ALL THE THINGS Flashcards
(112 cards)
1
Q
Which of the cranial nerves only have motor functions?
A
CN III, IV, VI, XI, XII
2
Q
Which cranial nerves have motor, sensory, and parasympathetic functions?
A
CN VII, IX, X
3
Q
All efferents have what associated with them?
A
upper and lower motor neuron
4
Q
Where does the LMN of an efferent project?
A
to the periphery
5
Q
1st order neuron is always in a ganglion located where?
A
outside the CNS
6
Q
2nd order neurons are located in a nucleus that is?
A
modality specific
7
Q
3rd order neurons are located where?
A
always in the thalamus
8
Q
Which muscle does CN IV innervate?
A
a single muscle - superior oblique muscle
9
Q
What muscles does CN VI innervate?
A
a single muscle - lateral rectus muscle
10
Q
Which muscles are innervated by CN III?
A
inferior oblique muscle
medial rectus muscle
superior rectus muscle
inferior rectus muscle
11
Q
What muscles are innervated by CN XI?
A
the trapezius and the sternocleidomastoid muscles
12
Q
What muscles are innervated by CN XII?
A
muscles of the tongue
13
Q
Movements of the muscles of the body below the orofacial region are driven by what?
A
upper motor neurons whose cell bodies are located in the motor homunculus in the precentral gyrus
14
Q
Where do the axons of the UMN’s pass through in the spinal pathway?
A
internal capsul
15
Q
Do the axons of UMN’s decussate?
A
Yes
16
Q
Where do the axons of UMN’s synapse in the spinal pathway? By what tract?
A
course within the lateral cortico-spinal tract to synapse on LMNs in lamina IX of the spinal cord
17
Q
How do the axons of LMNs travel to their targets in the spinal pathway?
A
exit through the ventral root
travel within either dorsal or ventral primary rami to reach their targets
18
Q
What kind of pathway drives the movement of muscles in the orofacial region?
A
parallel pathway
19
Q
After descending through the internal capsul and decussating, what do the UMN’s axons form?
A
the cortico-bulbar tract
20
Q
What tract does the Cortico-bulbar tract diverge from? Where?
A
cortico-spinal tract in the brainstem
21
Q
The axons of the cortico-bulbar tract descent to synapse on groups of what?
A
LMNs
22
Q
Where are the cell bodies of the LMNs that are synapsed by the cortico-bulbar tract located?
A
in named motor nuclei in the brainstem
23
Q
Each cranial nerve that mediates voluntary movements will be associated with what?
A
a named motor nucleus
24
Q
What is the motor nucleus associated with CN III?
A
Occulomotor Nucleus
25
What is the motor nucleus associated with CN IV?
Trochclear nucleus
26
What is the motor nucleus associated with CN V3?
Motor nucleus of Trigeminal V3
27
What is the motor nucleus associated with CN VI?
Abducens Nucleus
28
What is the motor nucleus associated with CN VII?
Facial nucleus
29
What is the motor nucleus associated with CN IX and X?
Nuclues ambiguus
30
What is the motor nucleus associated with CN XI?
Spinal accessory nucleus
31
What is the motor nucleus associated with CN XII?
Hypoglossal nucleus
32
In lecture, Dr. Ambron said that CN 11 doesn't belong in the cranium. He said that the spinal accessory nucleus was actually what?
Lamina IX
33
In lecture, which tract did Dr. Ambron say CN 11's motor nucleus was activated by?
the cortico-spinal tract
34
In lecture, Dr. Ambron mentioned that CN 11 is innervated by an input of neurons from where?
Lamina IX
35
The cortico-bulbar tract does not activate nerves going to?
the eye
36
The cortico-bulbar tract innervates the nerves associated with what?
mouth, teeth, facial nerve, and the glossopharyngeal
37
In what order do the motor nuclei appear in the brainstem?
rostral-caudal
rostral - towards the face (anterior)
caudal - posterior part of the brain
38
Since the cortico-bulbar tract doesn't synapse in the nuclei of the nerves associated with the eye, which nerves are we talking about?
