All Units Flashcards by Stephanie Frenette

The Experimental Analysis of Behavior (EAB)
Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)
Behavior Analysis Service Delivery
Conceptual Analysis of Behavior

Domains of Behavior Analysis

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The basic foundation for our conceptual analyses and permeates all the branches

Radical Behaviorism

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Basic research ; Discovery of basic principles and processes in the laboratory. Uses cumulative records, manipulation of variables and automated recording

Experimental Analysis of Behavior (EAB)

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Direct, repeated measurement of behavior
Rate of response as the basic datum
Visual inference (graphing)
Within subject comparisons

4 Methodologies of EAB

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Design, implementation and evaluation of systematic environmental modifications to produce socially significant change in the real world (applied research)

Applied Behavior Analysis

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Implementation of validated EAB and ABA procedures to assess and improve socially important human behaviors

ABA Practice

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Applied
Behavioral
Analytic
Technological
Conceptually Systematic
Effective
Generality

Seven Dimensions of ABA

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“Some Current Dimensions of Applied Behavior Analysis” by Baer, Wolf, and Risley, 1968.

Article that defined ABA and the 7 dimensions

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The implementation of basic principles to change behaviors of significance to clients

Applied

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Behavior is directly observed and measured, usually in the real-life environment

Behavioral

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Seeks to identify functional relations between manipulated environmental events and behavior through systematic and controlled manipulations

Analytic

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Procedures are completely identified, and precisely described and defined

Technological

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Procedures are liked to, and described in terms of, the basic principles of behavior

Conceptually Systematic

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An accountable discipline with data-based procedure changes

Effective

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Behavior changes achieved should maintain, transfer to other settings and situations, and spread to other behaviors

Generality

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Deals with philosophical and theoretical issues and history of our discipline related to these issues

Conceptual Analysis

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The set of assessment and behavior change procedures validated by ABA researchers

Behavioral Technology

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Past and current behavior is explained as a function of environmental contingencies

Environmental Explanations

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Explain behavior by referring to hypothetical constructs from a dimension that is inferred to be inside the organism

Mentalistic Explanations

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Circular reasoning

The description becomes an explanation

Explanatory Fictions

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Mentalistic explanations

Teleological explanations

2 Major Types of Explanatory Fictions

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Summary labels of behavior (such as traits, states, attitudes, diagnostic categories) and other hypothetical constructs are used to explain behavior

Mentalisms

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Future events are mistakenly used to explain behavior

Teleological Explanations

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Focus on the structure of language

Traditional Views of Language

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Focus on the function of language

Skinnerian View of Language

Operant behavior reinforced through the mediation of other persons

Verbal behavior

``` Speaking Signing Pointing Writing Gesturing Touching ```

Forms of Verbal Behavior

The individual emitting the verbal response

Speaker

The individual the speaker interacts with

Listener

Usually provides the antecedents and consequences for the speaker's verbal behavior

Role of the Listener

Composed of listeners who belong to a trained verbal community

Audience

The type of selection involved in the evolution of verbal behavior

Cultural Selection

``` Tact Mand Duplic Codic Intraverbal ```

Elementary Verbal Operants

Naming, labeling, describing Under the antecedent control of a non-verbal stimulus

Tact

Requesting, asking, commanding Under the antecedent control of an establishing operation (EO)

Mand

Under the antecedent control of verbal stimuli with point-to-point correspondence and with formal similarity to the response

Duplic

Echoics Copying a text Mimetics

Types of Duplics

The repeating of a vocal verbal unit | Repeating, Vocal imitation

Echoic

Has point-to-point correspondence and formal similarity to the written verbal stimulus

Copying a Text

The imitation of a physical movement that is also a non-vocal verbal unit (Motor imitation)

Mimetic

Under the antecedent control of verbal stimuli with point-to-point correspondence but without formal similarity

Codic

Textual Taking dictation Finger spelling words heard Saying words seen finger spelled

Types of Codics

Under the antecedent control of verbal stimuli without point-to-point correspondence and with no formal similarity

Intraverbal

When the strength of a single response is a function of more than one variable

Multiple Control

Under the antecedent control of a mand to comply

Receptive Language

The speaker selects a stimulus in the environment by pointing or finding a picture and handing it to the listener

Selection-Based Verbal Behavior

The listener discriminates what the speaker is "saying" based on topography of the verbal behavior

Topography-Based Verbal Behavior

An operant class that includes within it other classes that can themselves function as operants

Higher-Order Class

A higher-order operant response classe that is under the control of verbal antecedent stimuli (known as rules)

Rule-Governed Behavior

Alter the evocative or abative effect of other antecedent stimuli

Function-Altering Effects of Rules

Behavior acquired via immediate reinforcement contingencies

Contingency-Shaped Behavior

Used to categorize stimuli that have multiple functions ; Cover various functions of stimuli

Omnibus Terms

Aversive stimulus | Appetitive stimulus

2 Omnibus terms commonly used by behavior analysts

Its presentation evokes behavior that terminates it. Its onset weakens behavior that precedes its onset. Its offset strengthens behavior that precedes its offset. It may elicit smooth muscle and gland responses.

Aversive Stimulus

Its onset strengthens behavior that precedes its onset. Its offset weakens behavior that precedes its offset. It abates behavior that removes it. It may elicit smooth muscle and gland responses.

Appetitive Stimulus

A sequence of responses in which each response produces a stimulus change that functions as conditioned reinforcement for that response and as a discriminative stimulus for the next response in the chain.

Behavior Chain

The spread of the effects of reinforcement to responses outside the limits of an operant class.

