all of tectonics

Question 1

What is response?

Answer 1

what happens after an event: evacuation, immediate assistance and asses damage (by charity, services and insurers)

Question 2

Where do most earthquakes and volcanoes occur?

Answer 2

near plate boundaries

Question 3

What is a divergent plate boundary?

Answer 3

cause effusive basaltic eruptions and rare shallow earthquakes

Question 4

What is an example of a divergent plate boundary?

Answer 4

mid-atlantic ridge - Iceland

Question 5

What is a convergent plate boundary?

Answer 5

cause violent andesitic eruptions and shallow, deep powerful earthquakes, volcanic cones, ocean trenches and mountains

Question 6

What is an example of a convergent plate boundary?

Answer 6

Japan - Pacific plate moving NW under Okhotsk plate

Question 7

What is a conservative plate boundary?

Answer 7

Cause powerful shallow earthquakes and diverted rivers along faults

Question 8

What is an example of a conservative plate boundary?

Answer 8

San Andreas fault

Question 9

What are infra-plate earthquakes?

Answer 9

Caused by solid crust cracking over millions of years and primary collision at a plate boundary

Question 10

What are infra-plate volcanoes?

Answer 10

Caused by hot spots from molten upwelling or from mantle plume under crust

Question 11

What are convection currents?

Answer 11

Caused by heat radiating outwards from core that occur due to mantle behaving like a viscous liquid

Question 12

What is slab pull?

Answer 12

When denser oceanic plates are subducted at cold downwellings by gravity

Question 13

What is ridge push?

Answer 13

When magma rises at constructive margin and pushes the plates apart

Question 14

What is paleomagnetism?

Answer 14

Movement of plates apart identified by magnetic pattern caused by magnetic field reverse (every 4 million years). Mid-oceanic ridge contains iron that lines itself parallel to magnetic field and ‘sets’ after it cools, permanently marking magnetic field

Question 15

What is the activity at divergent boundaries?

Answer 15

shallow, low magnitude earthquakes and effusive basaltic eruptions

Question 16

What is created at divergent boundaries?

Answer 16

Rift valley, volcanic isle and transform faults

Question 17

What is the activity at convergent boundaries?

Answer 17

shallow to 700km, high magnitude earthquakes (ocean-ocean plates)/ moderate magnitude (ocean-continent), explosive eruptions

Question 18

What is created at convergent boundaries?

Answer 18

ocean trench, fold mountains (ocean-cont’) or volcanic isle and ocean trench (ocean-ocean)

Question 19

What is the activity at transform/conservative boundaries?

Answer 19

shallow, moderate magnitude earthquakes with usually no volcanic activity

Question 20

What is created at transform/conservative boundaries?

Answer 20

ridges and scars on the surface

Question 21

What is the activity at collision boundaries?

Answer 21

shallow to middle, moderate magnitude earthquakes with usually no volcanic activity

Question 22

What is created at collision boundaries?

Answer 22

plateaus and fold mountains (Himalayas)

Question 23

What are factors that affect the magnitude of an earthquake?

Answer 23

• seismic gap
• depth of focus
• types of movement

Question 24

What are primary waves?

Answer 24

Arrives first and fast, moves through rock and fluids whilst pushing and pulling (compresses) in travel

Question 25

What are secondary waves?

Answer 25

Arrives second and slower than P waves, only move through rock in up and down movement

Question 26

What are love waves?

Answer 26

Arrives last but moves fastest (only through crust surface), most damaging

Question 27

What is liquefaction?

Answer 27

shaking sorts sediment that makes it act as a fluid

Question 28

What are secondary hazards of earthquakes?

Answer 28

- liquefaction - landslides - tsunamis

Question 29

What is a landslide?

Answer 29

mass material moves downslope

Question 30

What is a tsunami?

Answer 30

water column displacement by plate thrust/volcano

Question 31

What are volcanic primary hazards?

Answer 31

- lava flows - gas emissions - ash - pyroclastic flows

Question 32

What are volcanic secondary hazards?

Answer 32

- lahars - jokulhaups

Question 33

What are lahars?

Answer 33

mudflows

Question 34

What are jokulhlaups?

Answer 34

meltwater floods

Question 35

What is basaltic lava?

Answer 35

Hottest (1000-1200C), low silica/gas content, low viscosity (runny), gentle/effusive

Question 36

What is andesitic lava?

Answer 36

Medium heat (800-1000C), intermediate silica/gas content, medium viscosity, violent

Question 37

What is a hazard?

Answer 37

tectonic event with potential to threaten life and property

Question 38

What is a disaster?

Answer 38

when a hazard causes significant impact

Question 39

What is vulnerability?

Answer 39

ability to anticipate, cope, resist and recover

Question 40

What is resilience?

Answer 40

ability of a community to resist the impacts of a hazard by adapting and recovering

Question 41

What are factors affecting the ability to cope?

Answer 41

- location - resilience - preparedness - tech - knowledge of threat - community adaption/ability to react - governance

Question 42

What is the hazard risk equation?

Answer 42

Risk = hazard x vulnerability / capacity

Question 43

What is the volcanic explosivity index?

Answer 43

measure explosiveness (1= small and gentles -> 8 = colossal

Question 44

What are factors that affect resilience/vulnerability?

Answer 44

- education - housing - healthcare - income - food - utilities/governance - age - disability

Question 45

What is a tectonic mega-disaster?

Answer 45

- large scale by area or socio-economic impact - serious problems for management

Question 46

What is a high impact low probability event?

Answer 46

impossible to predict but very likely to occur over long time scales - require rapid global response and less resilience from globalisation

Question 47

What is an example of a multiple hazard zone?

Answer 47

Philippines

Question 48

What is a tiltmeter?

Answer 48

react to change in ground levels

Question 49

What is a gas measure?

Answer 49

radon gas can be released before an earthquake

Question 50

What a mitigation strategies for volcanoes?

Answer 50

- land use zoning - volcanic use zoning - lava walls/channels

Question 51

What is recovery?

Answer 51

restoration of services, rebuilding infrastructure and socio-economic recovery after an event

Question 52

What is a micro management strategy?

Answer 52

Strengthen individual buildings

Question 53

What is a macro management strategy?

Answer 53

Large scale protective measures

Question 54

What is hazard resistant engineering?

Answer 54

Reinforced concrete and steel cross-bracing Internal Pendulum to decrease displacement Base isolation, shock absorbers Retrofitting old buildings

Question 55

What are cheap engineering techniques?

Answer 55

- lighter material and single story - sloped roofs to prevent ash build-up - elevated buildings