All The Chapters Flashcards
(185 cards)
0
Q
Geography & the price of wine
A
Geographical location makes wine expensive
No wine anywhere costs more than $20
Rarity & location increase price
1
Q
American & Canadian Average Diets
A
1 in 5 Americans live on a diet of 10 foods or less:
- French fries
- Mac n cheese
- hot dogs
- hamburgers
- etc
82 grams (20 teaspoons) of sugar = average consumption
2
Q
Canadian spending on food (1969 & 2009)
A
1969 = 19% of household expenses 2009 = 10.2% of household expenses
3
Q
Agricultural Statistics
A
250 million farmers on the planet engaged in raising a large number of crops
2% of farmers directly involved in Canada
50% of farmers directly involved in developing country
4
Q
4 Starches
A
- Potatoes
- Wheat
- Rice
- Corn
5
Q
Monopolizing of the food market
A
Recipes with enormous commercial value are protected and kept secret
Example: Bask - principle supplier of fish because they kept the fishing location secret for hundreds of years
6
Q
Brillat-Savarin
A
Author of Physiology of Taste
“Tell me what you eat & I’ll tell you who you are.”
7
Q
Eric Schlosser
A
“A nations diet can be more revealing than it’s culture or history.”
Author of Fast Food Nation
8
Q
Modern Industrial Agriculture is based on
A
Synthetic inputs
Artificial manure = artificial food = artificial animals = artificial humans
9
Q
Cooking
A
Began = 150,000 years ago
One of the first revolutionary movements
Makes food more digestible; food becomes safer to eat; less energy used to digest food
10
Q
S-methyl thioproprionate
A
Camembert cheese odour
Smells like the feet of God
11
Q
Vegetarian Term Facts
A
Term Vegetarian = 18 centuries old
Before 18th century = Pythagorean Diet
12
Q
Oscar Wilde
A
“Nature is a damp place over which a large number of ducks fly uncooked.”
13
Q
Spaghetti & “The Spaghetti Harvest”
A
Video - broadcasted on April 1st
In 1957 - most of Britain believed spaghetti grew on trees
Major producers of Spaghetti = Italy
Lessons learned - ignorance of food is always there & will always be there.
14
Q
Global Population Facts
A
57% - Asian 21% - European 18% - Americas 8% - Africa 70% - non white 70% - non Christian 70% - can't read 50% - malnutrition 80% - sub-standard housing 70% - have never placed a phone call 1% - post-secondary education 6% controls 50% of the wealth on earth
15
Q
Food Consumption & Purchasing Facts
A
70 years ago = 900 items in a grocery
Modern Supermarket = 25,000 different items
$ spent on food has decreased from 20% of the household income to around 10%
Food spending went down when food prices increased
16
Q
Food Market Facts
A
Large grocery chains - dominate the market & determine pricing
LCBO - largest single purchaser of alcohol in the world
Canada - major agricultural force; importers must compete with Canadian products
17
Q
Hypothalamus
A
In the brain, controls hunger & anger
18
Q
Isadore Da Silva
A
“Anything available in abundance is vile.”
Pleasures to widely shared quickly lose their attractiveness.
19
Q
Facts about taste
A
Perception of taste = exercise of tasting food engages more of your brain than any other action
20
Q
5 senses that play a role in flavour
A
- Taste
- Smell
- Pain
- Feel
- Temperature
21
Q
Tongue Facts
A
Masseter muscle = strongest muscle in the mouth
5 cranial nerves are connected to the tongue: ingestion, mouth movement, lips, teeth
No ability to taste without water
Saliva production gives us the ability to taste - produce 2 gallons a day
22
Q
Tastebuds/papillae
A
Nodules on the tongue
Average adult = 10,000 tastebuds
Average tastebuds last about a week
23
Q
Umami
A
Taste receptors on the tongue specifically for umami
Translates as deliciousness
One of the 5 basic tastes
Umami = MSG (monosodium glutamate)
- amino acid;glutamic acid
24
Umami Facts Continued
Most common acid in the human body
Important in the bodies ability to rebuild muscles
Foods that contain umami: fish sauce, soya sauce, green tea, mushrooms, apples, potatoes, oranges, cheese, tomatoes
Umami paste can be bought
Pizza = compromised of many umami ingredients
25
Umami continued
Savoury, mouth filling sensation
Works to harmonize various flavours in food
It's an amino acid used to make proteins in your body
MSG = not actually a health risk; too much of anything is a health risk
= doesn't have a flavour/taste
26
Taste Facts Continued
Taste receptors in more than your tongue. Babies have tastebuds in their cheeks.
