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biology unit 3 review > All Notes- Cards > Flashcards

All Notes- Cards Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

DNA is a 1.________________ acid, a polymer of nucleotides which was formed by 2.______________

A
  1. Deoxyribonucleic

2. Dehydration Synthesis

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2
Q

DNA controls ___________, including reproduction as an example

A

Cellular activities

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3
Q

DNA carries a 1._________. Genetic instructions are included in the sequence of bases strung together in 2._______. DNA from a male and DNA from a female together becomes the genetic information of offspring in sexual reproduction

A
  1. Code

2. DNA

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4
Q

When DNA makes exact copies of itself to pass on to other cells the process is called _____________

A

DNA Replication

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5
Q

Mutations are essentially_____________During DNA replication, they are essentially the source of life’s diversity

A

Mistakes

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6
Q

Evolution, in essence, proceeds from the level of_____. Different combinations of DNA sequences due to mutations and sexual reproduction explain the existence of all the different species that have lived on this earth

A

DNA

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7
Q

DNA is the source of the ____of life

A

Unity

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8
Q

Life most likely began as a _________acid

A

Nucleic

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9
Q

There are two types of nucleic acid’s: 1.____ and 2.____

A
  1. DNA

2. RNA

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10
Q

The first form of life on this planet is thought by many biologists to be a self replicating strand of ____

A

RNA

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11
Q

What did James Watson and Francis crick discover?

A

DNA Double Helix

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12
Q

DNA and RNA are polymers of _________

A

Nucleotides

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13
Q

Each nucleotide is composed of three things: 1. A 5 carbon _______, 2. A ______ group, and 3. A _________ base

A
  1. Sugar(deoxyribose/ribose)
  2. Phosphate
  3. Nitrogenous
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14
Q

There are two types of bases for DNA and RNA. They are called 1._______ and 2.______

A
  1. Purines

2. Pyrimidines

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15
Q

Purines have a 1.______ nitrogen ring structure, whereas pyrimidine has a 2._____ nitrogen ring structure

A
  1. Double

2. Single

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16
Q

The two purine bases are:

A

Adenine and Guanine

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17
Q

The three pyrimidine bases are:

A

Thymine, Cytosine, and Uracil

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18
Q

What is different about Uracil than all other nitrogenous bases

A

It’s only used in RNA

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19
Q

The DNA strand consist of a sequence of nucleotides linked together to form a:

A

Double Helix

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20
Q

Each strand of DNA, or one side of the latter, is composed of a backbone of alternating molecules of 1.________ and 2.______ with a nitrogenous base attached to each deoxyribose unit

A
  1. Deoxyribose

2. Phosphate

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21
Q

For DNA bases stick out the side of the sugar molecules, and are linked to the bases of the other strand by hydrogen bonds in a very strict pattern:

A

A purine with a pyrimidine

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22
Q

Adenine bonds with________, whereas guanine binds with________

A

Thymine

Cytosine

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23
Q

The Chargaff’s rule is the number of 1._________ bases equaling turn number of 2.________ bases

A
  1. Purine

2. Pyrimidine

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24
Q

The bases can be in any order for DNA, but always pair as above. It is the ______ of bases that codes heredity information in the genetic code in DNA and RNA

A

Sequence

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25
Q

DNA strands are extremely long, each one containing millions of atoms. Every human cell contains around 1 meter of these twisted strands, which amounts to about three _____ pairs of bases.

A

Billion

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26
Q

Genes are the units of inheritance that control particular characteristics or capabilities of an organism. Genes are located on the _________ of the cell nucleus and consists of segments of DNA molecules

A

Chromosomes

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27
Q

(No question). A gene consists of a sequence of about 1000 DNA base pairs, though there is considerable variation in this length. About 175,000 genes compose the DNA molecule of a single human chromosome. these genes act in pairs that dictate traits

A

Ddddff

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28
Q

Genes always occur in 1.______. Half of each persons genes come from the 2._______ and half from the 3.______

A
  1. pairs
  2. mother
  3. father
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29
Q

