All Units Flashcards
(309 cards)
1
Q
What is blockbusting?
A
Real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that people of color will soon move
2
Q
What is boomburb?
A
Rapidly growing (double digit growth) suburban cities with a population greater than 100,000
3
Q
What is the Burgess Concentric Zone Model?
A
Describes expansion in concentric rings around the central business district
4
Q
What is Christaller’s Central Place Theory?
A
There can only be one large central city, which is surrounded by a series of smaller cities, towns, and hamlets
5
Q
What is a Disamenity Zone
A
Poorest parts of cities that in extreme cases are not even connected to city services (amenities) and are controlled by gangs and drugs
6
Q
What is an edge city?
A
Urban area with large suburban residential and business area surrounding it
7
Q
What is environmental injustice?
A
When people are disproportionately impacted by environmental factors because of discrimination
8
Q
What is an exurb?
A
Residential, prosperous, but rural areas beyond the suburbs
9
Q
What is the Galactic City Model (Peripheral Model)?
A
Made up of an inner city, with large suburban residential and business areas surrounding it
10
Q
What is gentrification?
A
Urban or suburban neighborhood transitions from housing people of low income status to housing middle class families
11
Q
What is the Gravity Model?
A
Model used to estimate the amount of interaction between 2 cities
12
Q
What is a green belt?
A
Ring of land maintained as parks, agriculture, or other types of open space to limit the sprawl of an urban area
13
Q
What is the Harris and Ullman Multiple Nuclei Model
A
Growth is independent of the central business district
14
Q
What is high density housing?
A
Highest density of residents per unit area of land
15
Q
What are high order goods
A
Example would be cars are a luxury and not purchased often
16
Q
What is housing discrimination
A
Members of minority groups are prevented from obtaining money to purchase homes or property in predominantly white neighborhoods
17
Q
What is the Hoyt Sector Model?
A
Describes the growth of US cities based on economic and physical geography
18
Q
What is inclusionary zoning
A
Municipal and county planning ordinances that require or provide incentives when a given percentage of units in a new housing development be affordable by people with low moderate incomes
19
Q
What is land tenure?
A
Relationships that individuals and groups hold with respect to land and land based resources, such as trees, minerals, pastures, and water
20
Q
What is the Latin American City Model?
A
Combines elements of latin american culture and globalization by combining radial sectors and concentric zones
21
Q
What are low order goods?
A
Small market areas and provide goods and services that are purchased more frequently than higher order goods and services
22
Q
What is a megacity?
A
City that has a very large and growing population over 10,000 people
23
Q
What is a metacity?
A
Urban areas with over 20 million people and are ranked by population size
24
Q
What is mixed land use?
A
multiple land uses in the same space or building
25
What is new urbanism?
Seeks to encourage local community development and sustainable growth in an urban area
26
What is a primate city?
City that functions as by far the largest city in the country it inhabits
27
What is the rank size rule?
Rank of a city's population within a country will be approximately the largest city's population divided by the rank of the city in question
28
What is red lining?
Illegal practice of refusing someone credit, a loan, or insurance, or adding unfair terms in those contracts based on race or ethnicity
29
What is site?
Exact location of a city
30
What is situation?
Location of a place relative to other places
31
What is slow growth cities?
Urban communities where the planners have put into place smart growth initiatives to decrease the rate as which the city grows horizontally to avoid the adverse affects of sprawl
32
What are smart growth policies?
Urban planning and transportation theory that concentrates growth in compact walkable urban centers to avoid sprawl
33
What is the Southeast Asian City Model?
High class residential zones that stem from the center, middle class residential zones that occur in inner city, low income squatter settlements that occur in the periphery
34
What are squatter settlements
Buildings aimed to provide housing and shelter for poor people in a city
35
What is the Sub Saharan African City Model?
Contains pre colonial, european colonial, and post colonial elements and is/was segregated by race
36
What is the suburb?
Outer districts of urban areas
37
What is suburban sprawl?
Developed over large areas of land, usually farmland or greenfields
38
What is transportation oriented development?
Mixed use residential and commercial area designed to maximize access to public transport
39
What is urban hierarchy?
A ranking in settlements according to their size and economic functions
40
What are urban models?
