ALL THE THINGS

Question 1

When making a transverse cut of the thoracic cavity, how many sub cavities are visible?

Answer 1

3 sub cavities

Question 2

What are the 3 sub cavities of the anterior thoracic wall?

Answer 2

two pleural cavities on either side of the mediastinum in the middle

Question 3

The pleural cavities extend above —

Answer 3

the first rib and clavicle into the root of the neck

Question 4

Inferiorly, above the costal margin and medially the pleural cavities are connected to what by what?

Answer 4

to the mediastinum by veins, arteries, nerves and ducts

Question 5

What kind of membrane is the pleura?

Answer 5

serous membrane lined with mesothelium and supporting connective tissue

Question 6

What are the two major layers of the pleura?

Answer 6

parietal or wall pleura

visceral or organ pleura

Question 7

Each pleural sac is invaginated by what?

Answer 7

a lung

Question 8

What is the visceral pleura adherent to?

Answer 8

to the lung

Question 9

What is the parietal pleura adherent to?

Answer 9

the wall

Question 10

What 4 parts is the parietal pleura described in?

Answer 10

cervical, costal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic

Question 11

What does the visceral pleura form around the lung root?

Answer 11

a cuff acting as a pulmonary ligament

Question 12

The space between the parietal and visceral layers is what?

Answer 12

pleural cavity (completely closed)

Question 13

Where is the inferior margin of the visceral pluera layer?

Answer 13

draw a line on the suface of the body passing along rib 6 (MCL), rib 8 (MAL), and rib 10 (VL/SL)

Question 14

How many ribs inferior to the visceral layer does the parietal layer run?

Answer 14

2 ribs

e.g rib 8 (MCL) rib 10 (MAL) rib 12 (VL/SL)

Question 15

The space between the two inferior margins of the pleural layers is called

Answer 15

costodiaphragmatic/costophrenic recesses (near the spinal cord area posterior)

Region is below the level of the lungs

Question 16

The visceral pleura is nourished by what?

Answer 16

the bronchial arteries

Question 17

What is the parietal pleura innvervated by?

Answer 17

phreic and intercostal nerves

(intercostal for the costo-vertebral part)

(Phrenic for the cervical, mediastinal, and diaphragmatic parts)

Question 18

The pleural recesses are potential spaces for what?

Answer 18

the expansion of the lungs during deep inspriation

Question 19

Where are the right and left costomediastinal recesses located? Which is larger?

Answer 19

located near the front (anterior side) where the ribs are. the left recess is much bigger

Question 20

What are some common pathologies and clinical applications for the pleura?

Answer 20

pleural effusion and thoracocentesis

injuries to cervical pleura and lung apex

pneumothroax/hydrothorax

insertion of a chest tube

pleurectomy/pleurodesis

Question 21

A thoracocentesis for pleural effusion at the midaxillary line is best performed in which intercostal spaces?

Answer 21

8th and 9th spaces

Question 22

What kind of sac is the pericardium?

Answer 22

fibro-serous sac

Question 23

What does the pericardium enclose?

Answer 23

the heart and the roots of the great vessels

Question 24

Where is the pericardium situated?

Answer 24

in the middle mediastinum

Question 25

What are the 2 sacs of the pericardium?

Answer 25

outer single layered fibrous pericardium and the inner double layered serous pericardium

Question 26

The fibrous and serous pericardium together form how many layers of the pericardium?

Answer 26

3 1 fibrous + 2 serous = 3 layers

Question 27

How is the fibrous pericardium shaped?

Answer 27

conical shaped

Question 28

What does the apex of the fibrous pericardium fuse with?

Answer 28

roots of the great vessels and pre-tracheal fascia

Question 29

Describe the base of the fibrous pericardium?

Answer 29

broad and inseparably blended with the central tendon of the diaphragm

Question 30

What 2 ligaments does the fibrous pericardium form?

Answer 30

superior and inferior sternopericardial ligaments

Question 31

What is the serous pericardium lined with?

Answer 31

mesotheium

Question 32

What is the outer parietal layer of the serous pericardium fused with?

Answer 32

inseparably fused with the fibrous pericardium

Question 33

What does the inner visceral layer of the serous pericardium form?

Answer 33

the epicardium of the heart

Question 34

What does the serous pericardium have within it that allows the heart to move?

Answer 34

a thin film of fluid

Question 35

What is the pericardium nourished by?

Answer 35

branches of the internal thoracic artery, thoracic and abdominal aorta

Question 36

What innervates the pericardium?

Answer 36

the phrenic nerve (C3-5)

Question 37

What is the clinical application of the transverse pericardial sinus?

Answer 37

useful in open heart surgery

Question 38

What is the oblique pericardial sinus clinically significant for?

Answer 38

along with the esophagus, is utilized in trans-esophageal echocardiography (heart ultrasound)

Question 39

What are 3 common diseases of the pericardium?

Answer 39

acute pericarditis/chronic pericarditis pericardial effusion cardiac tamponade

Question 40

What is characteristically visible on a chest x-ray for someone with pericardial effusion?

Answer 40

water bottle shape

Question 41

Where will you enter in order to perform a pericardiocentesis procedure?

Answer 41

at the left infasternal angle

Question 42

The left 5th an 6th intercostal space is called what?

Answer 42

the bare area it is the area of the cardiac notch of the left lung

Question 43

When making your incision at the left infrasternal angle, how will the needle pass through and where will you aim?

Answer 43

passed supero-posteriorly aiming at the left shoulder