All Lab Quizzes

Question 1

T or F? The neural crest is found in all adult vertebrates.

Answer 1

F

Question 2

High levels of bone morphogenic protein (BMP) initiate what in the embryo?

Answer 2

Surface Ectoderm (epidermis)

Question 3

Which structures are derived form neural crest cells (NCCs)?

Answer 3

Schwann cells, Glial cells, Sympathetic nervous system components, Parasympathetic nervous system components

Question 4

Order these correctly:
Emigration
Induction
Migration
Specification
Differentiation

Answer 4

Induction -> Specification -> Emigration -> Migration -> Differentiation

Question 5

What is the germ layer transition NCCs make in an embryo?

Answer 5

Epithelium to Mesenchyme

Question 6

What molecular player(s) are most prevalent in the specification process of NCCs?

Answer 6

Snail-1; Sox-9, -10

Question 7

To adopt the mesenchymal phenotype, induced NCCs must lose cell adhesion by the down-regulation of which molecule?

Answer 7

E-cadherin

Question 8

Mechanisms by which NCCs migrate to their intended target sites include:

Answer 8

Co-attraction, Chemoattraction, Inhibition, Contact Inhibition of Locomotion (CIL)

Question 9

T or F? Extracellular matrix (ECM) signals to NCCs what type of tissue they want the NCC to become

Answer 9

T

Question 10

What particular characteristic makes Eph receptors unique from other receptors?

Answer 10

The ligands are tethered to the cell surface.

Question 11

What two types of cell movement are predominant in avian gastrulation?

Answer 11

Delamination, Ingression

Question 12

Why might the embryonic shield not have been visible on your slide during Gastrulation Stage 1 observation?

Answer 12

The specimen was too young when the egg was laid, and the hypoblast has not become well-established

Question 13

What specific receptor were you inhibiting in the FGF inhibition exercise you performed in lab 8?

Answer 13

FGFR-1

Question 14

Which FGF specifically binds to the receptor you inhibited in Lab 8?

Answer 14

FGF-8

Question 15

In the FGF lab 8, what was the name of the chemical receptor inhibitor you used?

Answer 15

SU5402

Question 16

Which model organism would help to facilitate manipulation of an embryo at early blastula stage and subsequent observations of the effect during gastrulation?

Answer 16

Gallus gallus (Domestic Chicken)

Question 17

The Nematode Ascaris (Small intestinal roundworms) is a useful model organism for studying:

Answer 17

in-situ visualization of fertilization

Question 18

What is the purpose of Meiosis?

Answer 18

To provide a reductive division of cell chromosomes.

Question 19

what is the ploidy level and chromatid complement of the secondary spermatocyte?

Answer 19

1n, 2c

Question 20

what is the ploidy level and chromatid complement of the primary spermatocyte?

Answer 20

2n, 4c

Question 21

You’re studying the final phases of sperm maturation in your model organism. To better understand the role of protamines which appear in the golgi phase of spermiogenesis, you use an inhibitor against:

Answer 21

Histones

Question 22

When is the second polar body formed?

Answer 22

Following Meiosis II of the secondary oocyte

Question 23

In lab 2 when observing a fertilized egg how many membrane layers did it have?

Answer 23

2

Question 24

You observe a small blastodisc under the vitelline membrane in a raw egg. What compromises a blastodisc?

Answer 24

nucleus and cytoplasm

Question 25

What is the main purpose of the 3 distinct layers in the shell of an egg?

Answer 25

gas exchange

Question 26

Yolk is compromised of __ __ granules and __ __ granules .

Answer 26

Large, yellow; small, white

Question 26

When calculating sperm count with a hemocytometer, you multiply your value by a factor of 50,000. What does this number signify?

Answer 26

The total sperm determined in 1 ml of a sample from a fraction sampled.

Question 26

The raised edges of the hemocytometer hold the coverslip ___ off the marked grid, giving each square a defined volume

Answer 26

0.1 mm

Question 26

What was the artificial sperm in lab 2 comprised of?

Answer 26

Phosphate-buffered saline solution and yeast cells

Question 26

In lab 2 which species had the lowest sperm concentration of 12.25 x10^6 /mL?