```
Agusia = taste blindness
Hypo-Agusia = reduced amount of taste
```
Cigarettes & hot sauce kill your ability to taste
1.5 thousandths of a second - ability to taste; allows us to spit thugs out fast if they're bad or sour
27
Significance of bitterness taste
A lot of toxins are associated with bitter tastes; nature has conditioned us to be cautious of bitterness
28
Agricultural Revolution
Invention of farming - changed the way people organized themselves geographically
Happened 10,000 years ago
29
Taste Instincts/more facts
Humans are born with an instinct to like sugar. (Lactose in milk is the sweet flavour)
2nd instinct - salt flavour; naturally acquired after birth
Taste is learned, just like you can learn to not like things
Takes 13-14 exposures to taste to like it.
30
Miracle Fruit
No interesting flavour
Narcotic
Transforms your tongues ability to taste sweetness; makes everything taste sweet
Lasts 15-30 min
31
Facts about smell
Can only minimally taste without smell
There are 1000 human genes devoted to taste & smell.
Olfactory (smell)/ epithelium - located at the base of your nose
- set of nerves that bring food to our attention/warns us of danger/easily fooled by our sense of smell
32
Claude Levi Strauss
"A societies cuisine is it's language."
Author of Origin of Table Manners
- D-day when the Americans arrived in Normandy; army destroyed some buildings because of corpse smell but it was just the smell of cheese.
33
Proust Effect
Ability to remember things through smell
34
Women & Smell
Women have a much stronger smell ability than men & it varies during the month
Women have the ability to smell genetic differences in men & that determines level of attractiveness.
Women are attracted to men who smell like their father.
35
Alan Hirsch
Studied bodies response to aromas
Sexually attractive aromas - pumpkin pie, donuts, popcorn, cinnamon, roast beef & lavender, liquorice & cucumber, banana nut bread, vanilla, peppermint, jasmine
36
Sight & Food
Food tastes better when it's the right colour
| Shape can affect taste (colour, shape, arrangement)
37
Top 10 best aromas
1. Lavender & pumpkin pie
2. Doughnut & black liquorice
3. Pumpkin pie & doughnut
4. Orange
5. Lavender & doughnut
6. Black liquorice & cola
7. Black liquorice
8. doughnut & cola
9. Lily of the valley
10. Buttered popcorn
38
Myoglobin & Meta-myoglobin
```
Myoglobin = oxygen in muscles
Meta-myoglobin = oxygen leaving muscles when animal dies
```
39
Sound & taste
Crunchiness of potato chips - make them more appealing
Connection between sound & taste of snack food
The way food is eaten also has an effect; types of utensils used
40
Scoville Units
Used to measure the heat of peppers; also includes how many parts of water are needed to remove pepper heat
Pepper Spray = 2-3 million
Ghost Pepper = more than 1 million
Jalapeño Pepper = 350,000 units
41
Pain & Pleasure - Spicy Food
Eating spicy food - adrenaline rush; endorphins are released to reduce pain
42
Capsaicin
Creates sensation of heat
Pure capsaicin - 16 million Scoville units
- 11 million units of water to remove heat
43
Vitamins
Ideal balance for healthy eating - 50 vitamins, 50 minerals, 11 amino acids
1912 - 100th anniversary of the discovery of vitamins
7 nutrients accessed from plants & others that come from animals
44
Disease & Diet
```
#1 factor in diseases = diet
Eating too many calories - prevents balance
Excessive intake of calories can lead to: heart disease, diabetes, cancer, high blood pressure, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue
```
45
Amino Acids
Organic compounds that combine to form proteins.
