All of Units 1 & 2 - Higher Human Biology Hodder Gibson Glossary Flashcards
Learn the Glossary term meaning and spelling in the How to Pass Higher Human Biology book from Hodder Gibson (280 cards)
1
Q
Cancer cell
A
(1.1) cell that grows and divides in an unregulated way to produce a tumour
2
Q
Differentiation
A
(1.1) changes to cells that allow them to specialise for different functions
3
Q
Diploid
A
(1.1) refers to a cell having two matching sets of chromosomes
4
Q
Embryonic stem cells
A
(1.1) stem cells from embryos that can divide and become any type of cell
5
Q
Ethical issue
A
(1.1) issue affecting human attitudes and decisions regarding various choices
6
Q
Germline cell
A
(1.1) cell that can give rise to gametes
7
Q
Haploid
A
(1.1) describes a cell having one set of chromosomes (e.g. gametes)
8
Q
Lymphocyte
A
(1.1) type of white blood cell involved in a specific immune response
9
Q
Meiosis
A
(1.1) type of cell division resulting in four haploid gametes
10
Q
Mitosis
A
(1.1) division of the nucleus of somatic or germline cells, giving two diploid daughter cells
11
Q
Multipotent stem cell
A
(1.1) stem cell that has the potential to make almost all cell types found within a particular tissue
12
Q
Phagocyte
A
(1.1) white blood cel that can surround, engulf and digest foreign material and pathogens
13
Q
Pluripotent stem cell
A
(1.1) stem cell that has the potential to make almost all differentiated cell types of the body
14
Q
Red blood cell
A
(1.1) blood cell containing haemoglobin, which can carry oxygen in the bloodstream
15
Q
Regulatory signal
A
(1.1) molecular signal that can be received by a cell to modify its activity
16
Q
Secondary tumour
A
(1.1) cancer formed from a cell transported from a primary tumour
17
Q
Somatic cell
A
(1.1) body cell that divides by mitosis to form more body cells
18
Q
Stem cell
A
(1.1) unspecialised cell that can divide and then differentiate
19
Q
Therapeutic
A
(1.1) used as part of a medical therapy
20
Q
Tissue stem cells
A
(1.1) stem cell from issue that divide and differentiate to become cells of that tissue
21
Q
Tumour
A
(1.1) collection of cancer cells produced by excessive, uncontrolled cell division
22
Q
3’-5’
A
(1.2) strand of nucleic acid running from a sugar to a phosphate
23
Q
Adenine (A)
A
(1.2) DNA base that pairs with thymine
24
Q
Amplification of DNA
A
(1.2) the production of multiple copies of a sequence of DNA; repeated copying of a piece of DNA
25
Antiparallel
(1.2) parallelstrands in DNA that run in opposite directions in terms of chemical polarity
26
ATP
(1.2) adenosine triphosphate; molecule used for energy transfer in cells
27
Base
(1.2) nitrogenous substance that is a component of DNA nucleotides
28
Cytosine (C)
(1.2) DNA base that pairs with guanine
29
Deoxyribose
(1.2) pentose sugar that is a component of DNA nucleotides
30
DNA
(1.2) deoxyribonucleic acid; molecule that holds the genetic code in living organisms
31
DNA polymerase
(1.2) enzyme that adds free nucleotides during DNA replication
32
Double helix
(1.2) three-dimensional shape of a DNA molecule
33
Fragments
(1.2) replicated sequences of the lagging strand which are later joined by ligase
34
Gal electrophoresis
(1.2) laboratory method used to separate mixtures of DNA, RNA or proteins according to molecular size
35
Guanine (G)
(1.2) DNA base that pairs with cytosine
36
Heat-tolerant DNA polymerase
(1.2) enzyme from hot-spring bacteria, used in PCR
37
Hydrogen bond
(1.2) weak chemical link joining complementary base pairs in DNA
38
Lagging strand
(1.2) DNA strand that is replicated in fragments
39
Leading strand
(1.2) DNA strand that is replicated continuously
40
Ligase
(1.2) enzyme that joins DNA fragments
41
Nucleotide
(1.2) component of DNA consisting of a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group and a base
42
Phosphate
(1.2) component of DNA nucleotide
43
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
(1.2) method of amplifying sequences of DNA in vitro
44
Primer
(1.2) short complementary strand of DNA
45
Replication
(1.2) formation of copies of DNA molecules
46
Sugar-phosphate backbone
(1.2) strongly bonded strand of DNA
47
Target sequences
(1.2) complementary sequence of bases on the 3' end ofDNA to which primer attaches
48
Template strand
(1.2) DNA strand on which a complementary copy is made
49
Thymine (T)
(1.2) DNA base that pairs with adenine
50
Alternative RNA splicing
