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1
Q

What are blood vessels?

A

Hollow tubes that carry blood throughout the body

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2
Q

What types of blood vessels are there?

A

Arteries, veins, and capillaries

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3
Q

What characterizes the walls of arteries and arterioles?

A

Thick, muscular walls

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4
Q

What characterizes the walls of veins and venules?

A

Thinner walls

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5
Q

What lines the interior of blood vessels?

A

A thin layer of cells called the endothelium

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6
Q

Fill in the blank: The heart pumps _______ blood into the arteries.

A

oxygen-rich

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7
Q

What do arteries branch into?

A

Smaller vessels, eventually becoming arterioles

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8
Q

What connects arterioles with capillaries?

A

Arterioles

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9
Q

What passes from the blood into the tissues through the capillaries?

A

Oxygen and nutrients

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10
Q

What passes from the tissues into the blood through the capillaries?

A

Waste products

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11
Q

What is the sequence of blood flow after capillaries?

A

Blood passes into venules, then into veins, and returns to the heart

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12
Q

What is the primary function of blood?

A

Blood transports oxygen, nutrients, and waste products throughout the body.

Blood also helps regulate body temperature and contains white blood cells that fight infection.

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13
Q

What are the components of blood?

A

Blood is made up of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma.

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14
Q

What are blood vessels?

A

Blood vessels are hollow tubes that carry blood throughout the body.

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15
Q

What is the role of arteries in the circulatory system?

A

Arteries carry blood away from the heart.

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16
Q

What is the role of veins in the circulatory system?

A

Veins carry blood back to the heart.

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17
Q

What are capillaries?

A

Capillaries are small blood vessels where the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste occurs.

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18
Q

What system do the heart, blood, and blood vessels belong to?

A

They are all part of the body’s circulatory system.

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19
Q

What is an advantage of closed circulatory systems regarding oxygen and nutrient delivery?

A

Blood can be delivered to specific tissues at higher pressure, allowing for faster and more efficient transport.

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20
Q

How do closed circulatory systems benefit larger animals?

A

They enable larger animals to sustain high metabolic rates due to efficient blood circulation.

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21
Q

What is a key advantage of open circulatory systems?

A

They have a simple structure, requiring less energy to maintain compared to a complex closed system.

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22
Q

For which type of animals are open circulatory systems suitable?

A

They are suitable for small animals with low metabolic rates, being efficient enough for smaller organisms with lower oxygen demands.

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23
Q

What is the blood flow mechanism in open circulatory systems?

A

Blood is pumped from the heart into open spaces called sinuses or hemocoel, where it directly bathes the organs before returning to the heart through openings called ostia.

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24
Q

What type of fluid is present in open circulatory systems?

A

The circulatory fluid, called hemolymph, mixes with interstitial fluid.