```
The body uses amino acids to:
Break down food
Grow
Repair body tissue
Perform many other body functions
```
46
Spinal disease
Connection to phallic acid
47
Beriberi
Disease in which the body doesn't have enough thiamine (vitamin B1)
Common among rice eating people
48
Rickets
Shortage of vitamin D
49
Pellagra
Lack of niacin in diet
Joseph Golburger - established connection of pellagra to corn
Rough skin & butterfly marking on nose
50
Aboriginal diet
Corn, beans & squash
51
Cruciferous Vegetables
Cross-shaped vegetables; cabbage, cauliflower
52
Breast Cancer & Salt
Breast Cancer is reduced by 32% in women who consume salt
53
Benefits of fresh food
All food contains toxins, levels of toxins are less when food is fresh
54
Red Meat
High amounts of red meat consumption = higher mortality
55
Hot peppers & mammals
Humans are the only mammal to eat hot peppers
56
Humans don't eat
1. Nails
2. Hair
3. Teeth
4. Fur
57
Food Phobias
Most important part of the eating process = the mind
Top 10 food phobias:
1. Oysters
2. Fish with eyes
3. Offal (internal organs & entrails)
4. Rare cooked meat
5. Anchovies
6. Blue cheese
7. Liver
8. Shellfish
9. Fish on the bone
10. Pickles
58
Flavour Corridor
New Jersey
59
2 major synthetic flavour companies
IFF - New Jersey
Givaudan - Switzerland
- anything you buy that's processed has been infected by these companies
60
Hartmann & Vanilla
Isolated the vanilla flavour in 1893
61
Reimer
Synthesized the flavour of vanilla & reproduced it
62
Vanilla facts
Larger bottles = artificial - vanillin
- most popular/common flavour in the world
- artificial flavour comes from the pulp & paper industry
Smaller bottles = real vanilla beans
63
Creosote
Petroleum product used to treat wood so it doesn't rot
64
Food Poisoning
25-30% of people have food poisoning each year
```
#1 place for food poisoning - long term care facilities
#2 - cruise ships
```
65
Meat & Poultry
Various pathogens like ecology are normal occurring constraints in meat & poultry
80% bacteria in meats = antibiotic resistant
40% of poultry = contain a bacteria that causes nausea
Applying heat kills majority of bacteria
Lysteria on hot dogs & luncheon meat - every year 500 people die
66
Tobacco
Literally in taking poison
1 cigar - enough nicotine to kill 2 mice
- greater poison than heroine & cocaine
67
Mycology
Study of fungus
First law of mycology
- if you eat a mushroom & die; it was poisonous
- if it doesn't kill you it can lead to kidney failure & other problems
Every pharmacist in France is trained to know poisonous mushrooms
68
Jack in the Box restaurant fiascos
1993 - outbreak of ecoli in contaminated hamburger meat
40,000 sold were contaminated
4 children died; hundreds with food poisoning
1 pound of beef = 1,000 cows; only 1 cow needs to be contaminated
69
St. Anthony's Fire
Ergot - type of fungus
- found in grains if not properly stored
- LSD - Lysergic acid
- some medical benefits
70
Mad Cow Disease/Celiac Disease
William Dicke - Netherlands
| - first found the cause & how to treat
71
Pufferfish - fugu
Contains deadly toxins
Even if the chef does a perfect job it could kill you
Sometimes if it's perfectly done you could feel tingling in your fingers & toes
72
Food Preparation tips
The faster something is made, the safer it is, the less hands that have touched it.
