ALL THE TERMS Flashcards
to learn! (168 cards)
1
Q
Trace Elements
A
Required by an organism only in very small quantities (Fe, I, Cu)
2
Q
Protons
A
positively charged
3
Q
Neutrons
A
uncharged
4
Q
Electrons
A
negatively charged
5
Q
Isotopes
A
Atoms that have the same number of protons but a differing number of neutrons
6
Q
Ionic bond
A
when one or more electrons are transferred
7
Q
Covalent bond
A
when electrons are shared between atoms (can be equally or unequally)
8
Q
Hydrogen bond
A
when a hydrogen bond is covalently bonded to one highly electronegative atom
9
Q
Cohesive forces
A
water molecules have the tendency to stick together
10
Q
Adhesion
A
when water molecules stick to other surfaces
11
Q
Capillary action
A
Both cohesion and adhesion working together (the climbing of water up a plant stem)
12
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Surface tension
A
how hard it is to break the surface - how hard it is to break the hydrogen bonds between water molecules
13
Q
Acidity/Alkalinity (how is it measured)
A
the proton gradient (measured using a pH scale)
14
Q
Polymers
A
chains of building blocks
15
Q
Monomers
A
individual building blocks
16
Q
Dehydration synthesis
A
water molecule lost - polymer formed
17
Q
Hydrolysis
A
polymers broken down into monomers (breaks a DNA backbone)
18
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Glycosidic Linkage
A
when two monosaccarides are joined
19
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Glycogen and Starch
A
sugar storage molecules
20
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Cellulose
A
part in cell walls and structural support
21
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Chitin
A
walls of fungus and exoskeleton of arthropods
22
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Hydrophobic
A
non-polar and uncharged
23
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Hydrophillic
A
polar and uncharged
24
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Ionic
A
polar and charged
25
Dipeptide
when two amino acids form
26
Peptide bond
the bond between two amino acids
27
Alpha helix
a coil shape in polypeptides
28
Beta helix
a zigzag pattern in polypeptides
29
Triglycerides
store fat in cells
30
Lipid saturation
the extent of saturation in a lipid can affect its structure and function
31
Amphipathic model
a phospholipid has both a hydrophilic and hydrophobic region
32
Cell
life's basic unit of structure and function
33
Surface area-to-volume ratio
as organisms increase in size, their ratio will decrease (becomes less efficient)
34
Light microscopes
high maginification
35
Electron microscopes
studies detailed structures that cannot be easily seen (higher than light microscopes)
36
Semipermeable
regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell
37
Peripheral proteins
on the inside or outside of the membrane (do not poke holes)
38
Integral proteins
"in" the membrane - are amphipathic
39
Transmembrane proteins
integral proteins that extend all the way through the membrane
40
Adhesion
form junctions between adjacent cells
41
Receptor proteins
docking sites for arrivals at the cell
42
Transport proteins
pumps that use ATP
43
Channel proteins
selectively allow the passage of certain ions or molecules
44
Glycoproteins
exposed on the extracellular surface and play a role in cell recognition and adhesion
45
Chromosomes
large structures DNA is organized into
46
ATP
the most common energy molecule in the cell
47
Digestive enzymes
used to break down old, worn-out organelles
48
Apoptosis
controlled cell suicide
49
Microtubules
participate in cell division and movement
50
Microfilaments
important for movement (actin and myosin)
51
Locomotive proteins
the beating motion of cilia and flagella (allows it to move)
52
Cell wall
made of cellulose - provides support for the plant cell
53
Centrioles
assist with the movement of chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis (only in animal cells)
54
Hydrophilic
doesn't mix with water
55
Hydrophobic
mixes with water
56
Aquaporins
water-specific channels
57
DIffusion
a substance moves down a concentration gradient to an area of lower concentration
58
Simple diffusion
when the molecule diffused is hydrophobic
59
Facilitated diffusion
diffusion requires a membrane protein
60
Tonicity
describes osmotic gradients
61
Isotonic
concentration is the same on the inside and outside
62
Hypertonic
solution has more total dissolves solutes than the cell (diffuses into cell)
63
Hypotonic
solution has less solutes than the cell (diffuses out of cell)
64
Water Potential
the eagerness of water to flow from an area of high water potential to an area of low water potential
65
Active transport
against the concentration gradient (needs ATP)
66
Primary Active transport
ATP is directly used
67
Secondary Active transport
transported using the energy captured from the movement of another substance flowing down its concentration gradient
68
Pinocytosis
the cell ingests liquid
69
Phagocytosis
cell takes in solids
70
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
use of cell surface receptors to form a vesicle around an incoming ligand
71
Bulk flow
one-way movement of fluids brought about by pressure
72
Kidney dialysis
blood is filtered by using machines and concentration gradients
73
First Law of Thermodynamics
energy can't be created or destroyed
74
Second Law of Thermodynamics
energy transfer leads to less organization (10% rule)
75
Biological catalyst
speeds up reactions by lowering activation energy
76
Enzyme specificity
each enzyme catalyzes only one kind of reaction
77
Induced-fit
when enzymes have to change its shape slightly to accommodate the shape of the substrates
78
Cofactors
coenzymes, molecules, or ions
79
Denatured
usually caused by too much heat
80
Disrupted
an enzyme structure altered by an incorrect pH
81
Saturation point
the concentration of substrate where all of the enzyme in a reaction is bound by substrate
82
Allosteric sites
a site where other factors can bind to (not the active site)
83
Endergonic reactions
decrease (use) ATP
84
Exergonic reactions
increases energy (creates ATP)
85
Stroma
in the membrane of a chloroplast
86
Grana
inside the stroma - look like stacks of coins
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Thylakoids
disk-like structures that make up the grana
88
Carotenoids
absorb green/blue which means it reflects yellow/orange
89
Photolysis
water is split into oxygen, hydrogen, and electrons to replenish the electrons in the thylakoid
90
CAM plants