Theoretical frameworks used in urban sociology to describe the way in which cities grow and develop
41
What is urban renewal?
Cities remove residents from low income areas and rebuild the area to attract higher income residents
42
What is urban sustainability?
Urban area to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
43
What is urbanization?
People live and are employed in a city
44
What is a world city?
Urban areas that function as major nodes in the world economy
45
What are zones of abandonment?
All people left area because they chose a better living area
46
What is zoning?
Dividing area into zones reserved for different purposes such as residence and business and manufacturing
47
What is agribusiness?
The set of economic and political relationships that organize food production for commercial purposes
48
What is aquaculture?
The cultivation or farming (in controlled conditions) of aquatic species, such as fish
49
What is the Bid Rent Theory?
Geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand for real estate change has the distance from the central business district (CBD) increases
50
What is the Columbian Exchange?
Transfer of plants, animals, disease, and technology between the old world from which columbus came and the new world which he found
51
What is commercial agriculture?
Form of agriculture undertaken in order to generate products for sale off of the farm in order to make a profit
52
What is the commodity chain?
Linked system of processes that gather resources, convert them into goods, package them for distribution, disperse them, and sell them on the market
53
What is commodity dependency?
When peripheral economies rely too heavily on the export of raw materials, which places them on unequal terms of exchange with more developed countries that export higher value goods
54
What is community supported agriculture (CSA)?
People who have pledged to support one or more local farms, with growers and consumers sharing risks and benefits of food production
55
What is deforestation?
destruction of forest or forested areas by human or natural means
56
What is desertification?
Process by which previously fertile lands became arid and unusable for farming
57
What are extensive farming practices?
Agricultural production system that uses small inputs of labor, fertilizers, and capital, relative to the land area being farmed
58
What is fair trade?
Concept used in developing countries to help create sustainability
59
What are feedlots/concentrated animal feeding?
Places where livestock are concentrated in a very small area on hormones and hearty grains that prepare them for slaughter
60
What are operations (CAFOs)?
Animal feeding operation that concentrates large numbers of animals in relatively small confined places
61
What is the first agricultural revolution?
The transition from hunting and gathering to planting and sustainability
62
What is a food desert?
Area that has limited access to affordable and nutritious food
63
What is food insecurity?
People who don't know where their next meals are coming from
64
What are genetically modified organisms (GMOs)?
Crop whose genetic structure has been altered to make it more useful and efficient for human purposes
65
What is global food distribution?
Food supply is part of a larger chain that reaches all corners of world affected by political systems, infrastructure, and patterns of world trade
66
What is the global supply chain?
System of organization people, technology, activities, information and resources involved in moving a product or service from supplier to customer
67
What is globalization of agriculture?
System of agriculture build on economic and regulatory practices that are global in scope and organization
67
What is the green revolution?
Development of higher yield and fast growing crops through increased technology, pesticides, and fertilizers transferred from the developed to developing world to alleviate the problem of food supply in those regions
68
What is the Industrial Revolution?
Period of rapid development of industry
69
What are intensive farming practices?
Form of subsistence agriculture in which farmer must extend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land
70
What is irrigation?
Water is spread from its natural source over a much larger geographic range to aid agricultural production
71
What are land use patterns?
The way land is used within a given area
72
What are local food movements?
Connect food producers and consumers in the same geographic region to develop more self reliant and resilient food networks; improve local economies or to affect health, environment, community. or society of a particular place
73
What is the long lot survey system?
Long rectangular plots of farmland to give equal access to the river
74
What is market gardening?
Small scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers as cash crops sold directly to local consumers
75
What is the metes and bounds survey system?
Uses physical features of local geography along with directions and distances to define and describe boundaries of land parcels
76
What are mixed crop/livestock systems?
Both animal and crop are farmed in same area
77
What is mono cropping?
Growing a single crop year after year on same land in the absence of rotation through other crops or growing multiple crops on the same land
78
What is monoculture?
The deliberate cultivation of only one single crop in a large land area
79
What is multi cropping?
Growing two or more crops in the same space during a single growing season
80
What is nomadic herding (pastoral nomadism/transhumance)?
Seasonal movement of livestock along routes to regions with available grazing land and water sources
81
What is organic farming?
Reluctance to use biotechnology in farming
82
What is pastoral nomadism?