73
George Orwell
Wrote about dining in London & Paris
74
Anthony Bordaine
Wrote Kitchen confidential
| - adventures in the kitchen underbelly; writes about what goes on in kitchens of restaurants
75
Porgy
Stripped sea bass; bream fish species
- found off the coast of Africa
- flesh has a special toxin that creates hallucinations
- in Roman times: used as a recreational drug
- sounds become distorted; visual distortions, can last as long as 36 hours
- effects of the fish are determined by what it eats
76
Beaver Fever "giardiasis"
Most common parasitic infection from fresh water that has been contaminated by feces
About 280 million people in 2013 got symptoms
Picked up from camping
77
Adulteration of food
Deliberate contamination or deliberate attempt to mislead consumer
Most of what is put in food is harmful to us; it's put there to look better, taste better, sell better, etc..
78
Paprika & Hungary
Paprika to Hungary is like tomatoes to Italy
National spice
- many years ago Hungarians were dying from lead poisoning because lead oxide is red & cheaper than paprika
79
Frederick Accum
German Chemist - 1820
| Treat us on the adulteration of the use of food & chemicals
80
1800's - adulterations
Lead & copper used to colour candies
Cheap tea treated with poison to make it look Chinese
Lime flavour made from old almonds
Cheeses coloured to be more appealing; colours from mould & lead
Factories specializing in making new teas - basically taking old teas & making them new;collected old tea leaves, recoloured them & sold it as new tea
81
Parmesan cheese scandal
Italian cheese maker sold fake Parmesan cheese that had no dairy products; cheese sold was made from grated umbrella handles
82
Kianti Scandal (wine)
Wine made from banana skins
83
Greek cemeteries
Bodies not decomposing fast enough; were essentially mummified by their diets
84
Cow Patties in England
Cows fed with so many preservatives that the cow patties didn't decompose
85
Childhood Obesity study - 34 countries
1. England
2. USA
3. Malta
4. Canada
(Ages = 11,13,15 & 16)
86
2005 obesity stats
4% of Canadian children were obese
| 1/5 of the study were overweight
87
Greg Critser
Author of Fatland
| - how America became the fattest country in the world
88
Poultry changes over the years
Poultry - chicken today has 3x more fat as chickens 35 years ago; fat content of a roasted chicken is 6x it's protein content
- chickens genetically modified for more chicken breast
1 single roasted chicken leg - more fat than a Big Mac
More chicken eaten now than in the past
89
Argan Oil
Pressed from a seed which goats eat, the poo is collected and the seeds are squeezed for argon oil, which is used in salad dressing.
90
Kopi Luwak
Harvested from the poo of a wild civets cat which eats the coffee berries. These berries are harvested and the seeds are collected (350/400 per pound)
91
Pitaya Fruit
Sari Indians rely on the seeds from the Pitaya fruit which they get from going through their own poo. This is the most effective for the winter months to prevent starvation.
92
FDA Food Regulations
In 1972 the FDA made a file called the "fifth guide lines"
- peanut butter: 30 insect fragments per 100 g (one 1 rodent hair per 100g)
- tomato juice: 2 maggots, 10 fly eggs per 100 g.
- ginger: 3mg of shit
- bluefin: 60 parasitic cysts.
- fig paste: 13 or more insect heads.
- white flour: 1 mouse turd.
- the average human eats around 1-2 pounds of insects a year.
93
Casu Marzu
A traditional Sardinian cheese that is filled with maggots.
94
Geophagy
The practice of eating clay. States in America serve clay. Pregnant women eat clay. In Alabama signs had to be posted to prevent people from digging up clay.
95
Chicha
Drink that is fermented with human saliva (men especially love it)
96
Anthropophagous (cannibalism)
Eating others! Cannibalism came after Colombus found a group called the Carabis, the name was misspoken and were called cannibals. The Aztecs would get rid of 200,000 people per year.
97
Patrick Fermour
Wrote about the Aztec people and how they liked to eat the French since they tasted the best, then the English. The Dutch tasted full. Spanish people were very stringy to eat.
98
The Druids
The Druids are an English tribe that would eat people. Especially their own deceased fathers.
99
Fun apple facts!
- biblical reference.
- when cutting the apple: it will give you a 5 star shape, making it a pentagon shape, making it the fruit of satan.
- also makes the shape of a vagina.
