All Exam 3 Questions Flashcards
(28 cards)
Fish-hunting snails inject toxins into their victims that block acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction and cause muscle paralysis. The toxin is most likely blocking _______ channels
A. Voltage-gated K+
B. Ligand-gated Cl-
C. Voltage-gated Ca2+
D. Ligand-gated Na+
D. Ligand-gated Na+
When a person is not starving, _______ would be used as fuel by fast muscle fibers, whereas _______ would be used as fuel by slow muscle fibers
A. Glycogen; proteins
B. Proteins; glycogen
C. Glycogen; fats
D. Fats; glycogen
C. Glycogen; fats
_______ are white blood cells (WBC) with a multilobed nucleus which stain with a neutral dye. They arrive first at the site of injury, phagocytose bacteria, and contribute to the formation of pus
A. Basophils
B. Neutrophils
C. Monocytes
D. Eosinophils
B. Neutrophils
A mutation that inactivated the myosin light chain reaction phosphatase enzyme will likely cause the following in smooth muscles
A. Ca2+ can not bind calmodulin
B. Regulatory light chain will not be phosphorylated
C. Myosin cannot interact with actin
D. Regulatory light chain will not be dephosphorylated
D. Regulatory light chain will not be dephosphorylated
______ triggers the hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) to develop into lymphocytes
A. Multi-CSF (Colony Stimulating Factors)
B. GM-CSF
C. M-CSF
D. None of the above
D. None of the above
(Triggered by cytokines)
The slope constructed using the end systolic volume in the PV loop indicates:
A. Afterload
B. Preload
C. Contractility
D. Ejection fraction
C. Contractility
In the heart, ______ produce action potentials spontaneously. The resulting electrical signals cause _______ to contract
A. Autorhythmic cells; cardiomyocytes
B. Myocytes; autorhythmic cells
C. Nerve cells; myocytes
D. Myocytes; nerve cells
A. Autorhythmic cells; cardiomyocytes
The ______ receives deoxygenated blood from the superior vena cava
A. Left Ventricle
B. Right ventricle
C. Left atrium
D. Right atrium
D. Right atrium
During isovolumetric contraction there is no change in volume because the ventricular pressure is _______ than the aortic pressure but _______ than the atrial pressure
A. Higher; higher
B. Lower; lower
C. Lower; higher
D. Higher; lower
C. Lower; higher
Cardinal signs of inflammation such as heat, redness, and swelling are mediated by _______ released from mast cells
A. Histamine
B. Heparin
C. Erythropoietin (EPO)
D. Interleukins
A. Histamine
Jaundice is a yellow coloration of the skin and eyes caused by a buildup of ________
A. Biliverdin
B. Urobilins
C. Stercobilins
D. Bilirubin
D. Bilirubin
The autonomic nervous system can _______ heart rate by causing greater ______ of the membrane potential of pacemaker cells
A. Increase; hyperpolarization
B. Decrease; depolarization
C. Increase; depolarization
D. More than one answer is possible
C. Increase; depolarization
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) found on the surface of gram-negative bacteria is an example of ________, which signal the presence of pathogens to the immune system
A. Cluster of differentiation (CD) molecules
B. Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
C. Damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)
D. Cytokines
B. Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
An abnormal antibody is unable to bind to pathogens, but it can be recognized by macrophages. It is most likely that the abnormality in the antibody is in the ________
A. Antigen binding site
B. Heavy chains
C. Constant segments of the heavy chains
D. Constant segments of the light chains
A. Antigen binding site
Which of the following is common to skeletal and cardiac muscles, but not to smooth muscles?
A. Actin-myosin interaction
B. Troponin-tropomyosin complex
C. Gap junctions
D. Varicosities
B. Troponin-tropomyosin complex
During an activation of a T-helper cell, the binding of interleukin 2 (IL2) to naive T cells leads to _______
A. Antigen recognition
B. Clonal expansion/proliferation
C. Co-stimulation
D. Antibody recognition
B. Clonal expansion/proliferation
Cardiac output (CO) is the volume of blood pumped through the circulatory system in 1 minute (ml/min). Therefore, CO is inversely associated with ________
A. End systolic volume
B. End diastolic volume
C. Heart rate
D. Stroke volume
A. End systolic volume
During rigor mortis, myosin heads remain bound to actin because ________
A. SERCA pumps are functioning correctly
B. ATP is unavailable to bind myosin
C. Ryanodine receptors cannot function
D. Calcium is unavailable to activate the thin filaments
B. ATP is unavailable to bind myosin
If you want to study how lymphocytes are formed and mature, you would likely harvest cells from primary lymphoid organs such as _______
A. Lymph nodes
B. Tonsils
C. Bone marrow
D. Spleen
C. Bone marrow
Abnormal T waves in an EKG can MOST LIKELY be indicative of defects in ________
A. Ventricular systole
B. Atrial systole
C. Ventricular diastole
D. None of the above
C. Ventricular diastole
Ca2+ binding to troponin C subunits permits the thin filament to transition from the ________ state.
A. Blocked to closed
B. Closed to open
C. Open to closed
D. Open to blocked
A. Blocked to closed
The cardiac muscle is ______ sensitive to changes in muscle length than the skeletal muscle because it functions in the ______ of the force-length relationship
A. Less; descending limb
B. More; plateau
C. More; ascending limb
D. Less, ascending limb
C. More; ascending limb
isotonic concentric contraction occurs when you:
A. Raise a dumbbell by flexing the arm
B. Lower a dumbbell by extending the arm
C. Hold a dumbbell in place
D. None of the above
A. Raise a dumbbell by flexing the arm
The rapid depolarization of the pacemaker cells is due to:
A. Ca2+ channels
B. Na+ channels
C. HCN channels
D. K+ channels
A. Ca2+ channels