A way of life of peoples who do not live continually in the same place but move cyclically or periodically
83
What is plantation agriculture?
Production of one or more usually cash crops on a large swathe of land
84
What are rural settlement patterns?
The way in which people live and build communities in rural area, or areas outside of urban centers
85
What is the second agricultural revolution?
Used increased technology from industrial revolution as a means to increase from productivity through mechanization
86
What is shifting cultivation (slash and burn)?
Farming by clearing land for farming by slashing vegetation and burning debris
87
What is soil salinization?
Occurs when soil in an arid climate has been made available for agricultural production using irrigation
88
What is subsistence agriculture?
Food production mainly for the family
89
What is suburbanization?
Growth of cities outside of an urban area
90
What is sustainable agriculture?
Farming methods that preserve long term productivity of land and minimize pollution
91
What are terraces?
Building a series of steps or flat land for farming on the sides of hills or mountains
92
What is the township and range survey system?
Rectangular land division scheme to disperse settlers evenly across farmlands of the US interior
93
What is urban farming?
Production, distribution, and marketing of food and other products within the geographical limits of a metropolitan area
94
What are value added foods?
Production of a product in a manner that enhances its value
95
What is the Von Thunen Model?
Theory that predicts humans will use land in relation to the cost of land and the cost of transporting products to market
96
What is agglomeration?
A localized economy in which a large number of companies and industries cluster together and benefit from the cost reductions and gains in efficiency that result from this proximity
97
What is commodity dependence?
When peripheral economies rely too heavily on the export of raw materials, which places them on unequal terms of exchange with more developed countries that export higher value goods
98
What is comparative advantage?
The ability of a country, firm, or individual to produce a good or service at a lower opportunity cost than other producers
99
What is complementary advantage?
When 2 regions specifically satisfy each other's needs through exchange of raw materials and or finished goods
100
What is dependency theory?
Holds that LDCs are highly dependent on foreign factories and technologies from MDCs to provide employment and infrastructure
101
What is ecotourism?
A type of tourism that focuses on experiencing natural areas while minimizing the negative impact on the environment
102
What is an export processing zone?
areas found in many regions of the developing world
103
What are footloose industries?
One which is not tied to any particular location or country and can relocate to another place without effect from factory or production such as resources, land, labour, and capital
104
What is formal and informal economic activity?
Formal: organized, regulated, and structured economic activity that's recognized and supported by government
Informal: economic activity not regulated or recognized by government
105
What are free trade agreements?
Designated group of countries that have agreed to eliminate tariffs quotes, and preferences on most goods and services between them
106
What are free trade zones?
Allow for goods from foreign countries to be imported without a tariff, that is, without being taxed for the sake of being foreign goods
107
What is the gender inequality index (GII)?
Composite metric of gender inequality using 3 dimensions, reproductive health, empowerment, and the labour market
108
What is gini coefficient?
A statistical measure of economic inequality in a population
109
What is gross domestic product (GDP)?
Total value of goods and services produced within the borders of a country during a specific time period, usually one year
110
What is gross nation income (GNI) per capita?
Total income generated by a country's residents, including domestic and international sources, divided by the population
111
What is gross national product (GNP)?
Total value of goods and services, including income received from abroad, produced by the residents of a country within a specific time period, usually one year
112
What are growth poles?
Specific area or sector that drives economic development in a region
113
What is the human development index (HDI)?
Measures the status of life in any given place based off of life expectancy, education levels, and income per capita
114
What is infant mortality rate?
How many babies, per thousand births, die before their first birthday
115
What is international division of labor?
Transfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low paid, less skilled workers from more developed to less developed countries
116
What is the international monetary fund?
Intergovernmental organization that provides short term loans to governments that are in economic crisis
117
What is just in time delivery?
A method of managing inventory that provides products only as they are needed, rather than storing them
118
What is the least cost theory?
Where to house production and manufacturing facilities based on the least possible combination of costs, derive the greatest possible profit
119
What is a less developed country (LDC)?
Country that's at a relatively early stage in the process of economic development
120
What is literacy rate?
Percentage of people ages 15 and up who can, with understanding, read and write a short, simple statement on their everyday life
121
What is mercosur?