Genes control _______ _______ reactions, by directing the formation of ______

A

Cellular chemical

Enzymes

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30
Q

Chromosomes contain many _______

A

Genes

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31
Q

Chromosomes are held in the tightly coiled structure by proteins called:

A

Histones

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32
Q

Before cell can divide, all of the DNA must be _______

A

Duplicated

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33
Q

The duplication process is called _______

A

Replication

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34
Q

To further explain replication, each strand of DNA can be viewed as a _________, which can produce a reverse image copy of it, also known as a complementary copy. Each new strand of DNA produced has a sequence of bases exactly complementary to the template or the parental strand

A

Template

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35
Q

2 _______ DNA molecules are produced with replication

A

Identical

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36
Q

In replication, each new strand of DNA produced contains one 1.____ strand, which is the template strand, and one 2._____ strand. The process is called 3._______-_________ replication

A
  1. Old
  2. New
  3. Semi-Conservative
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37
Q

Since half of the original molecule is conserved in each of the new molecules, this ensures that they will be very _______ of the parent molecule

A

Accurate

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38
Q

Replication occurs prior to cells dividing so that each new _______ cell receives the same genetic material as the parent cell

A

Daughter

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39
Q

The enzyme helicase helps the H bonds between the two strands of DNA _____. During DNA replication, the DNA double helix unwinds and the two strands of DNA separate

A

Break

40
Q

During DNA replication, H bonds form between template and complementary strands, with the help of an enzyme called_____ ___________

A

DNA Polymerase

41
Q

RNA is the genetic material of some ________ and is necessary in all organisms for proteins synthesis to occur. RNA could have been the original nucleic acid when life first arose

A

Viruses

42
Q

Just like DNA, all RNA molecules have a similar chemical organization, consisting of:

A

Nucleotides

43
Q

Like DNA, each RNA nucleotide is composed of three subunits:

A

5 carbon sugar called ribose
A phosphate group that is attached to one end of the sugar molecule
One of several different nitrogenous bases linked to the opposite end of the ribose

44
Q

There is one nitrogenous base that is different from DNA and RNA, it replaces T

A

Uracil(U)

45
Q

DNA is a double stranded helix, RNA is a______ stranded nucleic acid, which means it’s not a double helix

A

Single

46
Q

Name the three types of RNA

A 
Ribosomal RNA(rRNA)
Messenger RNA(mRNA)
Transfer RNA(tRNA)
47
Q

Which RNA is the most numerous, meaning it constitutes about 85 to 90% of all RNA

A

rRNA

48
Q

Which RNA constituents about 5 to 10% of the cell’s RNA

A

mRNA

49
Q

Which RNA is about 5% of the cells total RNA

A

tRNA

50
Q

Ribosomal RNA is made by the ____________ in the nucleus: migrate to the cytoplasm through the pores of the nuclear envelope

A

Nucleolus

51
Q

Two rRNA subunits combine with a protein to form the ____________ found on the rough er and throughout the cytoplasm

A

Ribosomes

52
Q

rRNA aids in protein synthesis by reading this _______ codons

A

mRNA

53
Q

Messenger RNA is usually about _________-________ nucleotides long

A

900-1500

54
Q

mRNA is made by copying sections of a DNA template strand(a gene) by a process called ___________

A

Transcription

55
Q

tRNA is about ___ nucleotides long

A

80

56
Q

tRNA is able to recognize a very specific amino acid by using its _____codon

A

Anti

57
Q

Which RNA carries the amino acid from the cytoplasm to a ribosome for protein synthesis

A

tRNA

58
Q

There are two major processes which occurs in order for proteins to be made, they are called:

A

Transcription and translation

59
Q

Fill in blanks

DNA~~~~~} mRNA ~~~~~~} protein

______. ________

A

Transcription

Translation

60
Q

Go through Steps of Transcription and Translation in notes pg 10,11,12

A

….