(1.3) particular exons of a gene may be included within or excluded from the final, processed messenger RNA (mRNA)
51
Amino acid
(1.3) unit of polypeptide structure
52
Anticodon
(1.3) sequence of three bases on tRNA that codes for a specific amino acid
53
Attachment site
(1.3) site on a transfer RNA molecule to which a specific amino acid binds
54
Codon
(1.3) sequence of three bases on mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid
55
Environmental factors
(1.3) factors such as diet, light and temperature that can interact with an organism's genotype to affect its phenotype
56
Exon
(1.3) coding sequence of DNA
57
Gene
(1.3) section of DNA that codes for a protein
58
Gene expression
(1.3) transcription and translation of a gene to synthesise proteins
59
Interactions
(1.3) chemical attractions and bonding such as hydrogen bonds between amino acids giving proteins their three-dimensional shape
60
Intron
(1.3) non-coding sequence of DNA
61
Mature transcript
(1.3) RNA transcript that has been spliced and processed ready for translation
62
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
(1.3) carries a copy of the DNA code from nucleus to ribosome
63
Peptide bond
(1.3) strong chemical link between amino acids in the primary structure of a polypeptide
64
Phenotype
(1.3) outward appearance of an organism
65
Polypeptide
(1.3) short strand of amino acids
66
Primary transcript
(1.3) molecule made when DNA is transcribed
67
Ribose
(1.3) sugar that forms part of an RNA nucleotide
68
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
(1.3) type of RNA that makes up ribosomes
69
Ribosome
(1.3) site of protein synthesis; composed of rRNA and protein
70
RNA
(1.3) ribonucleic acid; several forms of single-stranded nucleic acid that are involved in protein synthesis
71
RNA polymerase
(1.3) enzyme which unwinds and unzips DNA and adds complementary nucleotides to form a primary transcript
72
RNA splicing
(1.3) joining of exons following the removal of introns from a primary transcript
73
Start codon
(1.3) first codon of a messenger RNA (mRNA) transcript translated by a ribosome
74
Stop codon
(1.3) codon within messenger RNA that signals a termination of translation into proteins
75
Transcription
(1.3) copying of DNA sequences to make a primary transcript
76
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
(1.3) transfers specific amino acids to the mRNA on the ribosomes
77
Translation
(1.3) production of a polypeptide at a ribosome using information encoded in mRNA
78
Uracil (U)
(1.3) RNA base not found in DNA; pairs with adenine in transcription and translation
79
Chromosome
(1.4) rod-lke structure that contains the genetic material of an organism encoded into DNA
80
Deletion (of genes)
(1.4) chromosome mutation in which a sequence of genes is lost from a chromosome
81
Deletion (of nucleotides)
(1.4) single gene mutation involving removal of a nucleotide from a sequence
82
Duplication
(1.4) chromosome mutation in which a section of chromosome is added from its homologous partner
83
Frame-shift mutation
(1.4) gene mutation in which all amino acids coded for after the mutation are affected
84
Insertion
(1.4) single gene mutation in which an additional nucleotide is placed into a sequence
85
Inversion
(1.4) chromosome mutation in which a set of genes rotates through 180°
86
Missense
(1.4) substitution mutation; a single nucleotide change results in a codon for a different amino acid
87
Mutation
(1.4) changes in the DNA that can result in absence of protein or synthesis of an altered protein
88
Nonsense
(1.4) substitution mutation in which a codon is changed to a stop codon, shortening the resulting protein
89
Protein
(1.4) large molecule made up of chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
90
Single gene mutations
(1.4) alteration of a DNA nucleotide sequence as a result of the substitution insertion or deletion of nucleotides
91
Splice-site mutation
(1.4) mutation at a point where coding and non-coding regions meet in a section of DNA
92
Substitution
(1.4) single gene mutation in which one nucleotide is replaced by another
93
Translocation
(1.4) chromosome mutation in which part of a chromosome becomes attached to another
94
Bioinformatics
(1.5) use of computers and statistics in analysis of sequence data
95
Genome
(1.5) total genetic material present in an organism
96
Genomic sequencing
(1.5) the process of determining the sequence of nucleotide bases for individual genes or entire genomes
97
Non-coding