CN III, IV, VI
39
Why are the LMNs of CN XI activated by the cortic-spinal pathway?
because they're located in the upper 4-5 cervical levels of the spinal cord
40
Where do the axons of CN XI exit?
with CN IX and X at the foramen magnum
41
Damage of the axons of UMNs prior to the decussation results in what where?
paralysis of associated muscles on the contralateral side
42
If a spinal cord injury causes damage to the axons of UMNs, then what happens and where?
paralysis of associated muscles on the ipsilateral side
43
In injuries of the axons of the UMNs, what other consequences do we see?
increasing spasticity (rigidity)
no regeneration
44
Damage to axons of LMNs results in what?
ipsilateral flaccidity (loss of muscle tone)
45
What other consequences are associated with injuries of axons of LMNs?
weakness
regeneration is possible
46
The brainstem is considered the "_______" of the brain?
housekeeping center
47
What kinds of functions are regulated by the brainstem?
autonomic functions
48
The brainstem can be divided into how many regions?
3
49
What are the regions of the brainstem?
midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata
50
The midbrain contains the nuclie for?
CN III and CN IV
51
The pons contains nuclei for?
CN V and VI
52
The medulla oblongata contains nuclei for?
CN VII, IX, X, XII
53
Each nucleus and its associated nerve (that passes through the brainstem) has a blood supply. What happens if you damage the blood supply?
Damage to the arteries via compression, trauma, etc. will result in loss of function
54
If I severed my trochlear nerve, which nerve number would I be damaging and where would we see complications?
CN IV
complications with the eye muscles
55
CN IV comes from which surface of the brainstem?
the dorsal surface
56
Which surface of the brainstem do the other nerves come from? What order?
Ventral side and in numerical order (e.g. CN I, CN II, etc.)
57
Communication of sensory information from the periphery to post-central gyrus requires how many sets of neurons?
3 sets
58
Where do the cell bodies of 1st order neurons involved in sensory input reside?
in afferent ganglia OUTSIDE the CNS
59
Are there synapses in the afferent ganglia of 1st order neurons?
Nope
60
1st order neurons are modality ---
specific
61
The central axons for pain and touch enter the spinal cord and then do what?
diverge
62
The axons for pain in the spinal pathway synapse on what and where?
on 2nd order neurons in Lamina I/II at about the level of entry
63
After synapsing, 2nd order axons for pain in the spinal pathway do what and go where?
decussate and ascend in the lateral spinothalamic tract
64
After ascending the tract, what do 2nd order axons for pain in the spinal pathway do and where?
synapse on 3rd order neurons in VPL of the thalamus
Thalamic axons present to the appropriate region of the sensory homunculus
65
The axons for touch in the spinal pathway ascend where to synapse where?
in the dorsal columns to synapse on 2nd order neurons in either the nucleus gracilis/cuneatus in the brainstem
66
After synapsing, the axons for touch in the spinal pathway do what and what do they form?
decussate forming a medial lemniscus
67
After decussating, where do the axons for touch in the spinal pathway synapse?
on 3rd order neurons in VPL.
The axons of 3rd order neurons project to the appropriate region in the sensory homunulus
68
The preponderant sensory information from the orofacial region is mediated by the 3 branches of what?
the trigeminal nerve (CN V)
69
How many groups of neurons are required to convey information from the orofacial region to the sensory cortex?
3 groups
70
The 1st order neurons for the trigeminal system reside in what?
the trigeminal ganglion
71
Where do the peripheral axons of the trigeminal ganglion exit?
at one of 3 branches
opthalmic - V1
maxillary - V2
mandibular - V3
72
At what territory do the peripheral axons of the trigeminal ganglion terminate?
in the skin of the face in front of the Tragal Line
73
The central axon of the trigeminal neurons enter what and synapse in what?
the brainstem and synapse in a nucleus that contains the cell bodies of the 2nd order neurons
74
The 2nd order axons of the trigeminal ganglion do what and ascend to what in where?
decussate and ascend to 3rd order neurons in VPM of the Thalamus
75
The 3rd order axons neurons of the trigeminal system project to what region of the somatosensory cortex?
facial region
76
A subset of 1st order neurons in the trigeminal ganglion mediate what sensation?
pain
77
The 1st order neurons that mediate pain in the trigeminal ganglion have axons associated with the 3 branches that terminate where?
in "naked" endings in the skin
78
The central axons for the 1st order neurons that mediate pain from the orofacial region in the trigeminal ganglion enter what and descend together as what?
enter the brainstem and descend together as the spinal tract
79
While descending the spinal tract, axons leave to synapse on what and where?
to synapse on 2nd order neurons distributed in the very long spinal nucleus
80
After synapsing in the spinal nucleus, what do the 2nd order axons do and where do they ascend?
decussate and ascend to 3rd order neurons in VPM of the thalamus where sensation is perceived
81
The pain pathway described through the trigeminal ganglion is the same even when the pain is?
transmitted by other nerves
82
In the orofacial region, like the spinal cord, pain is segregated from what?
touch
83
What is the pathway for touch perception in the orofacial region?
