all questions

Question 1

What is a zoonotic disease?

Answer 1

animal disease can be transmitted to human

Question 2

Nosocomial infections are associated with what are the three events or exposures?

Answer 2

exogenous, endogenous, iatrogenic

Question 3

What is the difference between Incidence and Prevalence?

Answer 3

incidence: new cases, at a time
prevelence: all cases, during a time

Question 4

What is sporadic disease?

Answer 4

rare disease

Question 5

what is Endemic disease

Answer 5

disease constantly present in low numbers,

Question 6

How does herd immunity work?

Answer 6

everyone is immune to a specific disease, indirect protection

Question 7

What is the goal of the descriptive epidemiological studies?

Answer 7

identify the first case

Question 8

What is the goal of the analytical epidemiological studies?

Answer 8

determine the probable cause, mode of transmission, and
methods of prevention

Question 9

What is the goal of the experimental epidemiological studies?

Answer 9

test hypothesis

Question 10

What are emerging infectious diseases?

Answer 10

new diseases/ increasing in incidence/ threathen to increase in the future

Question 11

What is the difference between quarantine and isolation?

Answer 11

quarantine: exposed individuals separated before signs and symptoms
isolation: sick people

Question 12

What is sepsis?

Answer 12

inflammatory response

Question 13

What is a focal infection?

Answer 13

local then throughout

Question 14

What are the similarities between an asymptomatic case versus and asymptomatic carrier?

Answer 14

they both have no signs or symptoms

Question 15

What are the differences between an asymptomatic case versus and asymptomatic carrier?

Answer 15

case: have disease, no signs/symptoms
carrier: no disease, no signs/symptoms

Question 16

How does our body attempt to resolve an infection by a non-enveloped virus with spikes?

Answer 16

Nk cells and AB interferons

Question 17

Based on the most likely immune response, what are the most likely causes of infections with purulent discharge?

Answer 17

pus - by bacteria

Question 18

Ciprofloxacin blocks nucleic acid synthesis. It has high selective toxicity, why?

Answer 18

target the enzyme topoisomerase

Question 19

Conjunctivitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae requires treatment with antibiotics for resolution. What structural feature(s) of bacteria would impede a normal immune response so that antibiotics were needed to help?

Answer 19

capsule, biofilm, o-anitgen (gram -)

Question 20

Hypopions are the result of the influx of leukocytes into corneal tissue in response to an infection. How does this contribute to disease presentation and possible loss of sight?

Answer 20

bystander damage

Question 21

Staphylococcus aureus has been linked to several types of cutaneous infections.
In the case of boils, which exoenzymes contribute to their formation? Their dissemination? In the case of Scalded Skin Syndrome, the cause is a lysogenized strain of S. aureus. What
does that mean?

Answer 21

exoenzyme: leukocidins, coagulase
dissemination: hyaluronidase
lysogenized: they have phage lysogenic conversion

Question 22

The fungus that causes “Ringworm” secretes the exoenzyme keratinase. Its action releases by-products which act as _____________ and are recognized by the TLRs on the inflammatory cells causing the cutaneous lesion. Based on that information, what type of immune response is responsible for the cutaneous lesion?

Answer 22

PAMPS - inflammatory response

Question 23

Malassezia furfur is a member of our microbiome. What contributes to its ability to cause disease?

Answer 23

environment

Question 24

Necrotizing fasciitis is caused by strains of Streptococcus pyogenes. These strains produce the exoenzyme Streptolysin O. How does this enzyme cause damage

Answer 24

lyse cells

Question 25

Anthrax, caused by Bacillus anthracis, presents with eschars, skin ulcerations which have a black appearance. These lesions are due to the cooperative action of three toxigenc components that bind together to allow entry into cells and alteration of cellular activities.

Answer 25

PA toxin

Question 26

What class of antibodies is used as a marker of current infections?

Answer 26

igM

Question 27

The F peplomer on viruses is associated with what type of cytopathic effect (CPE) in infected cells?

Answer 27

syncitia

Question 28

What at the two known/proven triggers of autoimmune diseases?

Answer 28

molecule mimicry, sequestered antigens

Question 29

What happens in the lungs during typical pneumonia which is the underlying cause of a typical cough?

Answer 29

bacteria grow inside aveoli + inflammatory cells

Question 30

What microbial characteristics are associated with typical pneumonia due to: Streptococcus pneumoniae? Klebsiella pneumoniae?

Answer 30

strep: pneumolysin: lysis cells kleb: capsule: jelly-like

Question 31

What exoenzyme may be produced by respiratory tract pathogens which allows them to evade neutralization?

Answer 31

igA protease

Question 32

ParvoB19 replicates in erythroid precursor cells. What does that do to a patients hematocrit?

Answer 32

lower RBCs

Question 33

Prevention of congenital infections is via:

Answer 33

natural passive

Question 34

Infections by some of the viruses that cross the placental virus may acts as a/an ____________________ interrupting normal development resulting in birth defects.

Answer 34

teratogen

Question 35

Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a ________________________ which causes cases of walking pneumonia and presents with a non-productive cough. This type of immune response against the organism is due to the absence of peptidoglycan.

Answer 35

cell-wall less

Question 36

Influenza may be clinically differentiated from a case of the common cold due to the presence of muscle aches and pains associated with Influenza. This difference in the presentation is associated with which of the following?

Answer 36

cold: local INFLUENZA: systemic

Question 37

The vaccine used to prevent both Smallpox and Monkeypox infections contains ____________________

Answer 37

genetically related cow-pox

Question 38

One of the clinical signs used to confirm cases of Smallpox, and exclude Chickenpox, is the presence of___________

Answer 38

SMALL: synchronous chickenpox: asynchronous (everything)

Question 39

What is the Innate response which allows resolution of the common cold?

Answer 39

NK and AB interferons

Question 40

What is needed for confirmation of a urinary tract infection?

Answer 40

significant bacteriuria

Question 41

What microbial exoenzyme raises the pH of urine resulting in kidney stone formation?

Answer 41

alkaline: urease

Question 42

Re-infections by some infectious agents (such as gonorrhea) occur because the surface antigens on the pathogen may be altered. What is this process called? v

Answer 42

antigenic variation

Question 43

Which two types of microscopy may be used to visualize a pathogen which resists staining (such as Treponema pallidum, Chlamydia trachomatis)?

Answer 43

dark-field, fluorescence

Question 44

What effect do oncogenic viruses (like HPV) have on the cells they infect?

Answer 44

cause to lose cell devision control

Question 45

Why are many pathogens successful at ”hiding in” or infect the CNS?

Answer 45

immune priviledge site

Question 46

How can neonatal infections, which occur during parturition , due to transfer of the mothers own microflora (such as Streptococcus agalactiae), be prevented?

Answer 46

flushing tissue with ANTIBIOTICS

Question 47

For diseases such as Tetanus and Rabies, both passive immunization (given at the site of the bite or injury) and active immunization may be used as part of the treatment. What is the purpose of each?

Answer 47

passive: neutralize at the site before they be infectious (passive artificial) active: to make antibodies

Question 48

What is the source of infection for some cases of neonatal tetanus?

Answer 48

soil

Question 49

Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular pathogen. Describe the life cycle?

Answer 49

intracellular bacteria -> atp elementary -> replication

Question 50

In most severe form of polio, what tissue does the virus use to reach the CNS and cause damage to?

Answer 50

motor neuron

Question 51

What is the difference between botulism due to intoxication and botulism due to infection?

Answer 51

intoxication: consume food contaminated w toxin infection: bacteria infects body

Question 52

How does Mycobacterium tuberculosis evade intracellular killing with the phagocyte?