(1.5) sequences of DNA that do not code for proteins, including those that are transcribed but not translated and sequences that are involved in gene regulation
98
Personalised medicine
(1.5) development in which treatment is based on an individuals genome
99
Pharmacogenetics
(1.5) the study of inherited differences that affect metabolic pathways which can influence individual therapeutic responses to, and side-effects of, drugs
100
Sequence data
(1.5) information concerning amino acid or nucleotide base sequences of a gene or
101
Activation energy
(1.6) input of energy required to start a chemical reaction
102
Active site
(1.6) region on an enzyme molecule where the substrate binds
103
Affinity
(1.6) attraction between the active site of an enzyme and its substrate
104
Anabolic reactions
(1.6) reactions which build up larger molecules from small molecules and which require energy
105
Catabolic reactions
(1.6) reactions which break down large molecules into smaller molecules and which release energy
106
Competitive inhibition
(1.6) slowing of reaction rate due to the presence of a substance resembling the substrate
107
End-product
(1.6) the final product of a series of reactions with enzymes in a metabolic pathway
108
Feedback inhibition
(1.6) enzyme inhibition caused by the presence of an end product of a metabolic pathway
109
Induced fit
(1.6) change to an enzyme's active site brought about by its substrate
110
Metabolic pathway
(1.6) enzyme-catalysed sequence of chemical reactions in a cell
111
Metabolism
(1.6) the sum total of all the chemical reactions that take place in cells
112
Non-competitive inhibition
(1.6) enzyme inhibition by a substance that permanently alters the active site of the enzyme
113
Product
(1.6) substance resulting from an enzyme-catalysed reaction
114
Substrate
(1.6) substance on which an enzyme works
115
Acetyl coenzyme A
(1.7) molecule that transfers the acetyl group to the citric acid cycle
116
Acetvi group
(1.7) produced by breakdown of pyruvate, joins with oxaloacetate in the citric acid cycle
117
ATP synthase
(1.7) membrane-bound enzyme that synthesises ATP
118
Cellular respiration
(1.7) release of energy from respiratory substrates
119
Citrate
(1.7) citric acid; first substance produced in the citric acid cycle
120
Citric acid cycle
(1.7) second stage of aerobic respiration occurring in the matrix of mitochondria
121
Coenzyme A
(1.7) substance that carries acetyl groups into the citric acid cycle
122
Dehydrogenase
(1.7) enzymes that remove hydrogen from their substrates; important in the citric acid cycle
123
Electron transport chain
(1.7) group of proteins embedded in membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts
124
Electrons
(1.7) negatively charged particles that yield energy as they pass through an electron transport chain
125
Energy investment phase
(1.7) the phosphorylation of intermediates in glycolysis, which uses two molecules of ATP in the first stage of glycolysis
126
Energy pay-off stage
(1.7) the second stage of glycolysis, which leads to the generation of more ATP
127
Glucose
(1.7) sugar that is the main respiratory substrate in cells
128
Glycolysis
(1.7) first stage in cellular respiration
129
Hydrogen ion
(1.7) an atom of hydrogen that has lost an electron leaving a positively charged proton (symbol: H*)
130
Intermediate
(1.7) substance in a metabolic pathway between the original substrate and the end product
131
Matrix
(1.7) central cavity of a mitochondrion in which the citric acid cycle occurs
132
Mitochondrion
(1.7) cell organelle in which the aerobic stages of respiration occur (plural: mitochondria)
133
NAD
(1.7) coenzyme which carries hydrogen and electrons from glycolysis and the citric acid cycle to the electron transport chain
134
Net gain
(1.7) overall gain of ATP during glycolysis
135
Oxaloacetate
(1.7) substance that combines with the acetyl group in the citric acid cycle to form citrate
136
Phosphorylation
(1.7) addition of phosphate to a substance
137
Pyruvate
(1.7) the end product of glycolysis
138
Fast-twitch muscle fibre
(1.8) type of muscle fibre used in short bursts of activity
139
Glycogen
(1.8) store of glucose in muscle cells and liver
140
Lactate
(1.8) produced by the fermentation of pyruvate in mammalian muscle cells
141
Muscle fatigue
(1.8) painful condition caused by the accumulation of lactic acid in muscles
142
Myoglobin
(1.8) protein in muscle tissue that can bind with oxygen