open the stroma at night and incorporate CO2 into organic acids
91
C4 plants
prevents photorespiration
92
Glycolysis
the splitting of glucose
93
Oxidative Phosphorylation
electrons are given up to make ADP into ATP
94
Fermentation
anaerobic respiration - when oxygen is not available
95
Taxis
the movement of an organism in response to a stimulus and can be positive (toward the stimulus) or negative (away from the stimulus)
96
Chemotaxis
movement in response to chemicals
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Signal transduction
external signals are transmitted to inside the cell
98
Ligand-gated ion channel
acetylcholine
99
Catalytic receptors
ligand binding at the extracellular surface
100
G-protein-linked receptor
not an enzyme but binds to G-proteins and activated second messanges (cAMP)
101
Signal transduction pathways
amplify a signal (kinases)
102
S-phase
DNA is replicated
103
Prophase
nuclear membrane disappears - chromosomes condense
104
Locus
the position of a gene on the chromosome
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Homologous chromsomes
two copies of a gene are located on identical parts of these
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Test cross
a way to determine whether the genotype is heterozygous or homozygous
107
Recombination mapping
mapping of linkage groups with each map unit being equal to 1 percent recombination
108
Barr Body
an x-chromosome that is condensed, but visible
109
Incomplete dominance
the traits will blend - neither is fully cominant
110
Codominance
each allele is expressed equally
111
Polygenic inheritance
a trait that results from the interaction of many genes
112
Mitochondrial inheriance
though the maternal line
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Phenotypic plasticity
if two individuals with the same genotype have different phenotypes since they are in different environments
114
Gonads
the testesTet
115
Tetrads
the chromosome pairs in meiosis
116
Gametogensis
a synonym for meiosis
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Spermatogensis
if a sperm is produced through meiosis
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Oogensis
if an egg is produced through meiosis
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Nondisjunction
chromosomes failed to separate properly during meiosis
120
Aneuploidy
the presence of an abnormal number of chromosomes
121
Genome
ALL the the DNA for one species
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nucleosome
histones + DNA
123
Heterochromatin
DNA when it is fully condensed into coils
124
Topisomerases
cut and rejoins a helix to repair and prevent tangling in the DNA
125
Polycistronic transcript
1 gene = more than 1 protein
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Monocistronic
1 gene = 1 protein
127
Epigenetic Changes
changes in packaging of DNA can alter the ability of the transcription machinery to access a gene
128
Morphogenesis
when the cell changes shape and organization many times by going through a succession of stages
129
Base substitution
point - a single nucleotide is substituted for another
130
Nonsense mutation
causes the original codon to become a stop codon
131
Missense mutation
the original codon will produce a different amino acid
132
Silent mutation
a codon is mutated and still codes for the same amino acid
133
Translocations
two different chromosomes break and rejoins in a way that causes the DNA sequence or gene to be lost, repeated, or interrupted
134
Transposons
gene segments that can cut/paste themselves throughout the genome
135
Fission
how bacteria divides - does NOT increase genetic diversity
136
Capsid
the protein shell in a virus
137
Lytic cycle
virus immediately starts using the host cell's machinery to replicate the genetic material and create more capsid proteins
138
Lysogenic cycle
the transfer of DNA between bacterial cell (also called transduction)
139
Reverse transcriptase
an enzyme that converts RNA genomes into DNA
140
Recombinant DNA
combining DNA from multiple sources to create a unique DNA molecule not found in nature
141
Genetic engeneering
produces a new organism or product by transferring genes between cell
142
Transfection
putting a plasmid (from prokaryotes) into a eukaryotic cell
143
Evolutionary fitness
measured by reproductive success (the fittest offspring survive to reproduce)
144
Biogeography
the study of the distribution of traits in the same species in different areas of the world
145
Embryology
the study of development of an organism
146
Morphological homologies
the study of the anatomy of various animals
147
Homologous structures
point to a common ancestor
148
Analogous structures
developed totally independent from eachother
149
RNA-world-hypothesis
the original life-forms were simply molecules of RNA
150
Endotherms
generate their own body heat through metabolism
151
Imprinting
if the mother is absent, the offspring will accept the first moving object they see as their mother (EW)
152
Habituation
when an animal learns not to respond to a certain stimuli
153
Pheromones
chemical signals between members of the same species - affect behavior
154
Agonistic behavior
aggressive behavior that occurs as a result of competition for food or other resources
155
Gene flow
can occur between different populations of the same species if individual migrate
156
Divergent evolution
a significant change in phenotype that causes a species to no longer be able to mate
157
Allopatric speciation
a population becomes separated from the rest of the species by a geographic barrier so the two populations can't interbreed
158
Hardy-Weinberg Law
even with all the shuffling of genes that goes on, the relative frequencies of genotypes in a population are constant over time
159
Dominance hierarchies
occur when members in a group have established which members are the most dominant
160
Altrustic behavior
unselfish behavior that benefits another organism in the group at the individual's expense because it advances the genes of a group
161
Mutualism
when both organisms benefit
162
Commensalism
one organism lives off another with no harm to the host organism
163
Parasitism
the organism actually Harms the host
164
Photoperiodism
a response to the amount of light a species recieves
165
Phtotropism
the way plants respond to sunlight
166
Gravitropism
the way plants respond to gravity (can be positive or negative)
167
Thigmotropism
the way plants respond to touch
168
Toxins
are generally more dangerous for animals further up the pyramid
