SO2
- not always sunny
- expensive to buy

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

wind

uses KE to spin turbine + run generator
KE -> electrical path
\+ cheap to run
\+ no CO2/SO2
- expensive to build
- destroys habitat
- only works when windy

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

wave

uses KE to spin turbine
KE -> electrical path
\+no CO2/SO2
\+cheap to run
\+ constant source
- no power output
- destroys habitat
- doesn't work in storms

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

tidal

the movement of tides is used to produce electricity
KE -> electrical path
\+ no CO2/SO2
\+ cheap to run
\+ reliable - always tides
- has to be by sea
- expensive set up
- ruins habitat

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

geothermal

core of earth releases thermal energy
thermal -> mechanical pathway -> electrical pathway
+ no CO2/SO2
- large holes dug (impacts environment)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

hydroelectric

water trapped behind damn can be released to produce energy
gravitational -> mechanical path-> Kinetic -> electrical path
\+ cheap to run
\+ no CO2/SO2
\+ can be switched on when needed
- habitat damage
- block ports
- produces methane

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

how a power station works

fuel is heated - boils water into steam
steam turns turbine
turbine turns generator
electricity transferred via national grid

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

conduction

SOLIDS
heat is transferred by particles to neighbouring particles
- pass on vibrations
- by free electrons (metals - conductors)
non-metals - lots of space and irregular pattern - heat moves slowly - insulators - prevent conduction
metals - closely regularly packed - vibrations + free electrons - fast heat transfer

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

convection

LIQUIDS AND GAS - particles free to move

heat energy is carried by particles

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

convection current

rising of hot particles (more energy - spread away - less dense)
particles move from heat source and cool down
sinking of cool particles (less energy - closer - more dense)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

radiation

TRANSPARENT MATERIALS + VACUUM - no particles required
transfer of heat via. infra-red rays
matt black - absorb heat - best emitter
shiny white - reflects heat - poor emission
thin flat - radiates energy faster than fat

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

temp

measure of how quickly individual particles are vibrating/ moving in an object
Kelvin (K) Celsius (C) Fahrenheit (F)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

heat energy

total amount of energy contained in an object

cup of tea has a higher temp but contains less heat than an object (smaller - less energy particles)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

thermos flask - keep contents hot/cold 5

stopper - convection (heat cant rise)
vacuum - conduction + convection (no particles)
silver coating - radiation (reflects heat prevents emitting or absorption)
double glass shell - conduction ( glass - insulator)
casting - conduction (plastic - insulator + cold to touch)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

double glazing - reduce heat loss

air is trapped between two layers of glass

air is insulator - stops heat escaping by conduction + convection

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

ways of reducing heat loss - house

carpet - conduction (insulator - floor)
cavity walls/insulation - conduction (traps air)
draught proofing - convection (stop air going out)
double glazing - conduction ( trap air)
hot water tank jacket - conduction (insulating layer)
thick curtains - conduction + radiation (through windows)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

benefit of penguins huddling

conserve heat
stops conduction
shelters from winds - act as barrier
every penguin looses heat but gains it from other penguins

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

penguins prevent heat loss

huddle - conduction + convection (insulates them)
back skin - radiation (absorbs heat keeping warm)
white skin - radiation (reflects off heat + doesnt emit (loose) heat)
feathers - conduction (trap air - insulates)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

conduction rod

copper end - lets heat get to end - spread heat throughout - conductor
wood end - burnt - trapped heat - insulator

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

conduction star

ball of wax on end of each rod - which drops first shows best conductor

metal vs plastic structure

- metal - same size - even spacing - > some metals have closer particles - easier for the heat to be transferred - plastic - diff sizes - uneven groups

convection tube

shows movement of water - water is heated - particles separate - water is less dense - rises - cold more dense water fills its place - setting up a convection current

smoke box - convection

demonstrates convection in gas - flame heats air - particles spread - air above flame is less dense - rises - cold more dense air takes its place - convection current

hot air balloon

- flame heats air particles - balloon expands - particles rush out balloon - more energy - less particles in the balloon - less dense - balloon rises

leslies cube

``` metal box with 4 different colour sides (black, shiny, white) filled with hot water highest temp= white lowest temp= shiny ```

reducing heat loss

conduction - insulate convection - lid radiation - shiny cover - foil

efficiency equation

Useful energy output (J)/ total energy input(J) x 100

efficiency

how effective a transfer is (more energy transferred to a useful store the better) measured as a percentage

sankey diagrams

A scaled diagram that shows the total input, the wasted output and the useful output (indicated by width of the arrows)

wasted energy

Energy that is not usefully transferred | is transferred to a store outside the system e.g. thermal store of surroundings

work done

when energy is transferred from one store to another

work done equation (J)

force (N) x distance moved (m)

power (W) equation (given to you)

``` energy transferred (J) / time (s) OR work done (J) / time (s) ```

power

amount of energy transferred per second | in watts

GPE (J) equation

mass (kg) x gravitational field strength (N/kg) x height (m) Ep = m x g x h (must be in kg and m)

g on earth

10N/kg

gravitational potential energy

stores when work is done to lift an object up | in Joules

KE (J) equation

1/2 x mass (kg) x velocity^2 (m/s) | Ek = 1/2 m x v^2

the energy an object has due to its motion | depends on how fast it's moving

rollercoasters

maximum GPE =when your at the top when let go GPE -> KE how high the hill is controls how fast you go

law of conservation of energy

energy cannot be created or destroyed since the start of the universe the total amount of energy has stayed the same we can only move energy around from store to store (via. pathways) to make things happen

energy is measured in

Joules (J)

stores 8

``` Chemical, thermal, elastic potential, electrostatic, nuclear, gravitational potential , kinetic, magnetic ```

pathways 4

Radiation, electrical, heating, mechanical

chemical store

energy stored in a SUBSTANCES to be USED LATER | e.g. batteries, fossil fuels

thermal store

energy stored in the MOVEMENT OF PARTICLES within a substance e.g. flask, radiator

elastic potential store

energy stored in STRECHED objects | e.g. STRETCHED elastic band

electrostatic store

energy stored by ELECTRICALLY CHARGED objects | e.g. charged ballon stuck to a wall

nuclear store

energy stored IN ATOMS | e.g. nuclear missile, nuclear power station

gravitational potential store

energy stored in objects SUSPENDED in gravitational fields | e.g. ball on a shelf

kinetic store

energy stored in MOVING objects | e.g. moving car, someone running

magnetic store

energy stored in MAGNETIC fields | e.g. fridge magnet attached to fridge

radiation pathway

light, microwaves and sound | e.g. torch, star, phone screen

mechanical pathway

when a force acts and something MOVES | e.g. crane LIFTING a parcel

heating pathway

e.g. a stove HEATING baked beans

electrical pathway

e.g. a battery POWERING a lamp

bar model

bar chart used to represent energy in stores before and after (always have same total energy)

all energy - yr9 Flashcards

(62 cards)