all flashcards
1
Q
(4.2) what are the 3 soil components?
A
minerals of dif sizes, permeability, organic matter
2
Q
(4.2) how is soil shaped (enviornementally)?
A
climate, parent material, organisms (decomposers), and topography
3
Q
(4.2) what is soil erosion?
A
the movment of soil components via weather or human activity
4
Q
(4.2) what can cause soil erosion?
A
over grazing, monocropping
5
Q
(4.2) what are some effects of soil erosion?
A
loss of soil fertility, decreased water capacity, increased compacton
6
Q
(4.2) what are some ways to help soil erosion?
A
mixing crop waste with soil, fertilizers
7
Q
(4.2) what is a land slide
A
rock and debris that fall from a steep hill, mountain
8
Q
(4.2) what is a mud slide
A
water mixed with dirt falling off a steep mt, mountain
9
Q
(4.2) what’s the difference bween a land/mud slide
A
land slides are rock and debris falling while mud slides are mud sliding off (mud is typically more running while land slides are rock mass tumbling down)
10
Q
(4.2) what can cause mud/land slides?
A
heavy rains, storm, earthquake
11
Q
(4.2) why would earthquakes or heavy rains cause land/mud slides?
A
heavy rains cause mud to become runny, which results in it falling down - earthquakes cause mudslides because they make the ground unstable, causing the masses to tumble
12
Q
(4.2) what type of enviornments are most suceptible to land/mud slides?
A
places with natural disaster, places where land/mudslides have occured before, channel with stream/river
13
Q
(4.2) what are the 3 main types of rock
A
igneoous, metamorphic, sedimentry
14
Q
(4.2) describe the process of how a igneoous rock is form
A
when magma erupts and crystalizes into a hard rock
15
Q
(4.2) what are the two branches of igneous rock
A
intrusive and extrustive
16
Q
(4.2) what are the differences bewteen intrusive and extrusive igneous rock?
A
intrusive: magma goes up but cools slowly and crystalizes within the earths crust
extrusive: dried magma on the surface, cools quickly
17
Q
(4.2) describe the process of how a metamorphic rock is formed
A
when existing rock is compressed with intense heat and pressure to transofmr it to a new form
18
Q
(4.2) describe the process of how a sedimentarye rock is form
A
sediments from other rocks settle into the ground and is compressed/cemented by debris to form layers
19
Q
(3.4) what is carrying capacity?
A
how many organisms an area can support
20
Q
(3.5) what is a population dispersal pattern?
A
the way populations are dispursed in an area
21
Q
(3.5) what are the different types of populaton dispersal patterns?
A
clumped, uniform, random
22
Q
(3.5) why might a clumped population occur?
A
when reasources are abundent in one area
23
Q
(3.5) is a clumped population dispersal a good thing?
A
yes and no. it can increase compitition bewteen animals for reasrouces, but its good for interaction and finding mate
24
Q
(3.5) why might there be a uniform population dispersal pattern?
A
when prganisms show a territorial behavior or when reasources are evenly distributed
25
(3.5) in random dispised populations, is there compitition between species?
no because when population is randomly disprised, it means that reasrouces and environemntal considtions are stable and consistent, thus no interaction/compitition
26
(3.5) what is biotic potential?
the ability for organism to produce most offspring in optimal env
27
(3.5) what is env resistence?
factors that limit offpring production
28
(3.5) what are some examples of env resistence?
- limited food source/reasources
- natural disaster
- compitition
- predetors
- tolerence
- defense mechanisms
- birth rate
29
(3.5) descibe the j curve
population that grows exponentally infinately until reasoruces crash
30
(3.5) describe the s curce
intially goes up slow, then grows quickly until carrying capacity makes it straight line
31
(3.2) describe characteristics of a k selected species
- slow reproduction rates
- high parental care
- type I/II (late/constant loss)
- mature slowly
- typically bigger animals
- density depdentent limiting factors to pop growth
32
(3.2) describe the characeristics of a r selected species
- fast reproduction
- low parental care
- type III (early loss) survivorship curve
- short lifespan
- pop size is influenced by density independent limiting factors
33
(3.3) what does a surviorship curve show?
it shows the age-distribution characteristics of species and reproductive sucess of each "type" of oragnism
34
(3.3) what are the x and y axis of the survoirship cuve?
x=age
y=ifraction of organism survival
35
(3.3) what is reproductive sucess?
the ability of oragnisms to mature and reproduce succesfully
36
(3.3) draw a graph of the surviorship curve and label all the features
37
(3.3) what characteristics does the type 1 curve (in the surviviorship curve) have? any ex?
