All Vocabulary Flashcards
(375 cards)
1
Q
Globalization
A
Greater cultural and economic interaction among people all over the world
2
Q
Geography
A
The study of the earth and its features and of the distribution of life on the earth, including human life
3
Q
Human Geography
A
The study of where and why human activities are located where they are
4
Q
Physical Geography
A
The study where and why natural forces occur as they do
5
Q
Map
A
A two-dimension or flat scale model of something
6
Q
Place
A
A specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular characteristic
7
Q
Region
A
An area of Earth distinguished by a distinctive combination of cultural and physical features
8
Q
Scale
A
The relationship between the portion of Earth being studies and Earth as a whole
9
Q
Space
A
The physical gap or intervals between two objects
10
Q
Connections
A
Relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space
11
Q
Cartography
A
The science of mapmaking
12
Q
Map Projection
A
The scientific method of transferring locations on Earth’s surface to a flat map
13
Q
Land Ordinance of 1785
A
Divided much of the country into a system of townships and ranges to facilitate the sale of land to settlers
14
Q
GIS (Geographic Information System)
A
A computer system that can capture, store, query, analyze, and display geographic date
15
Q
Remote Sensing
A
The acquisition of data from a satellite orbiting Earth or from another long-distance method
16
Q
GPS (Global Positioning System)
A
A system that accurately determines the precise position of something on Earth
17
Q
Location
A
The position that something occupies on Earth
18
Q
Toponym
A
The name given to a place on Earth
19
Q
Site
A
Physical character of a place
20
Q
Situation
A
The location of a place relative to other places
21
Q
Meridian
A
An arc drawn between North and South poles
22
Q
Parallel
A
A circle drawn around the globe parallel to the equator
23
Q
Longitude
A
Numbering system for meridians (axis between
North and South poles)
24
Q
Prime Meridian
A
0 degrees longitude - passes through Greenwich, England
25
Latitude
Numbering system for parallels
26
Equator
0 degrees latitude
27
Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)
Master reference time for all points on Earth
28
Age distribution
The proportion of individuals of different ages within a population. You can use an age distribution to estimat survival by calculating the difference in proportion of individuals in succeeding age classes
29
Agricultural revolution
the development of farming
30
Arithmetic Population Density
The total number of people divided by the total land area
31
Capacity
the amount of people an area can support
32
Census
A complete enumeration of a population
33
Child Mortality Rate
A figure that describes the number of children that die between the first and fifth years of their lives in a given population
34
Chronic Diseases
Generally long - lasting afflictions now more common because of higher life expectancies
35
Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
The number of live births yearly per 1,000 people in a population. (natality)
36
Crude Death Rate (CDR)
The number of deaths yearly per 1,000 people in a population
37
Demographic equation
NIR = CBR - CDR
38
Demographic Momentum
The tendency for growing population to continue growing after a fertility decline because of their young age distribution. This is important because once this happens a country moves to a different stage in the demographic transition model
39
Demographic Transition
High birth rates and death rates are followed by plunging death rates, producing a huge net population gain. This is followed by the convergence of birth rates and death rates at a low overall level
40
Demographic Transition model
the steps through which a society progresses
41
Demography
the scientific study of population characteristics
42
Dependency ratio
the number of people who can't work
43
Doubling Time
the time it takes for an area's population to double
44
Ecumene
the area of land occupied by humans
45
Epidemiological transition
The a distinctive cause of death in each stage of the demographic transition. Explains how countries' population changes
46
Eugenic Population Policies
Government policies designed to favor one racial
| sector over others
47
Expansive Popluation Policies
Government policies that encourage large families
| and raise the rate of population growth
48
Exponential growth
growth by a percentile instead of a static number
49
Infant Mortality Rate
The total number of deaths in a year among infants under one year old for every 1000 live births in a society
50
J-curve
The shape of a line graph of population graph when growth is exponential
51
Life Expectancy
A figure indicating how long, on average, a person may be expected to live
52
Thomas Malthus
British economist of late 1700's. considered the first to predict a population crisis
53
Medical Revolution
The leap of medical knowledge in stage 2 of the demographic transition
54
Megalopolis
Term used to designate large coalescing supercities that are forming in diverse parts of the world.
