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ALL THE THINGS Flashcards

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1
Q

What makes up the upper respiratory tract (URI)?

A

Nose –> larynx –> vocal cords

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2
Q

What is the sub laryngeal airway known as?

A

the tracheobroncheal tree

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3
Q

Where does the trachea divide?

A

at the level of the manubro sternal angle of Louis into two primary/principal/main/first order bronchi

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4
Q

Describe the right main bronchus

A

shorter, wider, and straighter

more in line with the trachea

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5
Q

Describe the left main bronchus

A

longer, narrower, and more oblique

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6
Q

Where does the trachea lie in relation to the larynx?

A

inferior

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7
Q

The main/PRIMARY/ principal bronchi enter the lung hila and branch regurlarly within the substance of the lung to form what?

A

the bronchial tree

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8
Q

Each primary bronchus divides into what?

A

secondary/lobar bronchi — 3 on the right and 2 on the left

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9
Q

Each secondary/lobar bronchus divides into what?

A

tertiary/segmental bronchi — 10 on each side

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10
Q

The tertiary bronchi supply what with air?

A

bronchopulmonary segments

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11
Q

What structures follow the tertiary bronchi?

A

bronchioles, alveolar ducts and sacs

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12
Q

What are the important anterior relations of the trachea?

A

skin, fascia, strap muscles, thyroid isthmus, inferior thyroid vessesl, jugular venous arch, jugular notch

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13
Q

What are the important lateral relations of the trachea?

A

carotid sheath, thyroid lobes, brachiocephalic trunk (Rt.), azygos arch (Rt.), aortic arch (Lt.)

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14
Q

What are the important posterior relations of the trachea?

A

Esophagus, Recurrent laryngeal nerve (R.L.N.), thoracic duct, vertebral column.

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15
Q

What tracheal relation is described as the most sensitive part and is a landmark in bronchoscopy?

A

the Carina

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16
Q

Foreign bodies tend to favor (go into) which bronchus?

A

right

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17
Q

What is the smallest surgically resectable unit of lung tissue?

A

bronchopulmonary segment

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18
Q

The lungs are respiratory organs that are?

A

Light
Elastic
Soft
Spongy

L.E.S.S.

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19
Q

Where is the apex of the lungs located?

A

above the 1st rib

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20
Q

Where is the base of the lungs located?

A

the diaphragm

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21
Q

What are the 3 surfaces of the lung?

A

sternocostal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic

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22
Q

What are the 3 borders of the lungs?

A

anterior, posterior (vertebral), and inferior

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23
Q

How many lung fissures are there on the right side?

A

2

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24
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have?