Answer 26

Mouse

Question 26

What type of eggs are found in rainbow trout?

Answer 26

Megalecithal

Question 26

You learned that Ascaris (roundworm) makes an excellent model for studying internal fertilization events. When observing the newly released oocyte in the uterus, you observe that the gametes are halted in:

Answer 26

Prophase

Question 27

During cleavage events, what determines the size of the daughter cells formed?

Answer 27

Positioning of the mitotic spindles

Question 27

What model organism would best demonstrate cleavage patterns and early development most similar to our own?

Answer 27

Viviparous

Question 28

Cleavage in fish is an Equal Meroblastic Discoidal pattern due to being:

Answer 28

Megalecithal with central mitotic spindles

Question 29

Eggs have developed a strategy to avoid polyspermatic fertilization. However, this is not always successful resulting in:

Answer 29

Sesquizygotic Twinning

Question 30

Sesquizygotic Twinning is characterized by the embryo receiving __ of maternal genes and between __ to __ of paternal genes.

Answer 30

100% ; 1-100%

Question 31

In the Sea Urchin lab, they were injected with 0.5% of what?

Answer 31

KCl

Question 32

How much of the planet's surface is covered by the ocean?

Answer 32

2/3

Question 33

Our oceans have been slowly acidifying since the industrialization era. Atmospheric CO2 has reacted with our ocean water ultimately resulting in these levels:

Answer 33

Lower pH leads to higher bicarbonate and lower carbonate

Question 34

What kind of skeleton composition do (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) sea urchins possess?

Answer 34

Magnesium Calcite

Question 35

What leads to increased pH levels in water?

Answer 35

Surplus of H+ ions in water

Question 36

How did you determine fertilization success in the lab?

Answer 36

Looked for the fertilization envelope formation

Question 37

What is the proper CSE structure for a journal reference? (in references list)

Answer 37

Author(s). Year. Article Title. Journal Name. Volume (Issue): Pages

Question 38

What was the scientific name for the purple sea urchins used in lab?

Answer 38

Strongylocentrotus purpuratus

Question 39

A sperm has just entered the egg of our animal model, Xenopus (clawed frog). The location of the sperm entry has now set up a series of events. Embryonic axis of the zygote is determined by this penetration point. This axis is:

Answer 39

dorsal/ventral

Question 40

What structure is derived from the mesodermal germ layer?

Answer 40

notochord

Question 41

What are the two major cell movement types in Xenopus?

Answer 41

Epiboly and Involution

Question 42

Which type of cell movement begins with the apical constriction of bottle cells and the indent of the blastopore in our xenopus model?

Answer 42

Invagination

Question 43

During the process of gastrulation, the archenteron forms and grows larger, obliterating the blastopore. The vegetal cells that line the floor of this structure (archenteron) belong to the germ layer:

Answer 43

Endoderm

Question 44

What model organism did Spemann and Mangold use for their work?

Answer 44

Newt

Question 45

Spemann and Mangold focused on what part of the embryo for the transplant?

Answer 45

Dorsal lip of blastopore

Question 46

From the experiments performed by Spemann and Mangold, they concluded that the Organizer has the following ability:

Answer 46

It can (3): Self-differentiate into dorsal mesoderm, Dorsalize the surrounding mesoderm into the paraxial mesoderm, Dorsalize the ectoderm and induce neural tube formation.

Question 47

In the egg windowing technique, what was the purpose of extracting albumin before cutting open the egg?

Answer 47

To create space between the embryo and the shell above

Question 48

What were the two dyes used in lab 6 to stain your embryos? (the red and blue stains)

Answer 48

Neutral Red and Nile Blue

Question 49

What was the approximate developmental range of your embryo in lab 6 (the ones with the red and blue dyes) given the landmark structures present?

Answer 49

18-24 hrs

Question 50

What is the name(s) of the staging table for Gallus gallus from the Lab Atlas?

Answer 50

Hamburger-Hamilton

Question 51

The staging table for Gallus gallus does not rely on what factor for developmental stage designation?

Answer 51

Time