All of SB5 Flashcards
(50 cards)
What are pathogens?
Bacteria that cause disease
What is a disease
A problem with the structure/process in a person’s body which impairs function (not result of injury)
Explain the correlation between having one
disease and the likelihood of having other diseases
Having one disease could :
Damage the immune system; easier for other pathogens to cause disease
Damage the natural barriers and defenses; pathogens get into body easily
Disease prevents organ system from working, other diseases more likely to occur.
Ways in which a disease is classified
Timescale
Number of causing factors
Deficiency
Infectious/Non infectious
What is a risk factor?
A factor which increases chance of developing
disease
Modifiable vs Non modifiable risk factors
Modifiable risk factors ;can be controlled (lifestyle related ; smoking, diet)
Non modifiable risk factors; cannot be controlled
(Age, genetics)
How does smoking affect circulatory system
Toxic chemicals n substances from tobacco are taken in by lungs; absorbed into blood from lungs, carried around body
These chemicals damage artery lining; buildup of atheromas in artery wall ; atherosclerosis
leads to blood clot formation; causing heart attack/stroke
Alcohol is a diuretic? Meaning?
Causes more urine production; leads to dehydration
Effects of alcohol
Poor muscle control and balance
Increased reaction time
Slurring of speech
How is bacteria and dust removed from lungs?
Goblet cells produce mucus; dust and bacteria
trapped in mucus; mucus is swept away from lungs by cilia to the throat.
What about the cilia present in a smoker’s lungs
Tar in cigarette smoke paralyzes and kills cilia,
Build-up of mucus; person needs to cough to
remove mucus
COPD?
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(emphysema and chronic bronchitis)
reduces lung function due to restricted air flow
no fully reversible cure; long lasting
How does universal indicator react to CO and nicotine
Changes from neutral to acidic
Chronic bronchitis- the ill effects
Narrowing of bronchi ( irritants cause inflammation)
leads to persistent cough; shortness of breath
Cause of emphysema?
Gradual breakdown of alveolar walls; damage to bronchioles and alveolar capillaries
Disadvantage of COPD diagnosis?
Spirometry is conducted to determine airflow obstruction or not
There is no single test; risk factors and symptoms taken into account
Medicines commonly prescribed for COPD and what they do
Bronchodilators- relax smooth muscles; widens airways
Corticosteroids : Acts as anti-inflammatories
Oxygen therapy (for emphysema)
Leading cause of lung cancers?
Uncontrolled growth of epithelial cells lining airways
CHD?
Coronary heart disease
Arteries supplying blood are affected
What is BMR
Basal metabolic rate; body uses energy while resting
What is cholesterol and its function?
A soft waxy lipid; cell membranes; regulates fluidity
Insoluble in blood; transported by lipoproteins
Function of LDL
Carry cholesterol from the liver to blood vessels
How can LDL cholesterol levels be reduced?
Regular exercise
Increased intake of fibre
HDL function?
Carries cholesterol from tissues to liver where its metabolized