143
Oxygen debt
(1.8) builds up during fermentation in muscle cells
144
Skeletal muscle
(1.8) muscle attached to the skeleton that brings about locomotion
145
Slow-twitch muscle fibre
(1.8) type of muscle fibre used in endurance activities
146
Corpus luteum
(2.1) formed from a follicle after ovulation: produces progesterone
147
Follicle
(2.1) cluster of cells in the ovary that protects the developing ovum and secretes hormones
148
Gametes
(2.1) sex cells containing the haploid chromosome number
149
Interstitial cells
(2.1) cells in testes found between the seminiferous tubules; produce testosterone
150
Oestrogen
(2.1) hormone produced by the ovary that helps in the repair and thickening of the endometrium after menstruation
151
Ovaries
(2.1) female sex organs in which ova are produced
152
Oviduct
(2.1) fine tube connecting an ovary to the uterus; location of fertilisation
153
Progesterone
(2.1) hormone produced by the ovary that thickens and vascularises the endometrium
154
Prostate gland
(2.1) produces fluid that makes up part of the semen
155
Seminal vesicles
(2.1) glands producing fluid that forms part of the semen
156
Seminiferous tubules
(2.1) very narrow tubes in the testes in which sperm cells are produced
157
Testes
(2.1) male sex organs responsible for the production of sperm
158
Testosterone
(2.1) hormone produced by interstitial cells
159
Zygote
(2.1) fertilised egg cell
160
Endocrine gland
(2.2) gland that produces and releases hormones
161
Endometrium
(2.2) inner lining of the uterus
162
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
(2.2) pituitary hormone that controls development of follicles in ovaries and sperm production in males
163
Follicular phase
(2.2) first stage in the menstrual cycle during which a follicle develops
164
Hormone
(2.2) protein released by an endocrine gland into the blood that acts as a chemical messenger
165
Hypothalamus
(2.2) region of the mammalian brain that secretes releaser hormone at puberty
166
Interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ISH)
(2.2) hormone from the pituitary gland that stimulates testosterone production by the interstitial cells
167
Luteal phase
(2.2) second stage of the menstrual cycle in which a corpus lureum is present
168
Luceinising hormone (LH)
(2.2) pituitary hormone that triggers ovulation and corpus luteum development
169
Menstrual cycle
(2.2) approximately 28-day cycle in the middle of which ovulation occurs
170
Menstruation
(2.2) removal of the endometrium and an unfertilised egg cell at the end of a menstrual cycle
171
Negative feedback
(2.2) system of maintaining a steady state in various body systems
172
Pituitary gland
(2.2) gland in the brain that releases many hormones
173
Releaser hormone
(2.2) hormone which affects the pituitary gland to trigger puberty
174
Vascularisation
(2.2) when body tissue develops capillaries
175
Artificial insemination (Al)
(2.3) insertion of donated sperm directly into the uterus
176
Continuous fertility
(2.3) males secrete a steady level of testosterone and produce a steady quantity of sperm continuously after puberty
177
Contraception
(2.3) the intentional prevention of pregnancy (conception) by natural or artificial methods independent variable
178
Cyclical fertility
(2.3) women are only fertile for a few days during each menstrual cycle
179
In vitro fertilisation (IVF)
(2.3) medical procedure involving fertilisation of eggs by sperm in laboratory containers
180
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)
(2.3) injection of sperm directly into an egg during IVF
181
Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)
(2.3) genetic profiling of embryos prior to implantation during fertility treatments
182
Semen
(2.3) also called seminal fluid; fluid that contains sperm cells
183
Allele
(2.4) form of a gene coding for a version of a characteristic
184
Amniocentesis
(2.4) prenatal test to assess health of fetus using cells from amniotic fluid
185
Anomaly scan
(2.4) antenatal ultrasound scan that checks for physical abnormalities
186
Antenatal screening
(2.4) use of tests to identify risk of a disorder before birth
187
Autosomal recessive
(2.4) allele on chromosomes 1-22; expressed in phenotype if the genotype is homozygous for the recessive allele
188
Autosome
(2.4) chromosome that is not a sex chromosome
189
Charionic villus sampling (CVS)
(2.4) prenatal test to assess health of the fetus using cells from the
190