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25
In which animals are open circulatory systems mostly found?
Mostly found in insects and other arthropods.
26
What is the blood flow mechanism in closed circulatory systems?
Blood is always contained within a network of vessels, including arteries, veins, and capillaries, ensuring a continuous flow from the heart to the body and back.
27
What type of fluid is present in closed circulatory systems?
Blood is distinct from interstitial fluid.
28
In which animals are closed circulatory systems mostly found?
Most vertebrates, including humans, fish, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
29
What is an advantage of closed circulatory systems?
Efficient delivery of oxygen and nutrients: Blood can be delivered to specific tissues at higher pressure, allowing for faster and more efficient transport.
30
What is the key difference between an open and a closed circulatory system?
In an open system, blood flows freely through open spaces in the body, directly bathing the organs, while in a closed system, blood remains contained within a network of vessels.
31
What characterizes an open circulatory system?
The open circulatory system is common to invertebrates and pumps blood into a hemocoel, with the blood diffusing back to the circulatory system between cells.
32
What characterizes a closed circulatory system?
In a closed circulatory system, blood is pumped by the heart through vessels and does not normally fill body cavities.
33
What components are involved in an open circulatory system?
Components include arteries, heart, body cells, ostia, and valves.
34
What components are involved in a closed circulatory system?
Components include arteries, heart, body cells, and valves.
35
Where is your heart located?
Your heart is in the front of your chest, slightly behind and to the left of your sternum. It sits between your right and left lungs, with the left lung being slightly smaller to accommodate the heart. Your rib cage protects your heart.
36
What does your heart look like?
Your heart looks like an upside-down pyramid with rounded edges. Large blood vessels go into and out of your heart to supply blood and oxygen to the rest of your body.
37
How big is your heart?
Generally, your heart is about the same size as your fist. On average, an adult's heart weighs about 10 ounces, but this can vary depending on body size and sex.
38
What is the function of the heart's conduction system?
It controls the rhythm and pace of your heartbeat.
39
Where do signals in the heart's conduction system start?
Signals start at the top of your heart and move down to the bottom.
40
What does the Sinoatrial (SA) node do?
Sends the signals that make your heart beat.
41
What is the role of the Atrioventricular (AV) node?
Carries electrical signals from your heart's upper chambers to its lower ones.
42
What does the Left bundle branch do?
Sends electric impulses to your left ventricle.
43
What is the function of the Right bundle branch?
Sends electric impulses to your right ventricle.
44
What does the Bundle of His do?
Sends impulses from your AV node to the Purkinje fibers.
45
What is the role of the Purkinje fibers?
Make your heart ventricles contract and pump out blood.
46
Where is the heart located?
Your heart is in the front of your chest, slightly behind and to the left of your sternum.
47
What is the position of the heart in relation to the lungs?
It sits between your right and left lungs, with the left lung being slightly smaller.
48
What protects your heart?
Your rib cage protects your heart.
49
What are coronary arteries?
Coronary arteries are a network that supplies nutrients to the heart by running along its surface.
50
What does the left coronary artery divide into?
The left coronary artery divides into two branches: the circumflex artery and the left anterior descending artery.
51
What does the circumflex artery supply?
The circumflex artery supplies blood to the left atrium and the side and back of the left ventricle.
52
What does the left anterior descending artery (LAD) supply?
The left anterior descending artery supplies blood to the front and bottom of the left ventricle and the front of the septum.
53
What does the right coronary artery (RCA) supply?
The right coronary artery supplies blood to the right atrium, right ventricle, bottom portion of the left ventricle, and back of the septum.
54
What are the three types of blood vessels?
Arteries, veins, and capillaries.
55
What do arteries do?
Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood from your heart to your body's tissues. ## Footnote The exception is the pulmonary arteries, which go to your lungs.
56
What is the function of veins?
Veins carry oxygen-poor blood back to your heart.
57
What are capillaries?
Capillaries are small blood vessels where your body exchanges oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood.
58
What are coronary arteries?
Coronary arteries are a network that supplies nutrients to your heart.
59
What is the left coronary artery?
The left coronary artery divides into two branches: the circumflex artery and the left anterior descending artery.
60
What does the circumflex artery supply?
The circumflex artery supplies blood to the left atrium and the side and back of the left ventricle.
61
What is the function of the left anterior descending artery (LAD)?
The LAD supplies blood to the front and bottom of the left ventricle and the front of the septum.
62
What are heart valves?
Heart valves are like doors between your heart chambers. They open and close to allow blood to flow through and keep blood from moving in the wrong direction.
63
What are atrioventricular valves?
Atrioventricular (AV) valves open between your upper and lower heart chambers.
64
What is the tricuspid valve?
The tricuspid valve is the door between your right atrium and right ventricle.
65
What is the mitral valve?
The mitral valve is the door between your left atrium and left ventricle.
66
What are semilunar valves?
Semilunar (SL) valves open when blood flows out of your ventricles.
67
What is the aortic valve?
The aortic valve opens when blood flows out of your left ventricle to your aorta, which carries oxygen-rich blood to your body.
68
What is the pulmonary valve?
The pulmonary valve opens when blood flows from your right ventricle to your pulmonary arteries, the only arteries that carry oxygen-poor blood to your lungs.
69
How many chambers does the heart have?
Your heart has four separate chambers: two atria on the top and two ventricles on the bottom.
70
What is the function of the right atrium?
The right atrium receives oxygen-poor blood from the body and pumps it to the right ventricle.
71
What veins deliver blood to the right atrium?
The superior vena cava carries blood from the upper body, and the inferior vena cava brings blood from the lower body.
72
What does the right ventricle do?
The right ventricle pumps oxygen-poor blood to the lungs through the pulmonary artery.
73
What happens to blood in the lungs?
The lungs reload the blood with oxygen.
74
What is the function of the left atrium?
The left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it to the left ventricle.
75
How does blood reach the left atrium?
Blood is carried to the left atrium by the pulmonary veins.
76
What is unique about the left ventricle?
The left ventricle is slightly larger than the right ventricle and pumps oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body.
77
What are heart walls?
Heart walls are the muscles that contract and relax to send blood throughout your body.
78
What divides the heart walls?
A layer of muscular tissue called the septum divides the heart walls into the left and right sides.
79
What are the three layers of the heart walls?
1. Endocardium: Inner layer. 2. Myocardium: Muscular middle layer. 3. Epicardium: Protective outer layer.
80
What is the epicardium?
The epicardium is one layer of your pericardium.
81
What is the function of the pericardium?
The pericardium is a protective sac that covers your entire heart and produces fluid to lubricate it.
82
How many chambers does the heart have?
Your heart has four separate chambers: two atria on the top and two ventricles on the bottom.
83
What are the names of the top chambers of the heart?
The top chambers are called atria (singular: atrium).
84
What are the names of the bottom chambers of the heart?
The bottom chambers are called ventricles.
85
What delivers oxygen-poor blood to the right atrium?
Two large veins deliver oxygen-poor blood to your right atrium: the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava.
86
What does the superior vena cava do?
The superior vena cava carries blood from your upper body.
87
What does the inferior vena cava do?
The inferior vena cava brings blood from the lower body.
88
What moves through the chambers inside your heart?
Blood moves through chambers inside your heart.
89
What are the parts of the heart?
The parts of your heart are like the parts of a building.
90
What does heart anatomy include?
Heart anatomy includes walls, chambers, valves, and blood vessels.
91
What are the heart walls?
Your heart walls are the muscles that contract (squeeze) and relax to send blood throughout your body.
92
What are the chambers of the heart compared to?
Chambers are like rooms.
93
What do valves in the heart do?
Valves open and close like doors to the rooms.
94
What do blood vessels resemble?
Blood vessels are like plumbing pipes that run through a building.
95
What is the function of the electrical conduction system in the heart?
It acts like electrical power that runs through a building.
96
What are the main parts of the heart?
The main parts include the right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle, and valves.
97
Function
98
What is the function of the heart?
99
Your heart's main function is to move blood throughout your body. Blood brings oxygen and
100
nutrients to your cells. It also takes away carbon dioxide and other waste so other organs can
101
dispose of them.
102
Your heart also:
103
Controls the rhythm and speed of your heart rate.
104
Maintains your blood pressure.
105
Your heart works with these body systems to control your heart rate and other body functions:
106
NervouS systemn: Your nervous system helps control your heart rate. It sends signals that tell
107
your heart to beat slower during rest and faster during stress.
108
Endocrine system: Your endocrine system sends out hormones. These hormones tell your
109
blood vessels to constrict or relax
which affects your blood pressure. Hormones from
110
your thyroid gland can also tell your heart to beat faster or slower.

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