all safety Flashcards by laura craig

Bohr model

Rule 1 -the max per shell is equal to 2n(to the p of 2)
n=shell
shell k = 1, l =2, m = 3
Rule 2 2 - valence shell can not hold more than 8 (octet rule)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the outer shell of electron

holds valence e

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

“Z”

equals atomic #

which means same number of protons and electrons

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

mA and quantum mottle are directly or indirectly related

directly

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

At which dose range does gastrointestinal syndrome peak fr excessive exposure

greater than 10Gy

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

compton scatter

produced fr high kv

produces scatter, fog, and hazard to personnel only

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

dose equivalent occupational exposed rate for hands and skin

500mSv

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

mA current changes the amplitude and height of xray emission curve

not the average energy of the xray emission curve

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

photoelectrons

photoelectric ionization

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

recoil electrons

compton ionization

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

65-80% water molecules

in human body

that endup radiolysis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

theroy target

DNA is the most sensitive molecuor

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

single chemical bonds

are disruptions causing point lesions

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

photoelectric

characteristic radiation

low energy

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

which personal monitor utilize chambers filled with charged air to monitor dose received

pocket dosimeters

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

shadow shield

Shadow shields are shielding that attach to the collimator box to help protect patients from unnecessary radiation exposure (1). They work by limiting the x-ray beam, and the area they cover can be adjusted and determined by the shadow they cast in the light field (3). They are, however, less effective than contact shields (2)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

to increase pt dose the most would it be increased KVP or decreased distance

Decreased SID

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

bone atomic #

13.8

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

fat atomic #

6.3

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

calcium atomic #

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

soft tissue

7.4

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

medical and dental xr make what % of manmade radiation

90%

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

a sentinel event

A skin dose of 15 Gy

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

characteristic radiation “characteristic of the kshell”

ejects k shell

high speed electron

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

10mSv x age

cumulative occupational effective dose

The approximate intensity (quantity) of scattered radiation at 1 m from the patient is 0.1% of the entrance dose

Therefore, if the entrance dose for this image is 1200 mGy, the intensity of radiation at 1 m from the patient is 0.1% of that, or 1.20 mGy (0.001 × 1200 = 1.20)

stochastic

Increasing that dose will increase the likelihood of the occurrence, but will not affect its severity

linear nonthreshold

Late or long-term effects of radiation exposure | which are carcinogenesis and genetic effects, are "all-or-nothing" effects

Radiation-induced cancer, leukemia, and genetic effects follow a linear nonthreshold dose–response relationship.

dose response curves

threshold curve, but this curve is nonlinear. It illustrates that once the minimum dose is received, a response occurs slowly initially and then increases sharply as exposure increases. This threshold, nonlinear (sigmoid) dose–response curve, illustrates the effect to skin from exposure to high levels of ionizing radiation.

radiation induced skin erythema

dual x-ray absorptiometry DXA

1. It is a low-dose procedure. 2. Two x-ray photon energies are used. 3. Photon attenuation by bone is calculated. 4. radiation dose is NOT considerable

mobile fluoroscopic equipment

must provide at least 30 cm source-to-tabletop/skin distance/ or 12 inches

Stationary fluoroscopic equipment

must provide at least 38 cm source-to-tabletop/skin distance/

amplitude of the wave

equals height of the wave

what factors effect amplitude of wave

Factors that affect the amplitude include tube current (mA), exposure time, and added filtration. why exp time bc the more time the more quantity of photons are recvd

5Gy to the ovaries can cause temp or perm sterality

perm

anerobic

absence of oxygen

The exposure rate in a controlled area must not exceed

100 mR/week

An uncontrolled area is one occupied by the general population; the exposure rate there must not exceed

10 mR/week.

The sigmoidal dose–response curve has a threshold and is thought to be generally correct for most

somatic effects.

Genetic effects of radiation and some somatic effects, like leukemia, are plotted on a linear dose–response curve. The linear dose–response curve has no threshold, that is, there is no dose below which radiation is absolutely safe

genetic and some somatic effects

Effective dose

wholebody dose

ESE dose (exposure skin entrance)

is larger than wholebody dose

Alpha and beta radiation are

particulate radiations;

alpha is composed of

two protons and two neutrons

beta is identical

to an electron.

XR and gamma are

electromagnetic | with wavelike flucations

rules of electrostatics

The electrostatic force is proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

safest time for female to have abdominal XR or HSG

The first 10 days following the onset of menstruation

genetic and leukima

are linear nonthreshold

somatic effects suchas; erthyma, epilation, hematologic, radiaiton lethality

sigmoidal; nonlinear, threshold

Collimation is described in inverse relation to FOV size. As collimation increases, FOV decreases, and less patient tissue is exposed to radiation, reducing dose

Increase collimation to reduce dose

Thyroid collar shields, worn in front of the anterior of the neck, require a lead (Pb) equivalent of

0.5 mm of shielding

Whole-body dose is calculated to include all the especially radiosensitive organs.

The gonads, the lens of the eye, and the blood-forming organs are particularly radiosensitive

At 75 kVp, a 0.25 mm apron attenuates 66% of the x-rays, while a 1.0 mm apron will attenuate 99%.

This results in a 33% change between the two aprons

Dose area product (DAP) is an expression of

x-ray exposure in air based on a specific area

primary beams path

window, oil, housing port, al plate, collimator mirrors

Stochastic effects are usually late effects,

and the magnitude of the dose is related to the probability of the effect, not it’s severity

pocket dosimeters use

ionization chambers that fill with air

TLDs

use lithium fluoride crystals. | and give off light

OSLs

use aluminum oxide crystals | and subject to laser

immature

undifferentiated or stem

PA chest has how much ESE dose

0.1 mGy

Anatomical compression such as that used in mammography reduces tissue thickness.

Therefore, fewer x-ray photons are absorbed resulting in a smaller dose.

The benefits of shadow gonad shields include

1. Useful during surgery due to easier manipulation around sterile field

all safety Flashcards

(65 cards)