55
Mortality
The rate at which people die
56
Natural Increase Rate (NIR)
Number of birth/ year to every 1000 people in the population
57
Natural Increase
Population growth measured as the excess of live births over deaths; does not reflect either emigrant or immigrant movements
58
Neo-Malthusians
Group who built on Malthus' theory and suggested that people wouldn't just starve for lack of food, but would have wars about food and other scarce resources
59
Overpopulation
Too many people in one place for the resources available
60
Physiological Population Density
The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture
61
Population Composition
Structure of population in terms of age, sex and other properties such as marital status and education
62
Population Density
A measurement of the number of people per given unit of land
63
Population Distribution
Description of locations on Earth's surface where populations live
64
Population Explosion
The rapid growth of the world's human population during the past century, attended by ever- shorter doubling times and accelerating rates of increase.
65
Population Projection
Estimation of future population growth by extrapolating current trends and known growth factors
66
Population Pyramids
A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex
67
Restrictive Popluation Policies
Government policies designed to reduce the rate of natural increase
68
Sex Ratio
The ratio of men to women
69
Standard of Living
The goods a services and their distribution within a population
70
Stationary Population Level
The level at which a national population ceases to grow
71
Sustainability
The level of development that can be maintained without depleting resources
72
Total Fertility rate
The average number of children a woman has
73
Underpopulation
A drop or decrease in a region's population
74
Zero Population Growth (ZPG)
Where natural birth rate declines to equal crude birth rate and the natural rate of population approaches 0
75
Activity Space
The space within which daily activity occurs
76
Brain Drain
Large-scale emigration by talented people.
77
Chain Migration
Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there
78
Circulation
Short-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis
79
Distance decay function
The diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin
80
Emigration
Migration from a location
81
Immigration
Migration to a location
82
Forced Migration
Permanent movement compelled usually by cultural factors
83
Voluntary Migration
Permanent movement undertaken by choice
84
Gravity Model
A mathematical formula that describes the level of interaction between two places, based on the size of their populations and their distance from each other
85
Guest Worker
A person with temporary permission to work in another country
86
Internal Migration
Permanent movement within the same country
87
International Migration
Permanent movement from one country to another
88
Intervening Obstacle
An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration
89
Migration Transition
Change in the migration pattern in a society that results from industrialization, population growth, and other social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition
90
Migration Stream
A constant flow of migrants from the same origin to the same destination
91
Migration Selectivity
Only people exhibiting certain characteristics in a population choosing to migrate
92
Mobility
The quality of moving freely
93
Net Migration
The difference between the level of immigration and the level of emigration
94
Push Factors
Factors that induce people to leave old residences
95
Pull Factors
Factors that induce people to move to a new location
96
Refugee
People who are forced to migrate from thier home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of thier race, religion, nationality, membership of a social group, of political opinion
97
Urbanization
An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements
98
Suburbanization
The process of population movement from within towns and cities to the rural-urban fringe
99
Counterurbanization
Net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries
100
Interregional Migration
Movement from one region of a country to another
101
Intraregional Migration
Movement within a region
102
Artifact
Any item, made by humans, that represents a material aspect of culture
103
Built Environment
The man-made surroundings that provide the setting for human activity, ranging in scale from personal shelter to neighborhoods to the large-scale civic surroundings
104
Core-Domain-Sphere Model
The place where concentration of culture traits that characterizes a region is greatest
105
Cultural Convergence
The contact and interaction of one culture to another
106
Cultural/Environmental Perception
The concept that people of different culture will definitely observe and interpret their environment and make different decision about its nature, potentiality and use
107
Cultural Landscape
Modifications to the environment by humans, including the built environment and agricultural systems, that reflect aspects if their culture
108
Cultural Realm
The entire region throughout which a culture prevails. Criteria that may be chosen to define culture realms include religion, language, diet, customs, or economic development
109
Cultural Hearth
Locations on earth's surface where specific cultures first arose
110
Cultural Complex
The group of traits that define a particular culture
111
Cultural Trait
The specific customs that are part of the everyday life of a particular culture, such as language, religion, ethnicity, social institutions, and aspects of popular culture
112
Cultural Region
A region defined by similar culture traits and cultural landscape features
113
Custom
Practices followed by the people of a particular cultural group
114
Environmental Determinism
A doctrine that claims that cultural traits are formed and controlled by environmental conditions
115
Folk Culture
Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups
116
Food attraction
Reasons certain culture/region eat certain types of food
117
Habit
A repetitive act that a particular individual performs
118
Material culture
The physical manifestations of human activities; includes tools ,campsites, art, and structures. The most durable aspects of culture
119
Mentifact
The central, enduring elements of a culture expressing its values and beliefs, including language, religion, folklore, and etc.
