All Other Information

Question 1

Order of Layers and their purpose

Answer 1

P - Physical (bits on a wire)
L - Link (Data transferring between neighboring devices [ethernet, WiFi, etc.])
N - Network (Routing protocols [OSPF, RIP, BGP])
T - Transport (Process - Process [TCP/UDP])
A - Application (HTTP, DNS, SMTP, etc.)

Question 2

MAC Address Description

Answer 2

For the individual network card/physical hardware. Identifies network interface on a device. WiFi would have different MAC address than computer.

Question 3

IP Address Information

Answer 3

Uses 4 octets
127.0.0.1 - local host

Question 4

Subnet Mask

Answer 4

Used to mask off bits to indicate which part is the network and which part is the individual host.

Question 5

Hub VS Switch

Answer 5

A hub connects multiple other devices via Ethernet cable. A switch is the more secure version of a hub as the switch learns which devices are on which ports so it only sends data to the right one instead of constantly blasting data.

Question 6

WiFi information

Answer 6

Does not stand for anything.
Is not the internet.
Just connects your network.

Question 7

What does DHCP do?

Answer 7

Gets IP address

Question 8

What does DNS do?

Answer 8

Type in DNS name and it automatically resolves to the IP address. Don’t need to know specific IP

Question 9

What are the DNS Records and what do they do?

Answer 9

A - Address record. Resolves to an IP address
CNAME - Canonical name. Alias to another name; used if you want multiple names to point to the same place
MX - Mail exchanger. The machine responsible for receiving emails.

Question 10

What does NTP do?

Answer 10

Used to synchronize clocks on computers.
NTP servers use physical atomic clocks.

Question 11

What does SMTP do?

Answer 11

For transporting messages. Gets emails from one place to another.
DOES NOT read email or do anything else apart from, transporting.

Question 12

What does IMAP do?

Answer 12

This is used to fetch emails off the machine.
Reads emails, marks them as read, etc.
Can create and manage boxes/folders, labels, do searches, etc.

Question 13

What does Telnet do and what are its weaknesses?

Answer 13

Used to login to remote servers and get a virtual terminal.
Everything is sent in plain text (no encryption), so it’s susceptible to man-in-the-middle attacks and snooping.

Question 14

What does SSH do?

Answer 14

Secure version of Telnet.

Question 15

What does FTP do and what are its weaknesses?

Answer 15

The transfer of files between devices over a network.
Data is not encrypted. All data is sent in clear/plain text.

Question 16

What does SFTP do?

Answer 16

Secure version of FTP.
SFTP encrypts the data being transferred.

Question 17

What does HTTP do?

Answer 17

Web pages are more from HTML and HTTP is used to get pages, images, etc. from a web server as well as submitting forms and uploading files.
GET and POST requests.
GET request is used to retrieve pages.
POST requests Form data and files can be uploaded with a POST request.

Question 18

What are HTTP status codes?

Answer 18

200 - OK
301 - (Redirected) Moved Permanently
302 - (Redirected) Found

404 - Not Found

500 - Internal Server Error

Question 19

What does HTTPS do?

Answer 19

Secure version of HTTP as regular HTTP is not encrypted and is susceptible to man-in-the-middle attacks and other snooping.
HTTPS adds a layer of security. TLS (Transport Layer Security) which uses public/private key encryption.

Question 20

What is a socket?

Answer 20

A socket is an endpoint for communication between 2 devices used to
send and receive data.

Sockets are a programmer interface / library.

Question 21

What is the purpose of hashing?

Answer 21

Used a lot for passwords.

Stores a hashed version of a password in a database, so that if someone gets into the database they don’t have everyone’s plain text password.

When logging in, it hashes the password to see if the password matches to the hashed version in the database.

Question 22

What is JSON similar to?

Answer 22

JSON is similar to dictionaries in python. They are used the same way.

Question 23

What are the characteristics of JavaScript?

Answer 23

Is a programming language.

Uses web services. Code that runs on a server.
These web services are most of the time just giving you data.

JavaScript is interpreted by the web browser

Question 24

What is the purpose of a firewall?

Answer 24

A piece of hardware stands between your network and the outside world.

Allows/doesn’t allow traffic in either direction.

Need a firewall. Routers usually act as a firewall.

Question 25

What is a Man-in-the-Middle attack?

Answer 25

When connecting to something on the internet, you aren’t literally connecting to it. Data hops from router to router to reach its destination. Someone could eavesdrop on the traffic passing through or could insert/change the data that is being sent.

Question 26

What is a Denial of Service attack?

Answer 26

An attack on a specific server is intended to interrupt its normal operation. Makes it so the service cannot provide service to people/Legitimate traffic. Comes from a single source/computer.

Question 27

What is a Distributed Denial of Service attack?

Answer 27

Several computers are attacking one server. Trying to make a server not function properly. Usually this happens by people getting a virus (which the user is unaware of) that allows bad actors to use the infected computer to attack others. Groups of infected computers are called “botnets”. Network of bots that can be issued a command to execute, like attacking a specific machine.

Question 28

What is IP spoofing?

Answer 28

Fake your IP address. Fake source address to pretend you’re coming from somewhere else. Routers can typically (and should) detect something is wrong in these instances.

Question 29

What is a smurf attack?

Answer 29

A DDoS. Lots of small computers attack one computer. Broadcast a message onto all the machines on a network. But, the source address is spoofed, so all of the machines on the network respond to that target computer.

Question 30

What is a slowloris attack?

Answer 30

This attack can be used by a single machine to cause a DoS to a web server. Connects to a web server and sends very tiny amounts of data and waits several seconds, sends a small piece of data again, and keeps doing this to keep the connection open. Little resources/little to no bandwidth to run this. Attacks a server by sending data very slowly. Opens several connections and does not close/finish them.

Question 31

What are the HTML tags?

Answer 31

- Header 1

- Header 2

- Paragraph
- Break - Bold - Italics - Link - Image

- Block basically

- Ordered List
- Unordered List - Make table - Table header - Table rows to make header of each coloumn

- Tag within

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