All Unit Flashcards
What were the major challenges faced by the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century?
The Ottoman Empire faced military defeats, nationalist uprisings, economic decline, and increasing European interference. The Tanzimat reforms attempted modernization but had limited success.
How did the Opium Wars impact the Qing Dynasty?
The Opium Wars (1839–1842, 1856–1860) weakened the Qing Dynasty, forcing China to sign unequal treaties, cede Hong Kong to Britain, and allow foreign control over trade and customs.
What led to the decline of the Mughal Empire and British control over India?
The Mughal Empire declined due to weak leadership, internal conflicts, and European expansion. The Indian Rebellion of 1857 led to direct British rule over India.
What were the main African empires during the 19th century?
Notable African empires included the Zulu Kingdom, Sokoto Caliphate, Ethiopian Empire, and Asante Kingdom.
How did the Berlin Conference affect African nations?
The Berlin Conference (1884–1885) divided Africa among European powers without African input, leading to colonization and exploitation.
What was the purpose of the Congress of Vienna?
The Congress of Vienna (1815) aimed to restore balance in Europe after Napoleon’s defeat, preventing future revolutions and maintaining peace.
How did Otto von Bismarck contribute to German unification?
Bismarck used diplomacy and wars (Austro-Prussian War, Franco-Prussian War) to unite German states under Prussian leadership in 1871.
What were the key scientific discoveries of the 19th century?
Key discoveries included Darwin’s theory of evolution, Pasteur’s germ theory, and advancements in chemistry and medicine.
How did the Industrial Revolution transform economies and societies?
The Industrial Revolution introduced mass production, urbanization, and new technologies, leading to economic growth and social changes.
What role did Britain play in global trade during the 19th century?
Britain dominated global trade through its empire, controlling key trade routes, resources, and markets.
How did industrialization affect global economic systems?
Industrialization created demand for raw materials, expanded global markets, and widened economic inequalities.
What were the goals of the labor movement in the 19th century?
The labor movement sought better wages, shorter hours, and improved working conditions through unions and protests.
How did the abolitionist movement lead to the end of slavery in different countries?
Abolitionist activism led to laws banning slavery, such as Britain’s Slavery Abolition Act (1833) and the U.S. Emancipation Proclamation (1863).
What are the characteristics of Romanticism in art and literature?
Romanticism emphasized emotion, nature, and individualism, seen in works by artists like Goya and writers like Shelley.
How did Realism differ from Romanticism in artistic expression?
Realism focused on depicting everyday life and social struggles, contrasting with Romanticism’s emotional and idealized themes.
How did the Meiji Restoration impact Japan’s modernization?
The Meiji Restoration (1868) introduced industrialization, military reforms, and Western influences, making Japan a global power.
What were the consequences of the Opium Wars for China?
China lost territory, faced economic decline, and was forced to allow European influence through unequal treaties.
How did nationalism contribute to tensions in late 19th-century Europe?
Nationalist movements led to conflicts over borders and ethnic identities, contributing to rising tensions before World War I.
What were the main causes of World War I?
Causes included nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and alliances, culminating in the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.
What were the major consequences of the Treaty of Versailles?
The treaty imposed harsh penalties on Germany, redrew European borders, and created tensions leading to World War II.
What led to the Russian Revolution of 1917?
Economic hardship, political repression, and Russia’s losses in World War I led to the overthrow of the Tsar.
How did Lenin and the Bolsheviks establish a communist government in Russia?
Lenin led the October Revolution, overthrew the provisional government, and implemented socialist policies under Soviet rule.
What were the main causes of World War I and World War II?
WWI was caused by nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and alliances. WWII was triggered by unresolved tensions from WWI, the rise of totalitarian regimes, and aggressive expansion by Germany, Italy, and Japan.
What were the major conflicts and outcomes of WWI and WWII?
WWI involved trench warfare and ended with the Treaty of Versailles, which punished Germany. WWII saw major battles like D-Day and ended with the defeat of Axis Powers, leading to the Cold War.
