All Terms Flashcards
(161 cards)
1
Q
What is research
A
Systematic investigation of materials and sources to estimate facts and conclusions
2
Q
What are statistics
A
Mathematical took to answer questions
2
Q
What is clinical Research
A
Research to adress clinical situations
3
Q
What is the research trinity
A
Design, measurement, analysis
4
Q
What is validity
A
Trust in whats being measured
5
Q
What is an operational defintion
A
Definition for a study
6
Q
What is reliability
A
Consistency of a measurement
7
Q
What is the research hypothesis + who determines it
A
Determined by researcher, educated guess
8
Q
What is the statistical hypothesis + who determines it
A
Same for everyone, numerical answer
9
Q
What does the likert Scale do
A
Quantifies attitudes and beliefs
10
Q
Define: Sample size (n)
A
Amount of data in a study
11
Q
Define: Mean
A
Average
12
Q
Define: Median
A
Most common result
13
Q
Define: Standard deviaion
A
Average distance from the mean
14
Q
Define: Error bars
A
Indicate SD on graph
15
Q
What are the five sources of knowledge
A
- tradition
- authority
- trial and error
- inductive and deductive reasoning
- scientific research
16
Q
Describe the Law of small #
A
More obtuse results when small sample size
17
Q
Define: Outlier
A
Case distinct from majority of other cases
18
Q
What are the Pros of tradition
A
Each generation gets more advanced
18
Q
What are the Cons of tradition
A
Not always founded in evidence
19
Q
What are the Pros of authority
A
Detailed knowledge in their feild
20
Q
What are the Cons of Authority
A
Often need referals, have delays
21
Q
What is trial and error
A
No systematic approach
22
Q
What is Deductive observation
A
General observation to specific conclusion
23
What is Inductive observation
Specific observation to general conclusion
24
What is the Highest level of research
Scientific method (uses deductive and inductive reasoning)
25
What is the Empirical approach
Determine data through direct observation
26
What is the purpose of the Control variable
Experimenter limit external factors
27
What is the key idea of the Scientific Method
Deduce from theory
28
What are the Steps of the scientific method
Make obsevrarion - form Q and hypothesis - do experint - analyse result - draw cocnlduion/make new hyp - repeat
29
What are the 3 Key elements of the scientific method
Scepticism, objectivity, communication
30
Define: Quantitative measures
Measures outcome using #s
31
Define: Qualitative measures
Measures outcome not using #
32
Define: Basic Research
Pure, fundamental research
33
Define: Applied research
Research with direct application
34
Define: Traditional research
Research that applies basic findings to relevant issues
35
Define: Correlation
2 things happen @ same time
36
Define: Causation
A leads to B (shown through design)
37
Define: Descriptive research
Describing cases wo intervention
38
Define: Descriptive research - case study
Sampling 1 or 2 ppl with condition
39
Define: Descriptive research - numerative study
Sampling large population without condition
40
Define: Exploratory research
Studies interaction of variables on lives
41
Define: Exploratory - epidemiology
Study connection of lifestyle factors and health
42
Define: Exploratory - Cohort study
Follow healthy people
43
Define: Exploratory - case control
Study healthy (control) and sick (case) people
44
Define: Exploratory - Correlational predicative
Examine relationships NOT cause and effect
45
Define: Simple correlation
Relationship between 2 V
46
Explain the Pearson R Value
-1 ... 0 ... 1
- Closer # is to [1] = higher relationship
- 0 reference point
- Negative = inverse, positive = directional
47
Explain Regression analysis
Predict Y using X
48
Define: Multiple regression
Predicting 2 variables
49
Define: Intraoccqular Test
Look at data
50
Define: Exploratory - methodological research
Evaluate validity, reliability and viability of measurement
51
Define: Experimental research
Studies manipulating variables
52
What is Experimental - Random control testing (RCT)
Gold standard, control group, placebo, blinding, random assignment
53
What is Experimental - Quasi experiment
When cannot randomly assing groups or create double blind study
54
What is Internal Validity
Characteristics of study to be met
55
What is Experimental - pre-experimental
Preliminary, least control, no random assignment
56
How to form reserach question
Introspection, find exception to rule , determine matter of degree, operationalize concept
57
Define: Hypotheis
Educated guess
58
Define: Research hypothesis
Based on knowledge
59
Define: Statistical hypothsis
Prob of outcome, type I and II error
60
Define: Deductive hypothesis
Based on general definition of theory
61
Define: Inductive hypothesis
Based on experimental findings
62
Define: Theory
Model of the universe + set of rules that relates model to observation
63
What is Scientific Law
Conclusive observation community comes to agreement on
64
What are the 3 things Theories must do/have:
Accurately represent large class of observations
- Make predictions about future descriptions
- Be provisional
- Be never proven (just supported)
65
Define: Variable
Element of study that can change
Qualitative, quantitative or mixed method (both)
66
Define: Factor
Something that Does not change in study
67
What is the purpose Experimental control
Eliminate cofounding effects
68
What is the Conceptual defintion
General definitions
69
What are the 4 Questions to ask when forming a hypothesis
- Does it Correspond w reality
- Is it Parsimonious
- Is it Specific
- Is it Falsifiable/refutable
70
What is the Principle of parsimony
The Simplest answer should be accepted
71
Define: IV
Being manipulation - treatment and placebo
72
Define: DV
Outcome, whats measured
73
Explain Non-experimental designs
Has no manipulation, has explanatory (IV) and criterion (DV)
74
What is the Ideal way to gather participants
Random selection best but participants must volunteer and consent
75
What do you use to apply statistics to research
Use quantitative and qualitative variables gathered
76
Define: Ethics
Clearly designed set of morals to protect integrity and rights of participants, grounded in law
77
Define: Morals
Personal beliefs of right and wrong
78
What are the 3 ethical perspectives
Utilitarian, altruistic, egoism
79