South American organization whose purpose is to expand trade, improve transportation, reduce tariffs, avenge member countries
122
What is a microloan?
Small loans provided to individuals or small businesses
123
What is a more developed country (MDC)?
Country that has progressed relatively far along a continuum of development
124
What is the multiplier effect?
How many times money spends circulates through a country's economy
125
What are neoliberal policies?
Economic policies that promote free market principles, such as deregulation, liberalization, and privatization
126
What is a newly industrialized country (NIC)?
Developing economies that have advanced towards industrialization and might become developed, at some point, in the near future
127
What are nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)?
Organization focused on humanitarian issues, often social problems with a political aspect
128
What is OPEC?
Organization aiming to control prices of oil (organization of the petroleum exporting countries)
129
What is outsourcing?
Process of moving industrial production or service industries to external facilities or organizations often out of the country
130
What are post fordist methods of production?
A shift in the way goods are produced, characterized by a move away from mass production and towards more flexible, customized production methods
131
What is the primary sector?
The portion of the economy conserved with the direct extraction of materials from earth's surface, generally through agriculture, although sometime by mining, fishing, and forestry
132
What is the quaternary sector?
The industry based on human knowledge which involves technology, information, financial planning, research, and development
133
What is the quinary sector?
Important extension of the tertiary sector
134
What is Rostow's stages of economic growth?
5 steps through which all countries must pass to become developed
135
What is the secondary sector?
Processing or refining of natural resources
136
What is the semi periphery?
Countries that have a standard of lining lower than those in the "core" but much higher than those in the "periphery"
137
What are special economic zones?
Designated areas within a country that have special economic regulations that are more favorable than the regulations that apply in the rest of the country
138
What are sustainable development goals?
Set of 12 goals adopted by the united nations in 2015 to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure peace and prosperity for all
139
What are tariffs?
Taxes on items leaving or entering a country, often used to raise the price of imported goods
140
What is the tertiary sector?
Anything that has to do with the sale or exchange of goods
141
What is Wallerstein's world systems theory (core-periphery model)?
World is one interconnected collection of nations and states
142
What is the World Trade Organization?
Creates policies on global trading
143
What is the African Union (AU)?
An organization of african states established in 2002 as successor to the OAU
144
What is an antecedent boundary?
The name of a boundary between two states that is created before the area is populated with human society
145
What is the Arctic Council?
The leading intergovernmental forum promoting cooperation, coordination and interaction among the arctic states
146
What is the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)?
An organization of countries in southeast asia set up to promote cultural, economic and political development in the region
147
What is an autonomous region?
An area of a country that has degree of autonomy , or has freedom from an external authority
148
What is the Berlin Conference?
Dividing up the continent of africa among the various european imperial powers
149
What is boundary delimitation?
The process of mapmakers placing the boundary on the map
150
What is boundary demarcation?
Identified by physical objects, like walls, signs, and fences
151
What are choke points?
Geographic locations where the flow of people and goods can be constricted and choked off in the event of a conflict
152
What is a consequent boundary?
A boundary between opposing cultural, ethnic, or political groups, that was established to settle disputes, end wars, and establish a clear separation between groups
153
What is a contiguous zone?
An area seaward of the territorial sea in which the coastal state may exercise the control necessary to prevent infringement of its customs, fiscal immigration, and sanitary laws
154
What is decolonization?
Process by which colonies become independent of the colonizing country
155
What is the demilitarized zone (DMZ)?
An area in which treaties or agreements between states, military installations, activities, or personnel
156
What is devolution?
The transfer of power from a central government to a lower level of government, such as a regional or local government
157
What are economies of scale?
The reduction in the per unit cost of production as the volume of production increases
158
What is ethnic cleansing?
When a people group commits mass expulsion of mass killing of a particular ethnic group whom they do not want to exist either in a particular region or in the world as a whole
159
What is the European Union?
Economic alliances of major western european nations that coordinate trade immigration and labor policies, making its members one economic unit
160
What is the exclusive economic zone (EEZ)?
A sea zone over which a state has special rights over the exploration and use of marine resources
161
What is a federal state?
A system of government where power is shared between a centralized government and various regional authorities
162
What is genocide?
Violence against members of a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group with the intent to destroy the entire group
163
What is a geometric boundary?
