ALL LEC MATERIAL Flashcards
before midterm (129 cards)
1
Q
__________: function of our sensory system
A
sensation
2
Q
________: interpretation of sensations giving meaning and organization
A
perception
3
Q
______ approach:
objective description of an organisms behaviour
dominant approach in the 1930’s to 60’s
ex) classical conditioning, and operant conditioning
A
behaviourist approach
4
Q
______ approach
sensory experience = insufficient
sensory info from environment must be integrated
perception shaped by learning + expernce
A
empiricst/ constructuvist
5
Q
________ approach:
sensory experince= insufficient
perception based on innate abilities
ex) perciving bike as whole and not a bunch of shapes
A
gestalt approach
6
Q
_________ approach:
sensory info sufficient
no memory/ cognition needed
perception rich cause environment rich
ex)
affordances
optic flow
A
Gibsonian approach
7
Q
________ approach
sequential flow of info
sensory info passes through stages
ex)
feedback
feedforward
A
info processing
8
Q
______ approach:
perception requires solving problems
critical thinking used
using knowledge of physics + math yo create models
A
9
Q
behaviourist approach
A
objective description of behaviour
10
Q
empiricst/ constructuvist approach
A
perception is derived from sensory inputs that are interpreted from previous experience
11
Q
Gestalt approach
A
perception is innate
12
Q
Gibsonian approach
A
perception = direct cause environment contains all necessary info
13
Q
info processing approach
A
sensory input processed in stages + interconnected
14
Q
computational approach
A
uses math principles to solve perceptual problems
15
Q
rate coding
A
number of time a neuron fires within and interval
16
Q
temporal coding
A
timing of individual AP’s in response to temporal variations in a stimulus
ex) skin vibrations, sounds
17
Q
population coing
A
combining activity of many neurons * important for how we perceive environment
18
Q
tuning curves
A
show how patterns of neuronal firing are selectively tuned
created for neurons of diff sensory systems
useful for studying the enoding + processing of sensory info in the brain
19
Q
computational model types
A
- efficient coing
- bayesian models
- ANN (artificial neural network)
20
Q
efficient coing
A
discover predictability
ex) do i need to code this pix in the purple boat view
21
Q
bayesian models
A
stats to make perdictions from prior knowledge
PROBABILITIS
ex) if red boat drifts what will it see
22
Q
ANN
Artificial neural network
A
connecting input + output
stimulated via computers
23
Q
imaging tech
- EEG
- ERP
- MEG
- CT
- MRI
- FMRI
- BOLD
A
- Measure of electrical activity from neuron populations
- measure of electrical activity from subpopulation of neurons
- change in magnetic activity across pop of neurons; similar to EEG
- multiple x-rays slices of body
- uses atom responses to strong magnetic fields
- finds localized patterns of brain activity
- permits localization of brain neurons that are most involved in a task
24
Q
absolute threshold
A
minimum amount of stim necessary for a person to detect a stimulus 50% of the time
25
methods to measure absolute threshold
1. method of constant stimulu
2. methid of limits
3. methid of adjustemnt
26
1. method of constant stimuli
many stimuli diff intensities
stimuli presented randomly multiple times
time consuming, gold standard, not usable for every day scenarios
27
2. method of limits
effienct/fast
no random; order = decreasing or increasing
avoid stimuli;s that differ by large amount
con: predictibility/ anticipation
28
3. method of adjustment
person getting tested controls stimulus
big adjustments should be avoided
29
______ : smallest change in stimulus that can be detected
difference threshold
30
difference threshold was interduced by whi?
ernst weber
31
ernst weber called diff threshold
JND:
Just noticeable difference between 2 stimuli
32
fechners law says:
mind and matter are related
mental representations do not = direct copies of physical properties
ex) what you perceive is loud may not be loud in decibles
33
what is cross modality matching ?
observer adjusts a stimulus of one sort to match the perceived magnitude of a stimulus of a different sort
doesn't work with taste
34
explain signal detection theory?
stimulus ur trying to detect is always detected by noise
internal noise helps to detect faint sounds/ sudden flash of light because THESE NEURONS ARE ALWAYS FIRING
It measures
sensitivity: ease of how u can tell diff between presence and absence of stim
criterion: internal threshold set by observer
35
say "NO" and no ringtone
true negative
36
say "yes" there is ringtone
Hit, true positive
37
say "yes" there is no ringtone
false alarm
false positive
38
say "NO" and there is ringtone
miss
FALSE negative
39
________ plot of false alarms on the X axis of a graph and hits on the Y axis for diff criterion
ROC curve
40
scaling methods
magnitude estimates
- person assigns values according to perceived magnitude
cross modality matching
- match intensity of stim of sensory modality to a diff one
41
______ the science of defining quantitative relationships between physical and psychological events
psychophysics
42
who invented psychophysics
fechner
43
_______ is
founder of experimental psychology
damaged his eyes by staring at sun
focused on mind and matte relationship via math
fechner
44
dualism?
mind separate from material world
45
materialism?
everything is matter and we are results of matter interconnections
46
panpsychism?
mind exists as property of all matter - all matter has cosciousness
47
true or false
larger stim = large JND
TRUE
48
REACTION TIMES:
200-250 ms
250 ms
400 ms
1 sec
sound touch light
vibrations
vestibular
thermal stim
49
______ energy taken up, not transmitted
absorbed
50
______ energy dispersed in an irregular fashion
scattered
51
_______ energy is redirected, usually to origin
reflected
52
_____ energy passed through a surface
transmitted
53
______ energy altered when passing into another medium
refracted
54
_______ "old sight"
presbyopia
55
"window" into the eye
cornea
56
the watery fluid of the eye
Aqeous humour
57
what focuses light onto back of eye
crystalline lens
58
where light enters
pupil
59
regulates light entering eye via contraction + expansion of pupil
IRIS
60
transparent fluid that fills large chamber of post eye
vitreous humour
61
light sensitive membrane w/ rods and cones
retina
62
refraction problems
1.