100
Wheat
- no other organism, other then humans to spread and avoid extinction like wheat. Covers 600 million acres of the earth's surface
- ancient wheat (emmer) is completely different to today's wheat.
- wheat was founded in Mesopotamian 10,000 years ago. Founded in the beginning of the agricultural revolution.
101
Conventional bread
- usually made w/wheat (unless gluten)
- needs yeast (yeast has c02 which allows bread to rise. If bread didn't rise it would just be dough, like dough used for pasta.
- gluten holds c02 in bread to make it rise; can't be made without gluten - makes it hard & unappetizing
102
Assive of Bread and Ale
First law in British history to regulate the production and sale of food. It regulated wheat, especially bread. (1266)
103
Beverages (the geography of beverage)
- milk the most important. Especially breast feeding.
- water was one of the only drink prior to the agr revolution since breast milk was only drank during infancy. Prior to the agr revolution people didn't understand to milk cows.
- another drink prior to the Arg rev was coconut water.
104
History of the world in 6 glasses
2005 book
1. Beer 2. Wine 3. Spirits 4. Coffee 5. Tea ( most consumed drink in the world) 6. Soda.
- all beverages effect your mood. They all are considered a drug. The first 3 of alcohol and the other 3 have caffeine.
105
Religion & Food
Least Restrictive - Christianity
| Most Restrictive - Jains
106
Romani - Gypsies & Food
- food must be kept away from those that could pollute it
- men should handle food
- buy in bulk, less chance for pollution
107
Robert Batewell
Made it possible to turn the scrawny into the brawny
| No idea what this refers to
108
Ghandi
The cattle of the rich steal the bread of the poor.
109
Upton Sinclair
Investigative Journalist
- focused on the industrial production of food
- we spend more on food than everything else combined
110
Gainesville Georgia
Chicken capital of the world
111
Primitive Beginnings
- no tools to get food
- relied heavily on tortoises because they were easy to catch and kill
- species originated in Africa
- fewer than 10,000 left to populate
112
Wine
- 9000 bc wine really started being made.
- Greeks made wine in large amounts
- wine was diluted, since the lower class would drink full strength.
- wine could be safer to drink then water.
- wine reaches a max of 15-16% alcohol she to the germination of the sugar quantity in wine.
113
Fruits & Vegetables changes over the years
2002 - fruits & vegetables eaten today have 50% less nutrients than 50 years ago
Oranges have 1/8th amount of vitamin C
Broccoli has 80% less copper
Tomatoes have 25% less calcium
114
Proctor & Gamble - 1912
Introduced crisco (vegetable shortening)
- advertised to encourage children to eat more fat
- calories introduced at the same time; seen as good to have a lot; seen as energy
115
Ways to remove fat in the past
Sanitized tapeworms
116
Heart Attack Grill
Restaurant in the States
| - people have died from heart attacks here
117
BMI
Underweight = <
118
Statistics about obesity in Canada
1/4 & 1/3 of all Canadians are obese
| - high in territories & Maritime provinces
119
Lipids(fat)
- necessary for human survival; regulate water intake in the body
- used by the body to get certain vitamins
- more prosperous societies consume more fat in their diet
120
Sugar facts
Rock star energy drink - 6 Krispy kremes for sugar
| White hot chocolate Starbucks - 72g of sugar; 520 cal; 16g of fat
121
Peppermint Gibralters
First candies made in America
122
Geography of Sugar
India invaded by Darius in 1983
- encountered sugar reeds
Sugar was moved from India to the west by Alexander the Great
- Arab people introduced sugar to the Mediterranean
123
Sugar & politics
- powerful force in human affairs; drive the slave trade
Sugar = engine of the empire
- Drew the map of North America
124
Sugar Facts/Statistics
10 sugar cubes = 1 can of coke
3 sugar cubes = 1 chocolate chip cookie
4 sugar cubes = 1 Oreo
Canadians consume - 100g of sugar per day
125
Pierre Pois
Helped ruin the Dutch monopoly over spices. He kidnapped spice plants from the Dutch islands. He transferred the spice plants to the French controlled islands, which allowed them to be largely dispersed.
