All Stats

Question 1

Uk physical landscapes

Answer 1

Ummm well come back to this

Question 2

Long profiles

Answer 2

Uplands - steep gradient
Further downstream the gradient is reduced as river flows from uplands to lowlands

Question 3

Cross profiles

Answer 3

Upper course - narrow and steep sided due to vertical erosion
Middle course - wider valley floor formed by lateral erosion with gentler valley sides
Lower course- almost flat wide floodplains sediment dumped by river

Question 4

Fluvial processes

Answer 4

Erosion
Transportation
Decomposition

Question 5

Erosion presses

Answer 5

Hydraulic action
Abrasion
Attrition
Solution
Vertical erosion
Lateral erosion

Question 6

Hydronic action

Answer 6

Power of flowing water to erode banks and bed
Active at foot of water falls and and the outside bends of meanders

Question 7

Abrasion

Answer 7

Scarping or sandpapering of river bed due to rock particles being varied by river

Question 8

Attrition

Answer 8

Gradual rounding and smoothing of rock particles as they run and knock against each other

Question 9

Solution

Answer 9

Dissolving of soluble chemicals in water eg limestone

Question 10

Vertie erosion

Answer 10

Downwards erosion
Upper course of river

Question 11

Lateral erosion

Answer 11

Sidways erosion
Middle and lower course

Question 12

Transportation prosseses

Answer 12

Traction
Saltation
Suspension
Solution

Question 13

Traction

Answer 13

Large particles rolled along river bed by water

Question 14

Saltation

Answer 14

Bouncing pebbles to heaving to be suspended

Question 15

Suspension

Answer 15

Particles suspended in the water

Question 16

Solution

Answer 16

Chemicals dissolved in the river

Question 17

Deposition

Answer 17

Dropping of river sediment that had been transported by river
Flow conditions where velocity can no longer vary sediment
Inside bend of meander
River bed
River estuary

Question 18

Landforms result from erosion

Answer 18

Interlocking spurs
Gorges
Waterfalls

Question 19

Interlocking spurs

Answer 19

Upper course
Finger in the land on the slide of mountains
ReIstant hard rock on top softer below
Undercutting
Overhang collapses

Question 20

Gorges

Answer 20

Upstream retreat of a water fall
Erosion undercuts hard rock, forming the waterfall, increasing overhang
Eventually, the overhang collapses into the plunge pool and the waterfall, retreats upstream

Question 21

Waterfalls

Answer 21

Typically, fast flowing water plummet over vertical cliff into a plunge pool, hydraulic action and abrasion erode to the plunge pool, where water flows over a hard resistant band of rock that it is unable to erOde

Question 22

Landforms as a , result from erosion and deposition

Answer 22

Meanders
Oxbow lakes

Question 23

Meanders

Answer 23

Middle to lower course
The fastest velocity swings around the outside bend of a meander eroding, the bike to form a river cliff. What is deep on the inside of the bin put the velocity is lower deposition occurs for me a slip of sleep.

Question 24

Oxbow lakes

Answer 24

Meander bends that have been cut off
Neck of meander get narrower from erosion in both side
Neck is broken
River now flows through shorter route
Deposition occurs cutting off meander

Question 25

Landforms result from deposition

Answer 25

Levee’s Easturies floodplains

Question 26

Levees

Answer 26

Raised river banks Formed during flood conditions As water overtops the river banks sudden reduction in velocity Sediment to be deposited on the bank Raises the river banks

Question 27

Floodplains

Answer 27

Middle to lower course During a flood water containing large quantities of silt pours over flat valley floor Water slowly soaks away leaving deposited sediment Become wider due to lateral erosion of meanders

Question 28

Estuaries

Answer 28

Formed at river mouths Extensive deposits of mud forming mud flats and salt marshes Incoming sea water flows up the river when it meets the river water velocity decreases resulting in deposition Over time break the water to form mudflats Vegetation to fo slatats

Question 29

Example of a uk river valley

Answer 29

River tees

Question 30

Physical factors effecting flood risk

Answer 30

Precipitation-saturates soils Geology impermeable rock Steep slopes water travels fast

Question 31

Human factors affecting flood risk

Answer 31

Farming- bare soils can transfer water quickly - ploughing down slopes creates runnels Urbanisation - impermeable concrete and tarmac lack of vegetation Deforestation- removes umbrella effect

Question 32

Hydrography

Answer 32

Response of River discharge to a rainfall event Use them to predict floods Look into it more Evelyn u don’t understand this

Question 33

Hard engineering strategies

Answer 33

Dams and reservoirs Channel straightening Embankments Flood relief channels

Question 34

Dams and reservoirs

Answer 34

Concrete or earth times that can be used to control river flow Hi economic costs lots of farmland and buildings. Social costs include displacement of people can affect migrating fish habitats destroyed

Question 35

Channel straightening

Answer 35

Cutting of meanders to create a more efficient channel, better suited to the rapper transfer of water Increases flood risk downstream can be expensive and high maintenance habitats, affected active effective at speeding up water navigation to be improved

Question 36

Embankments

Answer 36

Riverbanks can be raised artificially Can be expensive look at first and attractive and lead to serious flooding Reduces flood risk creates walkways new habitat

Question 37

Flood relief channels

Answer 37

New channels contracted Can be very expensive, regular maintenance, habits disturbed and unattractive New opportunities for recreation, a new habitats created

Question 38

Soft engineering strategies

Answer 38

Flood warnings Floodplain zoning Planting trees River restoration

Question 39

Flood warnings

Answer 39

Rivers constantly monitored to predict possible floods Needs monitoring equipment people may not respond appropriately Sustainable ensure safety without high costs

Question 40

Floodplain zoning

Answer 40

Local planning to a straight land use in high-risk areas Restricts, economic development, hot, implement current housing, shortages, habitats, destroyed Low cost, protects and concise watermeadows reduces insurance cost

Question 41

Planting trees

Answer 41

A forestation increases the interception of precipitation Can reduce habitat loss of potential farmland Can create new habitats, natural method helps absorb carbon

Question 42

River restoration

Answer 42

Restoring street and channels to the previous meandering pattern slows down water flow Can be expensive, changing land-use some flooding will occur Recreate a natural, attractive environment, restores, wetland areas

Question 43

An example of a flood management scheme in the UK