Induction

The differential reinforcement of successive approximations to a target behavior.

Shaping

The terminal target response is a distinct topography - a different response - than the response that is currently occurring.

Shaping Across Topographies

The terminal target response is similar in form to the initial response, but varies across some dimension, such as rate or duration.

Shaping Within Topographies

Magnitude Quantity Duration

Parameters of Reinforcement

The rule that describes or specifies which responses will be followed by reinforcement and which will not.

Schedule of Reinforcement

Reinforcement occurs each and every single time the behavior occurs ; used to establish or strengthen behavior.

Continuous Reinforcement

Some responses are reinforced and some are not ; used to maintain already established behavior.

Intermittent reinforcement

Reinforcement is delivered after a certain number of responses.

Ratio

Reinforcement is delivered for the FIRST response after a certain amount of time since the previous reinforcement.

Interval

The number of responses, or amount of time, remains the same.

Fixed

The number of responses, or amount of time, is random. but centers around (i.e., averages out to) a particular value.

Variable

A restriction placed on an internal schedule requiring that the response occur within a specified time limit following the interval to be eligible for reinforcement.

Limited Hold

All or none schedules, as they produce a pause in responding immediately after reinforcement. which is followed by a burst of responding. Pauses tend to be longer the thinner the schedule.

FR schedules

Produce steady and high rates of responding.

VR schedules

A behavioral effect associated with abrupt increases in ratio requirements when moving from denser to thinner reinforcement schedules.

Ratio Strain

Scalloped : Produce a pause in responding immediately after reinforcement, which is followed by a gradual increase in the rate of responding, with the highest rates at the time closest to reinforcement.

FI schedules

Produce steady, low to moderate rates of responding.

VI schedules

A preferred stimulus is delivered at a point in time without a response requirement.

Time-based schedules

Reinforcement occurs if and only if rate of response is equal to or greater than a specified value.

Differential Reinforcement of a High Rate of Responding (DRH)

The contingency for reinforcement is governed by the time elapsed between successive responses (as opposed to responses per unit of time).

DRH-IRT schedules

Consist of two or more schedules operating simultaneously but independently of each other, each for a different response.

Concurrent schedules

Consist of two or more alternating schedules, each associated with a different stimulus.

Multiple schedules

The same as a multiple schedule except that there are no different stimuli associated with each component schedule.

Mixed schedules

A conditioned reinforcer is produced by completion of the response requirements for that component schedule in the chain.

Chained schedules

Similar to chained schedules but with no discriminative stimuli in the links of the chain.

Tandem schedules

A change in one component of a multiple schedule that increases or decreases the rate of responding on that component is accompanied by a change in the response rate in the opposite direction on the other, unaltered component of the schedule.

Behavioral Contrast

States that organisms match relative rates of behavior to relative rates of reinforcement.

Matching Law

If the consequence occurs now, how likely is it to be effective as reinforcement or punishment for that behavior.

Value

The contrast between an "available" and "unavailable" condition.

Differential availability

An antecedent condition, operation or stimulus that alters the effectiveness of a consequence and has a momentary effect on a dimension of behavior.

Motivating operation

Value-Altering Effect and Behavior-Altering Effect

2 General Effects of MO

An alteration (increase or decrease) in the momentary effectiveness of a reinforcer or punisher.

Value-altering effect

Establishing Effect | Abolishing Effect

2 Value-altering effects of MOs

An alteration in the current frequency of behavior that has been reinforced or punished by the stimulus that is altered in effectiveness by the same motivating operation.

Behavior-altering effect of MOs

Evoke behavior or Abate behavior

2 Behavior-altering effects of MOs

Alter the effectiveness of SDs and widen or narrow the stimulus generalization gradient.

Additional effects of MOs

Establishing operations (EO) and Abolishing Operations (AO)

2 General types of MOs

Provenance of the value-altering effect and the type of consequence whose value is altered.

2 Variables for classifying MOs

A motivating operation that increases the effectiveness of the reinforcer or punisher and may evoke or abate behavior.

Establishing operation (EO)

A motivating operation that decreases the effectiveness of a reinforcer or punisher and may evoke or abate behavior.

Abolishing operation (AO)

Reinforcer Establishing Effect and Evocative Effect

2 Effects of EOs related to reinforcement

Reinforcer Abolishing Effect and Abative Effect

2 Effects of AOs related to reinforcement

MOs that alter the effectiveness of reinforcers but only as a result of the individual organism's history (are learned).

Conditioned Motivating Operations (CMOs) for reinforcement

Conditioned Establishing Operations for reinforcement and Conditioned Abolishing Operations for reinforcement.

2 General Types of CMOs for reinforcement

4 types of unlearned environment-behavior relations

Reflexes, Kinesis, Taxis and Fixed action patterns

A simple relation between an antecedent stimulus and a reflex response

Reflex

To strongly, consistently, and reliably evoke

Elicit

A simple relation between a specific stimulus and a specific innate, involuntary response

Unconditioned Reflex

Patellar reflex, eye blink reflex, lachrymal reflex, pupillary reflex, respiratory reflex, sneeze reflex, cough reflex, rooting reflex, sucking reflex, salivation reflex, swallowing reflex, peristalsis reflex, reverse peristalsis reflex, reflex related to low/high temperature, reflex to loud sound, withdrawal reflex, activation

Examples of Human reflexes

A stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response without prior learning

Unconditioned stimulus

A response that is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus without prior learning

Unconditioned response

A temporary reduction in reflex response due to repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus

Habituation

All Units Flashcards

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