126
Samhain "Halloween"
Celtic lord of death.
Two days the Catholics celebrate for Halloween (all saint day) all soul day (after Halloween).
October was the winter festival for the dead.
Celtic pagons performed sacrifices by offering the spirits pumpkins, apples, cake, nuts and kale.
127
Coca cola facts
Drinking a can of coke = the same as doing cocaine
| - sugar gives you a high just like cocaine
128
Animal Caloric Intake
Animals consume more cal/day than they produce
- cows need 16 kilos of feed to produce 1 kilo of beef
- 3 kilos of grain = 1 kilo of chicken
129
WWII food facts
Dutch forced to eat tulip bulbs
130
Linseed Oil
Toxic
| Extracted from flax seed, used to preserve wood
131
Distillation
- the Arabic people kept a lot of knowledge from the dark ages. Although they are against booze, they contributed a lot to distillation.
- distillation is when a liquid is vaporized and the liquid is condensed (the process of making spirits)
- it can take any plant with sugar in it and change it to alcohol.
132
Mothers Ruin (Gin)
Dutch discovered a cheap way to make gin.
Gin alleys were created (women and men could drink together at these bars)
Women became alcoholics, making them go into prostituion, hence the name.
In the 17th century everyone was drunk always. Beer and bread were the main caloric diet in Europe.
133
Monopoly over spices
vasco da gama broke the monopoly over spices. The Portuguese explorer sailed a route from Portugal to India by sailing around the southern tip of Africa (around 15 hundreds)
This opened Europe to the spices, etc which was a lot harder /expensive before to get.
134
Agricultural Hearths
Places where agriculture originated/vavalov centres
Iraq & Middle East, Northern China, southern China, sub-Saharan Africa, Southern Canada
135
Male & Female Roles in the beginnings
Men - hunting
Women - gathering & taking care of children; understand biology more than men; learned to control animals first; in charge of agriculture
136
4000 years ago/2000 BC
All major crops were domesticated; not many new ones found since then
All animals were domesticated
137
3000 years ago
Irrigation introduced
138
1000 years ago
Manure became important
Sickle
Ox drawn plough
139
Gobekli Tepe
Predates beginnings of agriculture
Predates creation of pyramids & stone henge
Is the earliest found monuments - constructed for religious reasons & purposes
140
Food: an intimate commodity
Stuart Lee Allen - a quarter of the population who lose taste for food, lose sex drive
- symbolize foods to sexuality: peaches, coco de mer, food gras
141
McDonalds Facts
More than 30,000 McDs in 2004, 45% located in the US
2nd - japan
3rd - canada
4th - Germany
Avg # of outlets are 5 per 1 million people in the US;
Employs more people than the steel industry
Golden Arches are the second most recognized symbol after the cross
142
Food Semiotics
Avocado - Aztec word means testicles; women had to stay inside when they were being harvested
Quince - seen as sexually attractive that women were to eat one before entering the bed chamber
Figs & Eggs - represent fertility
Urchin - on the island of Crete - orgasmic food
143
Spices facts Continued
Country to consume the most - Americas
Spices are considered tropical but are now world wide
Book - talks about the spices in 93 nations
- countries with hottest temperatures use spices the most
144
Spice trade expansion
System of canals - Nile Delta with the Red Sea
145
Cinnamon & Cassia (tastes like cinnamon)
Traded in 200 BC
146
Centre of Spices
3000 years ago, 1000 BC - India
- not the source of all of them
- source for pepper
- where spices were taken & brought to other countries
147
Main spices in the trade
Pepper
Cumin
Coriander
148
Arab Nations & Spices
Spice trade was conducted over land by camels; across Asia
| - according to the people, lakes had dangers according to the people & finding the origin of spices were discouraged
149
Mustard Seed
Romans introduced it to Britain
| When Rome was in control it became the centre of the spice trade
150
Geography of the spice trade - centres of the spice trade
India - first centre
Arab Nations
Then the Roman Empire controlled it for 300 years.