- high survival rates in early and middle life
- humans
- elephants
38
(3.3) what characteristics does the type 2 curve (in the surviviorship curve) have? any ex?
- they have a consistent mortality rate
- typically reach adult stage fast
- rodents
- birds
39
(3.3) what characteristics does the type 3 curve (in the surviviorship curve) have? any ex?
- have high mortality rate and not many are able to reach maturity and reproduce
- inscects
- turtles
40
(3.1) what is the differnce between generalist vs specialist species?
- generalists are organims taht have a high range of tolernce, they are adaptable, and have less chances of being extint
- specialists have a lower tolerance, they are suceptible to enviornemntal changes bc they need specific conditions to live, specific foods, inc extintion rate
41
(3.5) explain what netavive and positve feedback loops are
- negative feedback loops make the ecosystem more stable
- positive feedback loops are responsible for rapid and amplify changes
42
(3.5) gives exaples of negative and positive feedback loops
-negative: predetors eating prey so prey doesn't become overpopulated
-positive: when forests are cleared, less co2 is absorced from atmosphere which=more warming which=more deforestation
43
(5.1) who wrote the tradgedy of the commons?
garett hardin in 1688
44
(5.1) what is the tradgedy of the commons?
it is a situation where humans overuse a finite reasrouce to the point where the reasource is destroyed
45
(5.1) when tradgedy of the commons are practiced, what are some enviornmental issues?
- edge effect
- deforestation
46
(5.1) what are the limits to the tradgedy of the commons?
- markets influence land more than reasources do
- people value $ over long term effects
47
(5.2) what are tree canopies and what do they do for the ground?
they provide shade for the ground, allowing it to stay cool and moist
48
(5.2) what is clear cutting?
the cutting of a large amount of trees
49
(5.2) what are some impacts of clear cutting?
- edge effect
- deforestation
50
(5.2) what is exactly an edge effect?
it is the differences bewteen the two sides of a boundary. it could be;
- biodiversity
- reasrouce abailibility
- ecological challenges
- human influences
51
(5.2) what is deforestation
clearing trees for land to build infrastructure, urbanize, etc.
52
(5.2) what are some impacts of deforestation
- ground becomes dry and warmer bc no trees shading it
- loss of soil fertility, inc runoff—>soil erosion
- habitat loss
53
(5.2) what are some ways to reduce deforestation?
- implementing laws
- eliminating clear cutting all together
- using more sustainble cutting methods
- educate farmers about consequences
54
(5.3) describe 1st agricultural revolution
hunters and gatherers discover pllants which resulted in them selttling down and creating cities
55
(5.3) describe 2nd agricultural revolution
- occured during the same time as industrail rev
- lots of mechanization
- creation of seed drill and tractor which inc efficiency
- there was an overall inc of agricultrual output
- advances in livestock
56
(5.3) describe 3rd agricultural revolution
- intro to pesticides, synthetic fertilizers, and highyield, resilent seeds
57
(5.3) describe green agricultural revolution
- creation of gmo's, pesticides
- labor was replaced with machines
58
(4.3) describe the characterisitcs of this soil component; gravel
- poor water rentntion & nutrient capacity
59
(4.3) describe the characterisitcs of this soil component; sand
- lacks moisture/nutrient retentoin
- well draining
- large partcles/pores
60
(4.3) describe the characterisitcs of this soil component; loam
- equal amounts of clay, sand, silt, and humus
61
(4.3) describe the characterisitcs of this soil component; silt
- easily transported by water
- fine, sedimentary material
- is dense
62
(4.3) describe the characterisitcs of this soil component; clay
- lwo permeability/hold water easily
- easily compacted
- fine particles
- waterlog easyliy
63
(4.3) explain which soil component (gravel, sand, loam, silt, clay) you think is most ideal for plants
answer: loam
64
(4.3) why is loam most ideal for plants?
- has good aspects of every soil component
- ideal drainage and nutrient avilbility, and root growth
65
(4.3) what is humus?
it is an organic material that forms in soil after animal/plant decays
66
(4.3) explain the process of how humus forms
as plant/animal decays, it breaks down into its most basic chemical elemnt and compound, which support plant nutrients and animals
67
(4.3) when humus is mixed w soil via earthworms, describe the process of how humus impacts the soil and how it helps soil and plant roots
soil that contains humus will crumble which aloows water and air to move easily through the loose soil which results in root grwoth easier, reduce erosion, and ph stabailization
68
(4.3) what does soil aeration refer to?
the ability for soil to recive oxygen, water, and nutreitns
69
(4.3) describe the process of aeration and the impact to the soil
putting small holes into the soil reduces compaction and improves oxygen, water, and nurtient penetration
70
(4.3) how does aeration be efit plants?