A boundary created by using lines of latitude and longitude and their associated arcs
164
What is gerrymander?
Political group tries to change a voting district that gives them an advantage
165
What is imperialism?
The production of a country extending its power and influence over other countries, typically through the use of military force, economic coercion, or cultural domination
166
What are international agreements?
An alliance of two or more countries seeking cooperation with each other without giving up either's autonomy or self determination
167
What are international sanctions?
Political and economic decisions that are part of diplomatic efforts by countries
168
What are international waters (high seas)?
The areas of the sea that are not under the jurisdiction of any country
169
What is irredentism?
A political movement that's strongly tied to nationalism
170
What is the law of the sea (UNCLOS)?
Each coastal nation has territorial sovereignty over 12 miles of water off their coast and maintains exclusive economic rights over 200 miles of water off their coast
171
What is the median line principle?
The principle that a nation's maritime boundaries should conform to a median line equidistant from the shores of neighboring nation states
172
What is a multi national state?
A sovereign entity that comprises two or more nations or states
173
What is a multi state nation?
When a nation stretches across borders and across states
174
What is a nation?
A group of people band together by some sense of a common culture, ethnicity, language, shared history, and attachment to a home land
175
What is a nation state?
A state in which the cultural borders of a nation correspond with the state borders of a country
176
What is neocolonialism?
The control of less developed countries by developed countries through indirect means
177
What is the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)?
Encouraged trade between the US, Mexico, Canada
178
What is the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)?
A political alliance agreeing to defend against communist advances
179
What is redistricting?
The process of drawing electoral district boundaries
180
What is a relic boundary?
A former boundary that is no longer in use but still visible as a relic on the ground
181
What is a semi autonomous region?
Area where a group has some type of political autonomy
182
What is a shatterbelt?
A geographical region that's endangered by local conflicts within the states or between countries in the region as well as the involvement of opposing great powers outside the region
183
What is sovereignty?
The political authority of a state to govern itself
184
What is a state?
A politically bound area controlled by an established government that has authority over its internal affairs and foreign policy
185
What is a stateless nation?
A nation of people without a state that it considers home
186
What is a subsequent boundary?
A boundary that is established after the settlement in that area occurred
187
What is a super imposed boundary?
Political barriers drawn in an area with complete disregard for the cultural, religious, and ethnic divisions within the people living there
188
What is supra nationalism?
The process of nation states organizing politically and economically into one organization or alliance
189
What is territorial sea?
A belt of coastal waters extending at most 12 nautical miles from the baseline of a coastal state
190
What is The Paris Agreement?
A global agreement that aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and combat climate change
191
What is a unitary state?
A system of political organization in which most or all of the governing power resides in a centralized government, in contrast to a federal state
192
What are the United Nations (UN)?
An international organization formed in 1945 to increase political and economic cooperation among member countries
193
What is Acculturation?
The adoption of cultural traits, such as language, by one group under the influence of another
194
What is agriculture theory?
Transitioning from extensive subsistence agriculture to more intensive cultivation of the land to support greater populations
195
What is assimilation?
The process through which people lose originally differentiating traits, such as dress, speech, particularities or mannerisms, when they come into contact with another society or culture
196
What are centrifugal forces?
Forces or attitudes that divide a state; pull population apart
197
What are centripetal forces?
Attitude that unifies people and enhances support for a state
198
What is colonialism?
The process by which one nation exercises near complete control over another country which they have settled and taken over
199
What is conquest theory?
Theory of how proto - indo - european diffused into europe
200
What is contagious diffusion?
The distance controlled spreading of an idea through a local population by contact from person to person
201
What is creolization?
The process in which two or more languages converge and form a new language
202
What is cultural convergence?
A trend where two cultures that interact a lot start to appear more similar to each other
203
What is cultural divergence?
The result of the restriction of a culture from the outside cultural influences
204
What is cultural relativism?
Understanding a culture on its own terms rather than judging it by the standards or customs of one's own culture
205
What is culture hearth?
A place of origin for a widespread cultural trend
206
What is dialect?
A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocab, spelling, and pronunciation
207
What are ethnic cultures?
Identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth
208
What is an ethnic neighborhood?
An area within a city containing members of the same ethnic background
209
What is ethnicity?
Identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth
210
What is ethnocentrism?
The belief that one's culture is inherently superior and other nations are underdeveloped because their culture's different
211
What is expansion diffustion?
What innovations spread to new places while staying strong in their original locations
212
What is gender role?
Difference between men and women in their opportunities, rights, benefits, behavior, or attitudes
213
What are gendered spaces?
Areas in which particular genders of people are considered welcome or appropriate and other types are unwelcome or inappropriate
214
What is hierarchical diffusion?
When and idea spreads by passing first among the most connected individuals, then spreading to other individuals
215
What are indigenous communities?
Communities that live within, or are attached to, geographically distinct traditional habitats or ancestral territories, and who identify themselves as being part of a distinct cultural group
216
What is Indo - European language family?
The language family that includes all european languages and india and iranian
217
What are interfaith boundaries?
The boundaries between the world's major faiths, such as christianity, muslim, and buddhism
218
What are intrafaith boundaries?
Describes the boundaries within a major religion
219
What is a language family?
A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history
220
What is a lingua franca?
A language that combines simple words from multiple languages
221
What is local culture (folk culture)?
A group of people in a particular place who see themselves as a collective or community, who share experiences, customs, traits
222
What are material culture traits?
Anything that can physically be seen on the landscape
223
What is multiculturalism?
Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shades certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics
224
What are nonmaterial culture traits?
Anything on the landscape that comprises culture that cannot be physically touched
225
What is placelessness?
The loss of uniqueness of place in the cultural landscape so that one place looks like the next
226
What is pop culture?
Culture that is not tied to a specific location but rather a general location based on widespread diffusion
227
What is race?
A categorization of humans based on skin color and other physical characteristics
228
What is relocation diffusion?
When people move from their original location to another and bring their innovations with them
229
What is sequent occupance
The nation that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape
230
What is stimulus diffusion?
When an idea diffuses from its cultural hearth outward, but the original idea is changed by the new adopters
231
What is syncretism?
The blending of cultures and ideas from different places
232
What is a toponym?
They're place names (names of countries, cities, states, etc)
233
What is a universalizing religion?
They offer belief systems that are attractive to the universal population
234
What is agricultural population density?
The number of farmers per unit area of farmland
235
What is arithmetic population density?
This method calculates the population density by dividing the total population of an area by the total land area
236
What are anti natalist policies?
The policy of the government to slow the population growth by attempting to limit the number of births
237
What is an asylum?
The protection from oppression or hardship offered by another country
238
What is a baby boom?
A large increase in the number of babies born among a particular group of people during a particular time
239
What is a baby bust?
Rapid decline in fertility rates
240
What is a birth deficit?
When the number of births is lower than the number of deaths
241
What is brain drain?
The emigration of knowledgeable, well educated, and skilled professionals from their home country to another country
242
What is carrying capacity?
The ability of the land to sustain a certain number of people
243
What is chain migration?
Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there
244
What is counter migration?
The return of migrants to the region from which they earlier emigrated
245
What is crude birth rate (CBR)?
Total number of births in a year for every 1,000 people live in society
246
What is crude death rate (CDR)?
The ratio of the number of deaths yearly per 1,000 people in a given population
247
What is the demographic transition model?
A tool demographers use to categorize countries' population growth rates and economic structures
248
What is dependency ratio?
The percentage of people within a population who're either too young or old to work
249
What is dependent population?
The number of people in a country whose labor supports the rest of the country that's incapable of working
250
What is echo (population)
The generation born after the baby boomers
251
What is ecumene?
Land that's permanently populated by human society
252
What is the epidemiological transition model?
Changing patters of population distributions in relation to changing patterns of mortality, fertility, life expectancy, and leading causes of death
253
What is an ethnic enclave?
A small geographical region in which a large number of immigrants have congregated
254
What is forced migration?
The movers have no choice but to relocate to somewhere else
255
What is the gravity model of migration?
It explains that more populous places may attract goods and services, more jobs, and the flow of information more than less populous areas
256
What are intervening obstacles?
An environmental or cultural feature that hinders migration
257
What is Malthusian Theory?
Theory that the world's population was growing faster than the rate of food population (mass starvation would occur)
258
What is migration?
Moving from one region or country to another
259
What are neo Malthusians?