Dating scan
(2.4) antenatal ultrasound scan to determine pregnancy stage and due date
191
Diagnostic tests
(2.4) tests such as amniocentesis used to confirm if the fetus has a medical condition
192
Embryo
(2.4) stage of development up to about 8 weeks that leads to the formation of a fetus
193
False positive result
(2.4) error in reporting in which a test result indicates presence of a condition which is actually absent
194
Fetus
(2.4) stage of a baby after 8 weeks of development
195
Heterozygous
(2.4) having two different alleles of the same gene
196
Homozygous
(2.4) having two identical alleles of the same gene
197
Incomplete dominance
(2.4) when an allele is not completely masked by a dominant allele, thus affecting an individual's phenotype
198
Karyotype
(2.4) display of matched chromosomes produced for medical purposes
199
Marker chemicals
(2.4) substances produced during pregnancy which are tested for alongside scans
200
Pedigree chart
(2.4) diagram showing the occurrence of phenotypes of a particular gene in a family tree
201
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
(2.4) metabolic disorder that is tested for by postnatal screening
202
Postnatal screening
(2.4) diagnostic testing of newborn babies
203
Prenatal diagnosis
(2.4) identification of the risk of disorders in unborn babies
204
Sex-linked recessive
(2.4) recessive allele carried on the X chromosome
205
Ultrasound scanning
(2.4) diagnostic procedure used for various prenatal checks, such as establishing the stage of pregnancy and the date that the baby is due
206
Artery
(2.5) blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart
207
Capillary
(2.5) narow, thin walled blood vessel that exchanges materials with the tissues
208
Connective tissue
(2.5) type of tissue found between other tissues and often supports other tissues
209
Endothelium
(2.5) layer of cells that lines the inner surface of blood vessels
210
Lumen
(2.5) central channel of a tube such as a blood vessel
211
Lymph fluid
(2.5) fluid made up from issue fluid collected into lymph vessels which circulates the body
212
Lymph vessels
(2.5) tiny vessels in which lymph circulates around the body
213
Plasma
(2.5) liquid component of the blood
214
Pressure filtration
(2.5) passage of molecules through membranes under pressure
215
Smooth muscle
(2.5) muscle tissue which can contract involuntarily
216
Tissue fluid
(2.5) Fluid which bathes cells in tissues; derived from blood
217
Vasoconstriction
(2.5) narrowing of blood vessels to reduce blood flow
218
Vasodilation
(2.5) widening of blood vessels to increase blood flow
219
Vein
(2.5) blood vessel with valves that transports blood back to the heart
220
120/80 mmHs
(2.6) typical blood pressure reading for a young adult
221
Acetylcholine
(2.6) neurotransmitter released by parasympathetic nerve fibres
222
Antagonistic
(2.6) opposing actions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems
223
Atrial diastole
(2.6) part of the cardiac cycle in which the heart muscle of the atria relaxes
224
Atrial systole
(2.6) part of the cardiac cycle in which the heart muscle of the atria contracts Atrio-ventricular (AV) valve
225
Atrio-ventricular (AV) valve
(2.6) heart valve found between the atria and the ventricles
226
Atrio-ventricular node (AVN)
(2.6) nervous tissue found at the junction between the atria and the ventricles
227
Auto-rhythmic cells
(2.6) cells in the SAN which set the rate at which the heart contracts
228
Autosomal dominant
(2.4) allele on chromosomes 1-22; always expressed in phenotype
229
Cardiac muscle
(2.6) muscle that makes up the heart walls
230
Cardiac cycle
(2.6) contraction and relaxation of the heart muscle in a heartbeat
231
Cardiac output
(2.6) volume of blood expelled from one ventricle of the heart per minute
232
Coronary heart disease (CHD)
(2.6) condition caused by blockage of coronary arteries of information between them
233
Deoxygenated blood
(2.6) blood, usually in veins, that carries little oxygen
234
Diastole
(2.6) part of the cardiac cycle during which cardiac muscle is relaxed
235
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
(2.6) record of electrical activity in the heart; used to detect abnormalities
236
Hypertension
(2.6) abnormally high blood pressure in arteries
237
Medulla
(2.6) part of the brain with centres controlling breathing, heart rate and peristalsis
238
Noradrenaline
(2.6) hormone and neurotransmitter
239
Oxygenated blood