it helps roots grow deeper stronger
71
(4.3) what is soil compaction measured by?
dry unit weight, dependign on water contnet and compaction effort
72
(4.3) what are impacts of compacted soils
low permeability, few large pores
73
(4.3) what is nutreint holding capacity?
soil's ability to absorb and retain nutrients for roots
74
(4.3) how does weathering impact nutrient avalitibyt?
as soil particles weather, minerals realease nu
75
(4.3) what are the three primary plant nutrienets?
potabsium, nitrogen, and phosphorus
76
(4.3) what does soil permeability measure?
he capicaity of soil to alow water and oxggey to pass throuh it
77
(4.3) describe the prossecess of how low permeability in soil results in salinization
1. water isnt able to drain down
2. water sits at lower soil levels but rises through capilary action and water evaporates, leaving salt to accumulate near surface
78
(4.3) what is the cause of acidic soil?
pollutanats
| mainly from fossil fuels like nox and so2 get emitted but combine w atmo
79
(4.3) what causes soils to be more alkaline?
high amounts of potassium, calcium, magnesium, and or sodium ions
80
(4.3) what is soil pore size?
the space bewteen soil particules
81
(4.3) what does soil pore size determine?
how much water, air, and nutrients are availible for plant roots
82
(4.3) what primarily controlsl soil's water holdign capacity?
soil texture and organic matter content
83
(4.3) what is soil texture?
proportions of sand, silt, and clay particles in soil
84
(4.3) how does soil texture content impact soil's water holding capacity?
if a soil has a lot of sand in it, there is low water capacity since sand is very porous and large particles. if majority of soil is clay, it means the soil=fine particles/small pores which means water is held in easily
85
(4.3) what negative impact dos oversaturation do to soil?
nutirents and excess water are leached down :(
86
(4.3) how does organic matter content impact soil's water holding capacity?
organic matter acts like a sponge and increases the soils ability to hold water for the plant. they also prevent water loss in sandy soils and improves drainage in clay soils :)))
87
(5.4) what is agricutlural productivity?
when outputs are greater than imputs
88
(5.4) what can impact agricultural productivity?
climate change, invention of technologies
89
(5.4) how does the levels of agriculural productivity impact farms?
when there are high elvels of producvitity, it means that less effort but more product. more product means there is more crop on the market, making the prices cheaper as well as more ppl to feed.
if producvitity is low, it is vice versa
90
(5.4) what is desertification?
when fertile land becomes desert like land (arid)
91
(5.4) what is overgrazing?
the act of wild animals or farm animals grazing on land that has not fully healed. overgrazing can cause soil erosion, weaker roots, and less producvitity
92
(5.4) how do fertilizers help plants? as a result, what happens when fertilizer is added?
they provide nutrients for plants, making them stronger or "better" (maybe its jucier or bigger fruit, etc)
93
(5.4) what are the different types of fertilizers and what are the differences?
organic (manuare, organic matter) and inorganic (synthetic compounds)
94
(5.4) list the pro and cons of organic and inorganic fertilizers?
organic:
pro;
- not as many chemicals
con;
- typically has a lower nutrient content than synthetics
- cant target certain nutrient deficientcy
inorganic:
pro;
- can target needs
con;
- can provide too much nutrients to crop
- can result in runoff
95
(5.4) what are gmo's?
foods that are genetically modified
96
(5.4) what is genetic engineering technique in the context of agricutlure?
they are a techniquie that makes changing the dna of foods easier and more efficient
97
(5.4) what are the characteristics of rangelands?
native grasslands, woodlands, wetlands, deserts grazed by wild aniamls/livestock
98
(5.4) what is slash and burn agriculture?
a controlled fire that burns crops
99
(5.4) how does slash and burn agriclutre impact land? (list pro and con)
pro:
- clears land quickly
- leaves ash from burned vegetation which is a temperarory fertilizer
- cheap
- no chemicals
con:
- emissions
- deforestation/loss of biodiversity
- unsustainable for larger areas
100
(5.4) describe how desertification, overgrazing, and slash and burn can lead to soil erosion
when soil gets dried up and arid or vegetation is over eaten by livestock or burned, vegitation dies which leaves the ground exposed to the sun, wind, and heavy rain
101
(5.4) what are characteristics of soil degration?
loss of soil condition
102
(5.4) what happens when soil is degrading?
desertification, salinization, waterlogging
103
(5.4) what is the cuase of soil degration? any ex?
poor management
urbanization, industrialization
104
(5.4) what is tillage? how does it impact soil?