People who believe the population is growing too quickly for agricultural production to keep up
260
What is physiological population density?
The number of people per unit of agricultural land
261
What is population density?
The number of people who live in a defined land area (sq miles/km)
262
What is population distribution?
The pattern of where people live
263
What is the population pyramid?
They show the age and sex demographics of a particular country, city, or neighborhood
264
What are pro natalist policies?
Policies which are designed with the purpose of increasing the birth rate/fertility rate of an area
265
What are pull factors?
Positive factors that attract people to new areas from other areas
266
What are push factors?
Something that encourages an individual to migrate away from a certain place
267
What is Ravenstein's laws of migration?
A series of "laws" that attempted to explain and predict migration patterns both within and between nations
268
What are refugees?
People who must leave their home area for their own safety or survival
269
What are remittances?
Money that immigrants send back to family and friends in their home countries (often cash)
270
What is return migration?
Moving back to where you came from
271
What is social stratification?
The differentiation of society into classes based on wealth, power, production, and prestige
272
What is step migration?
Migrating from farm to village to town to big city
273
What is total fertility rate?
An estimate of the average number of children born to each female in her childbearing years
274
What is voluntary migration?
When people relocate in response to perceived opportunity
275
What is xenophobia?
Fear of dislike of foreigners significantly different from oneselft
276
What is clustering?
Phenomena are arranged in a group or concentrated area
277
What is time space compression?
The shrinking "time - distance" or relative distance, between locations because of improved methods of transportation and communication
278
What is relative distance?
The degree of nearness based on time or money and is often dependent on mode of travel (about the length of time)
279
What is elevation?
Distance of features above sea level usually measured in feet or meters
280
What is distance decay?
Interaction between 2 locales declines as the distance between them increases
281
What is regionalism?
A foreign policy that defines the international interests of a country in terms of particular geographic areas
282
What is a physical map?
Shows the physical features and sometimes elevation of a particular area or region, using contour lines to represent changes in elevation and shape
283
What is sustainability?
The use of earth's resources in ways that ensure their availability in the future
284
What are natural resources?
Materials from the earth that are used to support life and meet people's needs
285
What is spatial scale?
The extent of an area at which a phenomenon or a process occurs
286
What are satellite navigation systems?
A system of artificial satellites capable of providing geospecific positioning everywhere in the world
287
What is a cartogram?
Size of countries (or states, etc) are shown according to some specific statistic
288
What is dispersal?
Phenomena are spread out over a large area
289
What is absolute location?
Precise spot where something is according to a system
290
What is dot density/distribution map?
Show specific location and distribution of data on a map using dots
291
What is a perceptual/vernacular region?
An area that people believe exist as part of their cultural identity
292
What is a reference map?
Shows the location of the geographic areas for which census data are tabulated and disseminated
293
What is spatial pattern?
An analytical tool used to measure the distance between two or more physical locations or items
294
What is a graduated symbols map?
They're used to show a quantitative difference between mapped features by varying the size of symbols
295
What is a census?
Complete count of a population (as of a state)
Purpose: helps the government decide how to distribute funds and assistance to states and localities
296
What is a formal region?
An area defined by one predominant or universal characteristic throughout its entire area
297
What is remote sensing?
Gathers information from satellites that orbit the earth or other craft above the atmosphere
298
What is globalization?
The process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale
299
What is a thematic map?
Tells a story about a place. They display the same geographical or political data shown on general maps as a base layer but then map some physical, economic, or cultural phenomenon or top of that base layer
300
What is a map projection?
Taking the curved surface of earth and displaying it on something flat
301
What is environmental determinism?
A philosophy of geography that stated that human behaviors are a direct result of the surrounding environment
302
What is possibilism?
Theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives
303
What is the geographic information system?
Computer systems that store, analyze, and display information from digital maps or geospatial data sets
304
What is relative location?
Description of where something is in relation to other things
305
What is absolute distance?
Measured in feet, miles, meters, kilometers. Exact length of one point to another
306
What is map distortion?
Misrepresentation of shape, area, distance, or direction of or between geographic features when compared to their true measurements
307
What is a functional region?
An area organized around a central focal point or node
308
What is a choropleth map?
Use colors/shades of one color to show location and distribution of spatial data