2.
3.
4.
1. myopia
2. hyperopia
3. astigmatism
4. Emmetropia; no refractive error
63
1. myopia
light focused infront of retina, cannot see far objects sharply
nearsightedness
64
2. hyperopia
light focused behind retina, close objects not seen sharply
farsightedness
65
3. astigmatism
unequal curving of refractive surfaced (usually cornea)
66
________ is also called the fundus and see's the back surface of the eye
Opthalamoscope
67
T/F? colour is not in peripheral vision
true
68
thumb is about ______ of visual angle
2 deg
69
what is the standard way of measurement for retinal size?
deg of visual angle
70
scientists measure size of a visual stimulus by
how large the image appears on retinal not how large it actually is
71
visual angle of object =
actual size + distance from observer
72
fovea has what type of bipolar cell
midget
73
periphery has what type of bipolar cell
diffuse
74
what is the mm of a pupil in darkness
8mm
75
what is the mm of a pupil in light
2mm
76
is this dark or light:
slower photopigments used
dark
77
is this dark or light:
faster photopigments used
light
78
what are the two dark an light adaptations?
- pupil dilation
- photoreceptors + replacements
79
what are the characterstics of AMD?
age-related macular degeneration
- gradually destroys sharp vision
- results in blind spot in visual field --> called SCOTOMA
80
what are the characteristics of RP?
retinitis pigmntosa
- hereditary
- progressive death of photoreceptors
- degeneration of pigment epithelium
- not noticed initially because it affects peripheral vision first
81
technology for visual field loss + how they help
1. prosthetic retina's
replace damage photoreceptor w/ implant device
2. gene therapies
improve functioning/ surviving photoreceptors
3. chemical therapy
converting ganglion cells into photoreceptors
82
cones work best in ____ illumination
high
83
rods work best in ______ illumination
low
84
photo activation begins when
light hits photoreceptors
85
visual pigment is made in _____ segment and stored on _________ segment
inner
outer
86
cones and rods have opsin true or false
true
rods: rhodopsin
cones:
3 types for short medium and long wavelengths
87
______ cells = all or nothing pattern
bipolar cells
88
______ cell responsible for lat inhibition
horizontal cells
89
______ cells detect light patterns that change overtime
Amacrine cells
90
_______ cells pass signal to ganglion cells
bipolar
91
______ bipolar cell receives input from many photoreceptors
diffuse
92
_______ bipolar cells received input from one cone
midget
93
_____ ganglion cells get
- input from midget bipolar cells
- high acuity
- good spatial resolution poor temporal
- small receptive fields
- provide info about contrast in the retinal image
- work best in high luminance situations
- sustained firing
P ganglion cells
94
_____ ganglion cells get
- input from diffuse bipolar cells
- used for motion processing
- poor spatial resolution good temporal
- large receptive fields
- low aquity
- work best in low luminance
- burst firing
M ganglion cells
95
_______ : stimuli influence neuron firing
receptive field
96
ipRGC:
- respond to
- have no _____ input
light
no rod + cone input
97
ON-centre ganglion cells _________ by light that falls on centre ______ by light that falls in their surround
excited
inhibited
98
inhibted when light falls in centra excited when light falls surround
OFF-centre Ganglion
99
true or false
centre surround receptive fields do not emphasize object boundaries
false
centre surround receptive fields DO emphasize object boundaries
100
herman snellen invented designating visual acuity in _________
1862
101
eye doctors use what to characterize visual acuity ?
20/20 vision
they use distance
102
______ smallest visual angle of a cycle of gating that can be perceived
acuity
103
what are the types of visual acuity
minimum
- smallest object u can detect
minimum resolvable
- smallest seperation detectable
minimum recognizable
- smallest feature detectable
minimum discriminable
- smallest change detectable
104
striped pattern = "sine ________"
sine wave grating
105
___________ cycles of gating per unit of visual angle
spatial frequency
106
______ allows for how our perceptual systems deal with sound waves
fourier analysis
107
phase: the phase of _____ refers to its position within a receptive field
grating
108
0 deg =
positive response
109
90 deg =
no response
110
180 deg =
negative response
111
270 deg =
no response
112
what are layers of the LGN
parvocellular:
koniocellular
magnocellular
113
eyes have _________ mapping
tonographic maping
114
______ layer of LGN
large cells, bottom two layers, input from M ganglion cells, respond to large fast moving objects
magnocellular layer of LGN
115
_______ layer of LGN
small cells
top four layers
input from P ganglion cells
respond best to fine spatial details of stationary sections
parvocellular
116
________ layer of LGN
very small cells
between manocellular and parvicellualr sections
dont know about its importance
koniocellular
117
_____ crtex also known as the visual cortex
striate cortex
*has ~ 200 million cells
118
MRI reveals ?
fMRI reveals?
structure of brain
brain activity through BOLD signals
119
what are 2 important features of the striate cortex
topographical mapping
cortical magnification
120
visual acuity decreases as ______ increases
distance
121
true or false cells in V1 respond best to bars of light rather than spots of light
true
because it might recieve input from several retinal ganglion cells
122
t/f
stringing together retinal ganglion cells can not form a oriented bar
false it can make oriented bar
123
striate cortical cells function like a
filter
124
true or false?
each LGN cell responds to eye or the other never both
true
125
once info at V1 inputs from both eyes have been combined true or false?
true
126
______: vertical arrangment of neurons
column
127
t/f within a column all neurons have same orientation tuning
true
128
who found systemic progresive chnage in prefered orientation
hubel and wiesel
129