tillage is the turn over of soil. it breaks up the top layer of soil and smooths it out. it aerates the soil and can improve the soil's structure
105
(5.5) what is an irrigation system?
a system that waters crops and planats at a rate
106
(5.5) what is a ditch? (irrigation) draw it
107
(5.5) what is a flood system? (irrigation) draw it
pumping water onto field
108
(5.5) what is a drip system? draw it
a irrigation system that waters plants at a slow, constant rate
109
(5.5) what is a furror/channel? (irrigation) draw it
*crops |pretend | *crops
|theres |
|water |
110
(5.5) what is a spray system? (irrigation) draw it
——————
' " ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '' ' *water is sprayed*
''''' ' ' '' ' ' ''""" '
*plants*
111
(5.6) what are pesticides?
they are substances or organisms used to manage pests
112
(5.6) what are different types of pesticides? explain how they are different
- biological specimen (predetor eat prey)
- carbomates (liquid that interact with acid that releases co2 as byproduct, killing the pests)
- fumigates (steralize soil with gases by this being a gassy pesticide, it fills a enclosed space with the gas, suffocating or poisoning the pest);
- inorganic pesticides: made from minerals and are broad based pesticides that stay in env for a very long time (ex. arson, mercury, lead, etc)
- organic pesticides: natural poisons from plants (crysanthemeum and tabbacco)
- organophosphates: very very toxic but dont stay in env for that long
113
(5.6) what are persistent organic pollutants (POP's) ?
they are toxic chemicals that are fat soluable and can bioccumlate, meaning they can move up the food chain in more and more concentrations. (biomagnification)
114
(5.6) explain how persistent organic pollutants (POP's) impact pests
bc they are fat soluable meaning (they can't be borken down with biologiacl systems) they get dissolved into an animal's fat tissue which causes helath, env issues
115
(5.6) what is the pesticide treadmill? list each step
1. resistance (when pests start to become resistent to a pesticide they once were supceptable to)
2. evolution (when pests start to reproduce, being able to not die from the pesticide)
3. more pesticide (when farmers realize they pesticide is not wokring, they attempt to put more pesticide to kill it, making the problem worse)
4. env damage (more pesticide=more chemical=more pollution=bad
116
(5.6) what is intergrated pest control (IPM) ?
a strategy that uses a combination of different types of pest control (like biological, chemicals, etc) to control pests
117
(5.6) list the methods intergrated pest control (IPM) use to control pests. next, explain how these methods are beneficial
118
(5.6) what are carbamates? how do they impact pests?
they are a usually a spray or liquid that impacts the pests nervous system
119
(5.6) what are fumigants? explain the process of how they kill pests?
a type of pesticide that kills organisms with a toxic gas (impacts their respritory system when they breathe it in)
120
(5.6) what are the types of fumigants? list them.
- inorganic pesticides: super toxic and remain in the env
- organic pesticides: natural poison from plants
- organophosphates: very very toxic but dont remain in env for long period
121
list out all the primary pollutants
voc's, co, co2, no, no2, so2, most hydrocarbons
122
list out all the secondary pollutants
so3, o3, h2o2, h2so4, hno3, most no3
123
(9.1) describe how ozone forms in the stratosphere
when the sun interacts with oxygen molecules, it forms atomic oxygen which interact with oxygen molecules and form ozone
124
(9.1) what are the 3 form of uv? describe their impacts/what they do
uva: causes tanning
uvb: causes skin cancer
uvc: supports ozone production
125
(9.1) list effects of ozone depletion
- reduced crop production
- cooling of stratosphere
- climate changes
- reduced immune function
- sun burn/cancer
126
(9.1) what are some chemicals that cause ozone depletion? explain the process of how they break down ozone
- cloroflorocarbons: includes clorine, florine, and carbon
- halocarbons: includes carbon molecules
they rise to the stratosphere where htey get broken down by the sun and release chlorine molevules which interact with ozone
127
(9.1) what are some ways we can reduce ozone depletion?
- support legeslative that prohibits chemicals that destroy ozone
- put tarrifs on products that have chemicals that destroy ozone
128
(9.1) what is ozone?
a highly reactive molecule
129
(9.2) describe the greenhouse effect
when sun hits the earth, some sun gets bounced back into the atmonsphere but most gets absorved by earth surface. earth becomes warmer and emit infrared radiation which is then absorved by greenhouse gases which then get emitted back into earth. so the more greenhouse gases there are, the more infrared radiation is put back to earth.
130
(9.2) list greenhouse gases
co2, ozone, no2, water vapor, methane
131
(9) what are the differences between tophophere and stratosphere?