61
Q

Translation is translating the ________ on mRNA into a sequence of amino acids to form a primary polypeptide structure

A

Codons

62
Q

A ______ is a 3 letter “unit” of mRNA which codes for one amino acid

A

Codon

63
Q

There are 1.____ codons in total, of which 2.____ codes are for specific amino acids

A
  1. 64

2. 61

64
Q

An ________ is the base sequence that is complementary to the codon; found on tRNA

A

Anticodon

65
Q

Learn of the three processes which group up to be Translation

A

Pg 12

66
Q

What is it called when many ribosomes will simultaneously transcribe the same mRNA, which makes many copies of the same protein quickly

A

Polysomes/Polyribosomes

67
Q

If all raw materials, such as amino acids and nucleotides, are available, __________ proteins can be synthesized every seconds

A

100,000

68
Q

Ribosomes can produce a polypeptide chain in 25 to 35 seconds. With many ribosomes reading mRNA at the same time, new polypeptide chains are made every _ seconds

A

3

69
Q

One of every 30 polypeptide chains contains mistakes. the enzyme which proofreads the chain is called

A

RNA Polymerase

70
Q

For protein synthesis, DNA in the nucleus serves as a:

A

Template

71
Q

The genetic code is _______, Which means the same codons stand for the same amino acid in all living things(mostly)

A

Universal

72
Q

What is it called when, during the molecular manoeuvring that occurs with DNA replication, if nucleotides are lost, rearranged, or paired in error, the resulting change in instruction of the genetic code could lead to a protein that does not function properly, or a new desirable enzyme, DNAs code is translated

A

Mutation

73
Q

What is a change in an organism resulting from a chemical change in the structure of a gene

A

Mutation

74
Q

Mutations are ___________, which means they can be passed upon to offspring

A

Inheritable

75
Q

Genetic mutations can be caused by _______ and ________ factors

A

Internal

External

76
Q

Any factor that can cause a mutation is called a

A

Mutagen

77
Q

Try giving examples of some mutagens. The actual example, not the type

A

Dioxins, benzene, UV light, asbestos, DDT, cigarette smoke, x-rays, acetone, human papilloma virus, gamma rays

78
Q

What is HPV

A

Search online

79
Q

There are three types of mutagens

A

Chemical, radiation, viral

80
Q

Which mutagen has an example which is found in over 99% of cervical cancer patients

A

Viral

81
Q

Mutagens that cause cancer are called:

A

Carcinogen

82
Q

Carcinogens cause cells to undergo mitosis uncontrollably, resulting in the formation of ________

A

Tumours

83
Q

True or false; cancer cells do not carry out normal cell functions

A

True

84
Q

Relating to mutations, the change in DNA sequence will first be reflected in the mRNA copy, then in the ______ or other ______ that the RNA codes for, And finally in the appearance of new traits in the living organism

A

Enzyme

Protein

85
Q

True or false: there are two different names for mutations, depending on when these mutations occur within the organism

A

True

86
Q

_____ mutations occurs in body cells after birth

A

Somatic

87
Q

_________ mutations are the mutations of the gametes, such as egg and sperm, or earlier in the development of the embryo(hemophilia,dwarfism,diabetes)

A

Germinal

88
Q

The two main categories of mutations:

A

Gene and chromosomal

89
Q

Which mutation effects many genes because they effect the entire chromosomes or parts of chromosomes

A

Chromosomal

90
Q

Which mutation affects only one gene, which means it is small scale but can have devastating effects

A

Gene

91
Q

Name the three types of Gene mutation

A

Substitution, Addition, Deletion

92
Q

What mutation is it when: one nucleotide is substituted for another nucleotide

A

Substitution

93
Q

What is it called when nucleotides are added

A

Addition

94
Q

What is it called when nucleotides are deleted

A

Deletion

95
Q

Sickle cell enemia Is an example of:

A

Substitution gene mutation

96
Q

________ mutations occur after chromosomes are broken, May be due to exposure to radiation, addictive drugs, or maybe pesticides. They end up reforming normally

A

Chromosomal

97
Q

Pieces of _______ can be lost, added, or whole ________ can be lost or added in chromosomal mutations

A

Chromosomes

biology unit 3 review (1 decks)

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