(2.6) blood containing a high level of oxygen
240
Parasympathetic nerves
(2.6) nerve fibres which result in a decrease in heart rate; part of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)
241
Semi-lunar (SL) valves
(2.6) valves leading into the main arteries leaving the heart
242
Sino atrial node (SAN)
(2.6) region of nervous tissue in the wall of the right atrium; receives impulses from the medulla
243
Sphygmomanometer
(2.6) instrument used to measure blood pressure
244
Stroke volume
(2.6) volume of blood expelled from the left ventricle during one cardiac cycle
245
Sympathetic (accelerator) nerve
(2.6) nerve fibre that stimulates an increase in heart rate; part of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)
246
Systole
(2.6) part of the cardiac cycle in which cardiac muscle is contracted
247
Ventricular diastole
(2.6) part of the cardiac cycle in which the cardiac muscle of the ventricles relaxes
248
Ventricular systole
(2.6) part of the cardiac cycle in which the cardiac muscle of the ventricles contracts
249
Angina
(2.7) chest pain occurring when blood supply to heart muscle is restricted
250
Acheroma
(2.7) swelling on inner wall of artery made up of fatty material and connective tissue
251
Atherosclerosis
(2.7) potentially serious condition in which acheromas clog the arteries
252
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD)
(2.7) diseases affecting the heart and circulation
253
Cholesterol
(2.7) lipid molecule needed for cell membranes and in synthesising steroid hormones
254
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
(2.7) blood clot in a deep vein, often in the leg
255
Embolus
(2.7) any detached mass of material carried by the circulation
256
Fibrin
(2.7) protein that helps form a blood clot
257
Fibrinogen
(2.7) blood protein that is converted to fibrin during the blood clotting process
258
Heart attack
(2.7) serious medical emergency in which blood supply to the heart muscle is blocked
259
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
(2.7) carries excess cholesterol away from body cells and artery surfaces to the liver for elimination
260
LDL receptor
(2.7) receptor that recognises LDLs and encourages their uptake
261
Lipoprotein
(2.7) assembly of protein with lipid that enables movement of lipid in water and through membranes
262
Low density lipoprotein (LDL)
(2.7) carries cholesterol to body cells; if body cells have enough cholesterol, LDL may deposit cholesterol leading to atheroma in arteries
263
Myocardial infarction (MI)
(2.7) medical term for a heart attack in which blood flow to the heart is reduced
264
Peripheral vascular disease
(2.7) condition caused by blockage to arteries other than coronary arteries, the aorta or those in the brain
265
Prothrombin
(2.7) blood component important in clotting it is converted to thrombin during clotting
266
Pulmonary embolism
(2.7) embolism (blood clot) in the pulmonary circulation
267
Statins
(2.7) medicine that helps lower LDLs in the blood
268
Thrombin
(2.7) produced from prothrombin during blood clotting
269
Thrombosis
(2.7) blood clot within a blood vessel
270
Adrenal glands
(2.8) glands located above the kidneys which release the hormone adrenaline
271
Adrenaline
(2.8) hormone that stimulates the release of glucose from glycogen during stress or exercise
272
Body mass index (BMI)
(2.8) body mass in kilograms/(the square of their height in metres) (Note: This is an approximate measure of whether someone is over- or underweight)
273
Glucagon
(2.8) hormone produced by the pancreas that stimulates the conversion of glycogen into glucose in the liver
274
Glucose tolerance test
(2.8) diagnostic test for diabetes in which blood glucose level is measured after drinking a glucose solution
275
Haemorrhage
(2.8) rupture of blood vessels which may give internal bleeding
276
Homeostasis
(2.8) maintenance of a steady state in the cells of a living organism
277
Insulin
(2.8) hormone produced by the pancreas that stimulates the conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver
278
Obesity
(2.8) extremely overweight condition; having excess body fat in relation to lean tissue
279
Type 1 diabetes
(2.8) condition in which an individual is unable to regulate blood sugar level due to a lack of the hormone insulin
280
Type 2 diabetes
(2.8) condition in which an individual is unable to regulate blood sugar level because cells, especially in the liver, are unresponsive to insulin