1st order neuron central axons in the trigeminal ganglion enter the brainstem to synapse on 2nd order neurons that decussate and go to VPM
84
Where are the 2nd order neurons for touch perception from the orofacial region located?
in the Pontine Nucleus
85
The 2nd order neurons in the Pontine Nucleus can be considered homologues of what?
neurons in the nucleus gracilis/cuneatus
86
In the autonomic nervous system, the postganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic system release what?
acetylcholine
87
In the autonomic nervous system, the postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic system release what?
nor-adrenalin
88
What regions do the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems cover, respectively?
Cranial/Sacral
Thoraco/lumbar
89
What are the targets of the autonomic nervous system?
salivary glands
mucous glands of nose and oropharynx
structures of the orbit
blood vessels
sweat glands
90
The salivary glands include what?
parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands
91
The structures in the orbit are?
lacrimal gland
sphincter and ciliary muscles of the iris
dilator muscle of the iris
superior tarsal muscle
92
In the structures of the orbit, which ones receive input from the parasympathetic nervous system?
the sphincter and ciliary muscles of the iris
93
In the structures of the orbit, which ones receive input from the sympathetic nervous system?
dilator muscle of the iris
superior tarsal muscle
94
What kind of input do the blood vessels receive from the autonomic nervous system?
sympathetic
95
For the head and orofacial region, where do the cell bodies of sympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons reside?
lamina VII aka the intermediolateral horn at T1-T2
96
The myelinated axons of sympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons exit via what and enter what chain via what?
exit via the ventral root and enter the sympathetic chain via white rami communicantes
97
After entering the sympathetic chain, where do the sympathetic axons go and where do they synapse?
course up the sympathetic chain to the superior cervical ganglion where they synapse on the post-ganglionic neurons
98
The post ganglionic axons of the sympathetic nervous system follow what to their targets?
blood vessels
99
Horner's syndrome is a disruption of the sympathetic nervous system resulting from what?
compression of cervical or thoracic sympathetic chain on the affected side
A Pancoast tumor on the apex of the lung
100
What are the common symptoms associated with Horner's syndrome?
REMEMBER PAM IS HORNY!
Psedo-ptosis (partially drooping eyelid)
Anhidrosis (reduced sweat production)
Miosis (constricted pupil)
Enopthalmos (sunken eye)
Flushing face
101
What causes pseudo-ptosis in Horner's syndrome?
paralysis of the superior tarsal muscle
102
What causes miosis in Horner's syndrome?
inactivation of the dilator muscle
103
What causes enopthalmos in Horner's syndrome?
inactivation of the orbitalis muscle
104
What causes flushing of the face in Horner's syndrome?
dilation of blood vessels
105
Parasympathetic functions in the cranial division are associated with which nerves?
CN III, VII, IX, X
106
What nucleus is involved in the pathway that regulates the sphincter muscle of the eye?
the Nucleus of Edinger-Westphal
107
Describe the pathway that regulates the sphincter muscle of the eye
axons from pre-ganglionic neurons in the Nucleus of Edinger-Westphal exit in CNIII and synapse on post-ganglionic neurons in the ciliary ganglion
108
What nucleus is involved in the pathway that regulates the lacrimal and submandibular salivary glands?
Superior salivatory nucleus
109
Decribe the pathway that regulates the lacrimal and submandibular salivary glands
axons from the superior salivatory nucleus exit in CN VII to synapse on postganglionic cells in 2 DIFFERENT ganglia.
110
What nucleus and ganglion are involved in regulating the actions of the parotid gland?
inferior salivatory nucleus
otic ganglion
111
Describe the pathway involved in regulating the parotid gland
axons from the inferior salivatory nucleus exit in CN IX and synapse on postganglionic neurons in the otic ganglion. Post-ganglionic axons activate secretion from the parotid gland only!
112
What innervates the viscera in the thorax and part of the abdomen?
pre-ganglionic axons that emerge from the large dorsal motor nucleus and descend in the vagus nerve
