Alkane to CO2 + H2O
Combustion
O2 reagent
Burn
Alkane to haloalkane
Free radical substitution
Cl2 reagent
UV light
Draw mechanism for methane with Cl2
Alkene to alkane
Addition Hydrogenation H2 reagent 150C Nickel catalyst
Alkene to haloalkane
Addition
Hydrogen halide catalyst
Alkene to 1,2-dibromoethane (include observation)
Electrophilic Addition
Br2 reagent
Observation - bromine decolourised
Outline the mechanism using ethane and Br2
What do you need for addition polymerisation?
Many monomers
High temperature, pressure
Alkene to alcohol
Addition Hydration STEAM (h20 gaseous) reagent 300C H3PO4 catalyst
Alcohol to alkene
Elimination
Dehydration
170C
Concentrated H3PO4 catalyst
Glucose to alcohol
Fermentation
Yeast reagent
37C (or enzyme will denature)
Warm
Alcohol to haloalkane
Substitution
NaBr and H2SO4 react in situ to form the HBr reagent and NaHSO4
Reflux the alcohol with the NaBr and H2SO4
Haloalkane to alcohol
Nucleophilic substitution
NaOH reagent
Reflux
Outline the mechanism for cloroethane with NaOH
Alcohol to aldehyde
Observation
Mild oxidation K2Cr2O7/H2SO4 (symbolised by [O]) Distillation Dichromate ions turn orange to green Makes H2O aswell
Alcohol to Carboxylic Acid
Full oxidation K2Cr2O7/H2SO4 (symbolised by 2[O]) Reflux Dichromate ions turn orange to green Makes H2O aswell
Secondary alcohol to ketone
Full oxidation K2Cr2O7/H2SO4 (symbolised by [O]) Reflux Dichromate ions turn orange to green Makes H2O aswell
Alcohol to ester
Esterification
Carboxylic Acid reagent
Warm
Concentrated H2SO4 catalyst
Aldehyde/ketone to alcohol
Reduction NaBH4 reagent (NaBH4/H2O on arrow and represented by 2[H]) Outline the mechanism with ethyl Ethanoate
Ester to carboxylate salt + alcohol
Alkaline Hydrolysis
NaOH reagent
Reflux with the NaOH
Concentrated H2SO4 catalyst
Ester to Carboxylic Acid + alcohol
Acid hydrolysis
H2O reagent
Reflux with dilute Acid
Carboxylic Acid to Acyl Chloride + SO2 + HCl
SOCl2 reagent (Thionyl Chloride) Do in fume cupboard as SO2 produced
Acyl Chloride to Carboxylic Acid + HCl
Observation
H2O reagent
Steamy fumes of HCl
Acyl Chloride to ester + HCl
Alcohol reagent
Acyl Chloride to primary amide + HCl
Ammonia reagent
Acyl Chloride to secondary amide + HCl
Primary amine reagent
What if you reacted Acyl Chloride with 2NH3
Creates the primary amine but also NH4Cl
What if you reacted Acyl Chloride with 2CH3NH2?
It creates CH3NH3+CL- (see p470)
Haloalkane to a nitrile compound
NaCN reagent
Reflux
Nitrile to primary amine
H2 reagent
Nickel catalyst
Haloalkane to Amine
Conc. XS NH3 reagent
With ethanol solvent
Warm
Conditions- ethanol used as a solvent ( prevents substitution of the haloalkane by water to produce alcohols)
excess ammonia is used. This reduces further substitution of the amine group to form secondary and tertiary amines
Nitrile to Carboxylic Acid
Hydrolysis
HCl/H2O reagent
Heat
Aldehyde or ketone to a nitrile
HCN reagent
It is created by reacting H2SO4/NaCN (go on arrow in equation)
Very useful as increases the carbon chain
Hydrolysis definition
Chemical breakdown of a compound when water is added
Oxides are…
SOLID