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1
Q

Enlightenment

A
  • Intellectual movement in Europe around 1700-1800 that sought to replace ignorance with Truth.
  • Main Ideas: Reason, Natural Law, Linear Progress, Liberty
  • Lead by philosophes (Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau) and bourgeoisie
  • Inspired by Scientific revolution and spread through salons, coffee shops and books.
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2
Q

Philosophe

A

Intellectuals of the time, trying to change the world using reason and rational criticism

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3
Q

John Locke

A
  • Enlightenment thinker that argued that people could be changed by the society around them because everyone is born with a blank mind.
  • Everyone Has individual rights and government should grant these in a constitutional republican government
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4
Q

Thomas Hobbes

A

Enlightenment thinker that believed a society should be strict and have an absolute monarch because people are stupid.

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5
Q

Napoleonic Code

A

Napoleons greatest achievement: Consolidation of laws and Civil Code which granted equality before the law, religious toleration, and abolish of feudalism, and property rights were protected

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6
Q

Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen

A 
French charter of Man's basic liberties: 
•liberty, prosperity, resistance to oppression and security
• freedom and rights for all
• public office based on merit
• end to exemptions from tax
• citizens involved in law making
• freedom of speech and press
• rights fairly equal for genders
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7
Q

Robespierre

A

One leader of the committee of public safety that came to power during the revolution and believed in Rousseau’s strict social contract. Eventually executed

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8
Q

Reign of terror

A

Violent phase of FR: Courts to prosecute internal enemies and those who opposed sans-culottes

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9
Q

Estates

A

Division of French population

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10
Q

First Estate

A

Clergy, small percent of population, but with lots of land and tax exemptions

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11
Q

Second Estates

A

Nobility, small percentage which owned 25-30% of land. Special privileges and wanted to expand their power

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12
Q

Third Estate

A

98% of French Population: peasants with little land, played a role in revolution. included bourgeoisie

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13
Q

Bourgeoisie

A

Middle class, including merchants, bankers, industrialists, writers, Etc. Opposed to old system of monarchy and drawn to enlightenment

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14
Q

Goals and Ideas of Revolution

A 
Change old regime and social classes
Create a meritocracy
Enlightenment values of liberty, brotherhood, equality, and democracy
End relics of feudalism
Form a constitution
State and church separated
Bring down bourbon monarch
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15
Q

Phases of FR

A

Preliminary Phase: Absolute Monarchy and three estates

Moderate Phase: Revolution, constitutional Monarch but not everyone happy

Radical Phase: Republic and Reign of Terror, abolished monarchy entirely

Reactionary Phase: Republic ends when Napoleon Overthrows

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16
Q

Causes of FR

A

Current system: absolutism and estate division not working

King Louis bad leader

Heavy taxes and financial issues

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17
Q

Legacy of FR

A 
Spread of Enlightenment Ideas
Nationalism
Total war
Inspires others to rebel
Established classic revolutionary pattern
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18
Q

Liberalism

A

Value individual rights:
Elect officials in a republic or constitutional monarchy,
secure natural rights
laissez faire free market/capitalism
religious freedom but separation of church and state

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19
Q

Conservatism

A

Order and stability through legitimate, absolute Monarchy. Government regulated economy
State and religion homegenous
Obedience to leaders
Anti revolution

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20
Q

Congress of Vienna

A

Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia convened to revive old order after napoleon in 1814. They reestablished monarchs, rearranged territories, maintained balance of power

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21
Q

Prince mettenrich

A

Leader of Congress of Vienna, a symbol of conservatism

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22
Q

Principle of Intervention

A

The greats powers of CofV adopted this principle that they had the right to send armies to revolutionary zones

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23
Q

German Unification

A

German Confederation Is established at C of V, 39 states with different leaders and history but similar language and culture. Prussia and Austria were two largest powers in this confederation

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24
Q

Cottage vs. Factory System

A

Instead if single, custom made pieces at home, factories of the IR created a factory labor system that kept mass production going all day long