Define: Utilitarian
Making decisions that benefit the greatest amount of ppl
80
Define: Altruistic
Doing good for others without personal gain
81
Define: Egoism
Acting for self interest
82
What is research misconduct
Serious breech of research ethics
83
What are the 4 factors affecting ethical research
Scientific compensation, societal norms, trendy research, political influence
84
Who has the internal responsibility for ethical research
Responsibility of reseracher
85
Who has the responsibility for ethical research
Internal and external sources
86
Who has external responsibility for ethical research
Responsibility of human rights committees, journals and reviewers
87
Who has the final responsibility for ethical research
Scientific community and readers
88
Who deals with ethics at UofG
Research board of ethics
89
What are the 3 historical developments of ethics
1. Numenburg code
2. Declaration of Helsinki
3. Belmont report
90
How did the Numenburg code contribute to ethics
Declared participants mush have: capacity to consent, freedom from coersion, knowledge of the risks and benefits, competence of investigator
91
How did the Declaration of Helsinki contribute to ethics
Declared research must be reviewed by independent committees
92
How did the Belmont report contribute to ethics
Declared research must have respect for persons, informed consent, nonmaleficence, and justice for participants
93
What are the 5 unethical treatments of data
Falsification, p-hacking, dropping outliers, only reporting significant findings, excluding variables
94
Explain the Research Process
Theory - hypothesis - observation - empirical generalization (interpret results)
95
Define: Population
Total # of cases of interest
96
Define: Parameters
Characterize Population
97
Define: mew, omega, p
Paramaters: mean, SD, correlation coefficient
98
Define: Sample
Subset of population studied
99
Define: Statistics
Characterize sample
100
Define: x bar, sx, r
Statistics: mean, SD, correlation coefficient
101
What is a random sample
Theory samples are chosen randomly, may not be representative if small + people must volunteer
102
Define: Data
Scores on variables as #s
103
Define: Variables
Traits that change case to case
104
Define: Cases
What data collected from (people, businesses, cities)
105
What are the 2 types of statistical applications
Descriptive and inferential
106
Explain Descriptive statistics
Describe characteristics of groups
107
What is a Univariate
1 variable
108
What is a Bivariate
2 variables
109
What is a Multivarite
3+ variables
110
What is the purpose of Inferential statistics
Infer results to large population
111
What is a Discrete variables
Measurement with gaps - defined groups
112
What are the 2 traits of discrete variables
Dichotomous and categorial
113
What does it mean for discrete variables to be dichotomous
Only 2 possible outcomes
114
What does it mean for discrete variables to be categorical
Must fit into 1 category
115
What are continuous variables
Measurements without gaps
116
Define: Precision
Exactness of measure
117
What are the 4: Types of measurement scales
Nominal, ordinal, influential, ratio
118
Explain the Nominal scale
Counting # of occurrences
Ex. sex at birth
119
Explain the Orinal scale
Categorial with natural order
Ex. Income level
120
Explain the Inferential scale
Describes quantity and numerical value
Ex. Temperature
121
Explain the Ratio scale
Score represents true value
Ex. Employee salary
122
How to get from pop to sample
Random selection
123
How to get from sample to stat
Reserach
124
How to get from stat to parameter
Inference
125
How to get from parameter to pop
Extrapolation
126
Explain: Random sampling - sampling with repeat
Equal chances chosen again
127
Explain: Random sampling - sampling without repeat
Case removed after sample
128
What is I
Population or sample size
129
What is K
Total sample
130
How to do systematic sampling
1. List accessible population
2. Determine interval size
3. Randomly select # between 0 and I=K
4. Every kth person is interval
131
How to determine response rate
respondents/sample size
132
How to get Stratified random sampling
Divide population into subgroup
133
Define: Proportional stratified
Get same % of each group in study
134
Define: Disproportional Stratified
Get same # of each group in study
135
DefineCluster Sampling
Dividing populations into clusters
136
Define: Probability sampling
Connivence sampling, purposive, snowball
137
Define: Convenience sampling
Sampling based on avalability
138
Define: Quota Sampling
Stop sampling once number achieved
139
Define: Purposive sampling
Hand picking participants
140
Define: Snowballing
Chain referral from participants
141
What are the Pros of self reports
Cost and time efficient, allows for first hand experience
142
What are the Cons of self reports
Social desirability, potential demand characteristics, retrospective bias
143
What is the Social desirability concern
Picking answers that will make you look good
144
What are Demand characteristics
Cues participant uses to figure out purpose of study
Loosing objectivity due to knowing what the observer wants
145
What is Retrospective bias
Interpreting or explaining events wrong
146
What are the 3 ways to determine Behavioural Measures
Trace, observation, choice
147
Explain: Behavioural Trace
Use evidence to determine behaviour
148
Explain: Behaviour observation
Observe Behaviour
149
Explain: Behaviour choice
Present and analyze choice
150
What are the concerns of Behavioural measure
Participent reactivity and obtrusive measures
151
Explain: Participent reactivity
Acting different because someone is watching
152
Explain: Obtrusive measures
Measurment where participent doesn't know theyre being observed
Allow for observation without knowing they are being assessed
153
What ate the 4 different Outcome Variables
Behavioural, attitudinal, cognitive, physiological measure
154
Explain: Behavioural Measures
Assessment of persons behaviour
155
Explain: Attitudinal Measures
Assessment of attitude or belief toward something
156
Explain: Cognitive measures
Measure of persons mental ability
157
Explain: Physiological measures
Measure of biological characteristics
158
What is the Floor effect
Lower boundary too high
159
What is the Ceiling effect
Upper boundary too low