132
(9.3) list and describe natural sources of greenhouse gases
- volcanos: release co2 and water vapor and ash which can block sunlight=cooling
- agriculural livestock: livestock digestion proces methane (when theres not enough oxygen in cow, they produce methane)
133
(9.3) list and describe anthropogenic sources of greenhouse gases
- industrial: burning fossil fuels and creation of chemicals like crc's act as greenhouse gasses that trap heat
- deforestation: cutting down trees=less co2 absorb=more heat
- agricultural: fertilizers
134
(9.4) why does co2 concenrations fluctuate based on season?
because;
spring/summer: flowers come up, trees turn green, platns absorbing more co2 bc of photosynthesis, ocenans warm and algae absorb co2
fall/winter: leaves brown and fall, crops are harvested which result in less co2 absorb, oceans cool
135
(9.4) how have scientists figured out co2 concentration trends from history —> now?
in trapped air bubbled in ice where they can determine trends and patterns
136
(9.5) how has climate change impact polar ice caps?
shrinking and thinner
137
(9.5) how has climate change impact glaciers?
- they are getting smaller which reduces water supply to those who rely on them for water source
138
(9.5) how has climate change impact ocean currents?
139
(9.5) how has climate change impact soils?
- soil=more heat=more microbiome activity=more decomposition=more methane relased (positive feedback loop)
140
(9.5) what is permafrost and how has climate change impact it?
- permafrost: frozen ground
- it has melt it. bc it is techniqually ground, buildings that are built on top of it collaspe bc the strucutre is melting.
- rivers that sit on top of perma frost "sink" bc permafrost layer decreases
141
(9.5) how has climate change impact sea levels? how does the inc of sea levels impact us and the marine animals?
- inc because ice melts to water
- can cause flooding to cities near coast
- animals that live in deeper zones get less sunlight bc water gets deeper and sunlight can't penetrate that low
142
(9.5) how has climate change impact organisms?
- flowering=earlier
- migrations=earlier
- diseases that thrive in warmer weathers can "migrate" and "spread" to areas that fit their enviornemntal needs
143
(9.5) how has co2 concentrations change over the past 7 decades? what units are used to measure?
- increased
- nation's total pop and per capita production
144
(9.6) how have marine animals respond to ocean warming? use fishes and corals as ex
both fish and corals have specialized env conditions
- fishes have migrated to cooler waters, impacting distribution
- corals experience "bleeching" decreased ph causes them stress so they respond by realeasing mutalistic algae which turns them white (if occur for sev wks, they die)
145
(9.6) describe coral bleeching
decreased ph, sedimentation, pollution, inc surface temp, disease cause them stress so they respond by realeasing mutalistic algae which turns them white (if occur for sev wks, they die)
146
(9.7) describe how ocean acidification happens and what it does to the water
co2 from the atmosphere gets absorbed by the oceans which interact w/ water molecules to form carbonate acid (that is an acid which releases hydrogen atoms)
- it causes ph to lower
- and reduced carbonate ions in the water
147
(9.7) how does ocean acidification impact marine organisms that have shells and skeletons made of calcium carbonate?
bc acidification dec carbonate ions in the water, less of those ions are avalible for those animals that need them to build their shells and skeletons
acidification also dec ph/more acidic which can break their shells
148
(9.7) provide an ex of organism doing well in ocean acidification
some species of crab and lobster. they responded by building thicker shells
149
(9.7) provide an ex of organism doing not so well in ocean acidification
sea urchins responded by not growing to its fullest. it remained small
150
(9.7) how does ocean acidification impact us?
bc ocean acidification impacts shellfish and marine organisms which we rely on for food, it impacts us indirectly
151
(9.8) why is it bad when invasive species settle in non native areas?
bc they typically outcompete native specices in resources, habitat, or killing them
152
(9.8) describe an ex of invasive specifices in ocean
zebra mussles are fatties that eat all the algae leaving none for native species
153
(9.8) describe an ex of invasive plant
kudzu vine grows rlly fast and blocks sunlight for native trees and plants, killing them
154
(9.9) what is the difference between endangered and threated species?
endangered: likely to be extinct in near future
threated: likely to be endangered in near future
155
(9.9) list causes for endangered specices
- humans (over harvesting, destroying habitat, introducing invasive species, etc)
156
(9.10) why is having low genetic dveristy in a population not ideal?
bc it reduces a specices ability to adapt to new env changes, diseases, increased imbreeding
when there is a small selection of genes, it limits natural selection to act on beneficial traits
157
(9.10) how are humans contirbuting to low genetic diversity (domesticated livestock and crops)?
they select livestock/crops to grow that yeield most productivity, leading to other speciies becoming extinct
158