A

3

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25
How many fissures are there on the left side?
1 which divide this side into superior and inferior lobes
26
Where does the oblique fissure run?
along the 6th rib
27
Where does the horizontal fissure run?
runs from the oblique fissure at the MAL to the 4th rib anteriorly
28
How does the obliquity of the oblique fissure affect the appearance of the lobes?
it makes the superior lobe appear largely anterior and the inferior lobe posteriorly
29
Both lungs are shaped ---
conically/pyramidally
30
Both lungs have a texture that is ---
light, elastic, soft, and spongy
31
Both lungs have how many surfaces?
3
32
Both lungs have how many borders?
3
33
Both lungs have an apex that?
juts into the neck root
34
Both lungs have a base that?
sits on the thoracic diaphragm
35
Do both lungs have the same number of lobes/fissures?
no
36
Do both lungs have an aparterial bronchus?
No! this is only in the right lung
37
Which lung is heaver?
right
38
How many bronchopulmonary segments (BPSs) are present in each lung?
10
39
In the right lung, how many BPSs are in the upper lobe?
3 (apical/superior, posterior, anterior ---- APA)
40
In the right lung, how many BPSs are in the middle lobe?
2 (medial and lateral --- M&L)
41
In the right lung how many BPSs are in the lower lobe?
5 (posterior, superior/apical, anterior, lateral, medial --- PSALM)
42
In the right lung, the lower lobe is combo of what?
the upper and middle lobes
43
How are the BPSs arranged in the left lung?
similarly, except the upper and middle lobes of the right lung are combined in the left, with medial and lateral BPSs replaced with SUPERIOR and INFERIOR lingular BPSs
44
Quick Acronyms to remember the BPSs in both lungs!
RIGHT: APA LM SAMPL (a palm sample) LEFT: APASI SAMPL (a pas is ampl --- read as "A pass is ample")
45
The tracheobronchial vasculature branches from?
the inferior thyroid (upper 2/3) and bronchial arteries (lower 1/3) and forms an anastomosis on the trachea (connect here)
46
The corresponding veins of the tracheobronchial vasculature drain where?
into the inferior thyroid venous plexus
47
Where does lymph from the trachea drain?
into the pre-, para-tracheal, and inferior deep cervical nodes
48
Where are the bronchial arteries?
branches that begin from the descending thoracic aorta
49
How may bronchial arteries are there?
3! 1 to the right and 2 to the left
50
The 2 bronchial arteries on the left are direct branches of what?
the descending thoracic aorta
51
The right bronchial artery arises from where?
the 3rd posterior intercostal artery
52
The pulmonary arteries only bring in blood to the lungs for ____ ____ , whereas the bronchial arteries do what?
gas exchange; the bronchial arteries supply the rest
53
Most of the blood supplied by the bronchial arteries are returned via what?
the pulmonary veins
54
The tracheobronchial area is innervated by the ANS through which nerves?
vagus and recurrent laryngeal nerves
55
The lungs have dual vasculature which means what?
pulmonary and bronchial artery and vein support
56
If pulmonary thrombosis/embolism occurs slowly, what will happen to the vasculature of the lungs?
the bronchial arterial system will take over the entire system and gradually restore full lung function
57
What are the branches of the descending thoracic aorta (DTA)?
BEST PIMP! Bronchial Esophageal Subcostal Tracheal Pericardial Intercostal Mediastinal Phrenic
58
What are the 4 pulmonary veins?
Superior Right/Left and Inferior Right/Left
59
Where do the pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood?
left atrium of the heart
60
Where do intrapulmonary bronchial veins drain?
into the pulmonary veins and left atrium
61
Where do extra-pulmonary bronchial veins drain?
into systemic veins and the right atrium
62
What is another name for the system veins?
azygous system of veins
63
What are the two levels of lymphatic drainage in the TB tree and lungs?
superficial (sub-pleural) and deep (sub-mucosal)
64
Superficial lymph drains into?
hilar (BP) nodes
65
Deep lymph drains from what structures and where?
from the bronchial tree, pulmonary vessels, and connective tissue into pulmonary nodes first then into BP/hilar nodes
66
The right lung and left lower lobe drain lymph where?
right superior tracheobronchial nodes
67
Efferent lymphatic vessels carry lymph from where? Where do they drain?
tracheobronchial nodes; drain into the bronchomediastinal trunks
68
Where does the bronchomediastinal trunk drain?
directly into the venous angle or the duct on its side
69
How are the lungs and visceral pleura innervated autonomically?
by the pulmonary plexus at the root of each lung
70
Where does the pulmonary plexus receive branches from?
the upper 4 cervical ganglia; left and right vagal nerves
71
How are the lungs and the visceral pleura innervated sympathetically?
the sympathetic components come from the lateral horn neurons (pre-ganglionic) from T1-5; these synapse in the 3 cervical ganglia; post ganglionic fibers reach the cardiac and pulmonary plexus
72
Sympathetic innervation of the lungs and visceral pleura allows what actions to occur?
bronchodilation and vasoconstriction
73
The parasympathetic innervation of the lungs and visceral pleura comes from where?
the vagus nerves
74
The parasympathetic innervation of the lungs and the visceral pleura allows what actions to occur?
bronchoconstriction, vasodilation, cough reflex, and secretomotor fibers
75
What are some clinical applications and pathologies associated with the lungs?
``` Foreign bodies in the TB tree Needle/Tube thoracostomy Thoracotomy COPD Asthma ```
76
How does a foreign body pass through the trachea?
from the trachea into the right main bronchus
77
If the foreign body is small enough, where will it go?
into the right lower lobe bronchus
78
If a foreign body is too large, what may happen?
It may be unable to pass through the bronchus and may get stuck
79
What is the name of the syndrome associated with the aspiration of liquids?
Mendelson's Syndrome (aspirating vomit)

TRACHEOBRONCHIAL TREE (1 decks)

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