Then it moved to Northern Egypt in Alexandria
Roman Empire fell then it moved to the Mediterranean in control by the Islamic Nations
Spread of Islam - connected to the distribution of spices
151
Cloves
Todorra & Tonate - origin
335 AD - when cloves entered Europe
1000 years later - origin of cloves was found
152
Crusades
Were responsible for the development of spices in Europe
153
Venetians
15th century - main spice traders in Europe
154
Marco Polo
Set out in 1201 looking for spices
| - assertion of power was to control the spice trade because of how precious and profitable spices are
155
Distribution of Spices & Empires that arose
Portugal - first to bring spices from India to Europe
Netherlands - controlled spice islands after the Portuguese
Spain
United Kingdom
USA
156
Fruit Facts
Latin word for fruit = enjoyment; pleasure
Fruits - ovary of a flower; has seeds
20-26% sugar - fruits grown in tropical areas near the equator
250,000 - 500,000 fruits on the planet/plant species that bear fruit
10,000-50,000 are edible
20% have been tasted
157
Climacteric Fruits
Ripen after picked
| Example: bananas, pears, peaches (at their peak for 10 min)
158
Non-climacteric fruits
Don't ripen after they're picked
| Example: grapes
159
Avocados
Can't ripen on the tree, only ripen after they are picked.
160
Apples
Hard to grow; insects, fungus & moulds like them so a lot of pesticide is used.
Every seed has it's own variety
Takes 5-7 years for apple trees to grow seeds
161
Elma Atta
Father of apples; epicentre of the origin of apples
162
Macintosh Apple
200 years old
| Discovered in Eastern Ontario
163
Granny Smith Apple
Found in Sydney Australia
164
Delicious Apple
Hiatt discovered it in 1870
Mutant tree in his orchard
Out of alignment with others so he cut it down
165
The Big 6 (grains)
1. Rye
2. Barley
3. Millet
4. Rice
5. Maize, Corn
6. Wheat
Others: oats, sorghum (from Rwanda), teff (used in Ethiopian bread)
166
Rye
Hearty, extremely tolerant of poor soils
Used to make whiskey
Altitude sensitive
Highly susceptible to ergot/fungus
Called the Wheat of Alla because of it's heartiness
167
Barley
Heartier than rye
| Sole grain of the Greeks & Mesopotamia
168
Millet
Grows well in hot temperatures
| Originated in China
169
Rice
20% of calories on the planet come from rice; 2 billion people eat it
1 acre of rice - feeds 2.3 people
170
Corn
First if all grasses to be bred
| Corn is in everything
171
3 sisters
Corn
Beans
Squash
172
Greatest consumers of bread
1. Ireland
2. Britain
3. Canada
173
Alcohol
Pure alcohol - 200%
| Without distillation we wouldn't have vodka; made far more plants
174
1820's & alcohol
In a hospitals in London, they only served alcohol since the water was contaminated.
175
Biggest drinkers in the world
Luxembourg
176
Principal alcohol in Canada
Beer
- 75% of beverages
- 80 L per person per year
177
Random Drinking statistics
Medieval English Monks - Drink 2 gallons of beer a day
Siena - 1.5L of wine
Rome - 270L of alcohol
178
Drugs - Nutmeg
Myristicin - narcotic
179
Drugs - Alkaloids
Hallucinogenic
180
Drugs - Poppy
Opium
181
Drugs - KHAT
Aphrodisiac, euphoric, stimulant
- may have come from Yemen
- drunk as tea or smoked
- good for health
182
Betel
Specific to India
Good for learning & focusing
Good for intestinal parasites
Consumed by 10% of the world's population
183
Cocaine
Annual supply can fit in 13 trucks
184
```
Conventional bread can be made of:
A) wheat & rye
B) rye only
C) wheat & buckwheat
D) none of the above
```
A) wheat and rye
You can't make bread from just rye because the bread will come out hard.