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25
Entrepreneurs
Wealthy British investors of IR who were looking for new business oppurtunities
26
Industrial Capitalism
Economic system based on industrial production and private ownership, involving laws of self interest, competition, and supply and demand
27
Bourgeoisie vs. Proletariat
Bourgeoisie was middle class and oppressors of the proletariat, or the poor Working class
28
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
Socialist theorists who wrote Communist Manifesto in response to poor factory conditions, placing blame on industrial capitalism. Marx believed that the struggle between proletariat and Bourgeoisie would result in revolution
29
Adam Smith
Moral philosopher who believed in free market and capitalism
30
Laissez-faire
Capitalism or free market
31
Industrial Revolution
A series of major changes on how stuff was made, beginning in 18th century in two waves (1750- 1870-present) : Faster, cheaper, machine made, and factories
32
What are the effects of the IR?
Urbanization, new social classes, global economy, and new political parties. Poor working conditions for working class, transportation, and unions
33
Why did the IR start in Britain?
Coal, intellectual climate after enlightenment, liberal climate, capital, and transportation
34
Causes of The IR
Steam Engine from James Watt, natural resources, increase in population, ready supply if capital and global markets
35
Steam Engine
Kickstart to the IR in 1750, used coal to provide horse power and allowed the invention of many machines
36
New Inperialism
19th century phase of expansion into Africa and Asia for resources and markets. Europeans raced for territory
37
Social Darwinism
A justification for imperialism, the idea of survival of the fittest (i.e. Races are naturally superior)
38
Imperialism
Domination of 1 country (subject country) by a more powerful, imperialist country
39
Motivations for Imperialism
Need for new markets due to capitalism, nationalism and geostrategy
40
Berlin Conference
Met in 1884-45 to settle conflicting territory between British and Germans
41
British Easy India Company
A trading company given power to be actively involved in India with a military
42
Sepoy Mutiny
Indian Soldiers Rebelled in British East India Company, but failed. Power was then transferred directly to British Monarch
43
Indian National Congress
A small group who met to discuss British racial attitudes. They seeked independence for all indians.
44
Mohandas Gandhi
Indian who created a movement of nonviolent resistance again racial exploitation to improve loves and grant India's freedom
45
Opium war
British sold Opium illegally in China, and China tried to block them but unsuccessfully. As a result, British were given five ports
46
Tai ping rebellion
Peasent rebellion in Qin dynasty caused by a man who believed he was related to jesus. Millions of people died
47
Self strengthening
Political reform in China to adapt to western tech but keep confucian values. Factories were built but government stayed the same
48
Boxer rebellion
Group in China upset by foreign take over murdered foreigners and christians.
49
Trench warfare
In WW1, battle took place from Trenches with barbed wire. Life in trenches was terrible
50
Causes of WW1
Strong alliances with nationalistic desires, growing militaries, and socialist labor movements, and Imperialism and industrialization. Last but not least, Franz Ferdinand assassination
51
War guilt clause
Article of treaty of versaille that declared Germany and Austria at fault for starting ww1
52
Treaty of Versailles
Final peace settlement of ww1 which included the War Guilt Clause and German reperations
53
Historiography
Theories and methods of historical research, and how to analyzed primary sources. The body of a particular area of historical research
54
Franz ferdinand
Heir to Austrian Hungarian throne, whose Assasination by a serbian triggered WW1- Austrians asked Germans for help in fighting Russia/Serbians
55
Schlieffen plan
WW1 plan designed to avoid a two front war for Germany. They wanted to defeat france quickly by invading Belgium, and then transfer all troops to fight Russia. This fails because Russia mobilizes much faster than expected and they cant defeat France fast enough
56
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
In ww1, germans announce that they well attack any ship in british waters. This drags US into war in 1917
57
Triple Alliance
Ww1 alliance of Germany, Austia-Hungary, and Italy
58
Triple Entente
WW1 alliance of Britian, France, and Russia
59
Rhineland
Area of Germany that was supposed to be demilitarized after ww1, hitler later illegally sent in troops and the western powers failed to respond
60
Appeasement
British policy that European states could satisfy powers (hitler) if they gave in and avoided war
61
Anshluss
Hitlers goal to reunite Germany and Austria
62
Blirzkreig
Lightening wad using fast tanks protected by airforce. Hitler used this method to invade poland
63
Pearl Harbor
Japan hoped to establish pacific dominance by bombing US fleet, but instead Americans entered the war
64
Nazi Party
A racist, nationalist party that swelled in Germany under Hitler's leadership
65
Lebensraum
Hitlers view that superior nations have the right to more land
66
Enabling act
Act that allowed German government to ignore the constitution while it dealt with interwar problems. Through this, Hitler became dictator
67
Reichstag
German Parliament, by 1930 majority Nazi
68
Nuremberg Laws
Racial laws that prevented jews from citizenship and marriage
69
WW1 technology
Airplanes, artillery, battleships, flame throwers, hand grenades, machine guns, observation balloons, poison gas, railways, submarines, tanks, and zeppelins
70
Fascism
A right wing political philosophy in which a dictator ruled a single party state. Anti democratic, liberal, and socialist. Ultra nationalist, racist, and capitalist. They glorified war and used fear and terror
71
Bolsheviks
A small part of Marxust party lead by Lenin that wanted a violent revolution to bring down capitalism
72
Trotsky
A
73
Treaty of Brest Litovsk
Revolutionary head of Petrograd's Soviet. He reinstated the draft and wanted to put Bolsheviks in power
74
Treaty of Brest Litovsk
Signed between Russia and Germany to end WW1, Lenin's step to secure peace
75
League of Nations
1920-40s, Attempted to settle disputes among nations and prevent war, while protecting independence
76
Ruhr Valley Crisis
Germans could not afford Reparations, so France tries to invade valley to be paid back but workers strike
77
Hyper Inflation
Skyrocketing prices, cash no longer useful

WORLD HISTORY FINALS (1 decks)

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