120
Popular culture
Dynamic culture based in large, heterogeneous societies permitting considerable individualism, innovation, and change; having a money-based economy, division of labor into professions, secular institutions of control, and weak interpersonal ties; and producing and consuming machine-made goods
121
Possibilism
The theory that the physical may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives
122
Sociofact
The institutions and links between individuals and groups that unite a culture, including family structure and political, educational and religious institutions
123
Taboo
A restriction on a behavior imposed by a social custom
124
Uniform Landscape
The spatial expression of a popular custom in one location that will be similar to another
125
Expansion Diffusion
The spread of an innovation or an idea through a population in an area
126
Relocation Diffusion
Sequential diffusion process in which the items being diffused are transmitted by their carrier agents as they evacuate the old areas and relocate the new ones
127
Ebonics
A dialect spoken by some African Americans
128
Franglais
The widespread use of english in the french language, A term used by the French for English words that have entered the French language, a combination of franfais and anglai." the French words for "French" and "English," respectively
129
Spanglish
Combination of Spanish and English, spoken by Hispanic-Americans
130
Lingua Franca
A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages
131
Pidgin language
A form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages
132
Accent
The manner in which people speak and the way words are pronounced in different parts of the world
133
Dialect
A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation
134
Extinct Language
A language that was once used by people in daily activities but is no longer used
135
Ideogram
Symbol that stands for a concept rather than a word
136
Isogloss
A boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate
137
Isolated Language
A language that is unrelated to any other languages and therefore not attached to any language family
138
Language Branch
A collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago. Differences are not as extensive or old as with language families, and archaeological evidence can confirm that these derived from the same family
139
Language
A system of communication through the use of speech, a collection of sounds understood by a group of people to have the same meaning
140
Language Group
A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary
141
Language Family
A collection of languages related to each other through a commmon ancestor long before recorded history
142
literary tradition
A language that is written as well as spoken
143
mono-linguality
Speaking only one language
144
Bi-Linguality
Speaking two languages
145
Multi-Linguality
Speaking several languages
146
Official Language
The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents
147
Orthography
The study of where languages are found/located
148
Standard Language
The form of a language used for official government business, education, and mass communications
149
Toponym
The name by which a geographical place is known
150
Trade Language
A language used between native speakers of different languages to allow them to communicate so that they can trade with each other
151
Vernacular
The everyday speech of the people (as
| distinguished from literary language)
152
BRP
British Received Pronounciation. The dialect of English assosciated with upper class britons living in the london area now considered a standard
153
Creole
A language that results from the th mixing of a colonizer's langage with the indigenous language of the people being dominated
154
Vulgar Latin
Nonclassical Latin dialects spoken in the Roman Empire
155
Esperanto
A made-up Latin-based language, which its European proponents in the early twentieth century hoped would become a global language
156
Linguistics
Study of language
157
Animism
Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life
158
Autonomous Religion
A religion that does not have a central authority but shares ideas and cooperates informally
159
Branch
A large and fundamental division within a religion
160
Caste
The class or distinct hereditary order into which a Hindu is assigned according to religious law
161
Cosmogony
A set of religious beliefs concerning the origin of the universe
162
Denomination
A division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations in a single legal and administrative body
163
Diocese
The basic unit of geographic organization in the Roman Catholic Church
164
Ethnic Religion
A religion with a relatively concentrated spatial distribution whose principle are likely to be based on the physical characteristics of the particular location in which its adherents are concentrated
165
Fundamentalism
Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or sect)
166
Ghetto
During the Middle Ages, a neighborhood in a city set up by law to be inhabited only by Jews; now used to denote a section of the city in which members of any minority group live because of social, legal, or economic pressure
167
Hierarchical religion
A religion in which a central authority exercises a high degree of control
168
Missionary
An individual who helps to diffuse a universalizing religion
169
Monotheism
The doctrine or belief of the existence of only one god
170
Pagan
A follower of a polytheistic religion in ancient times
171
Pilgrimage
A journey to a place considered sacred for religious purposes
172
Polytheism
Belief in or worship of more than one god
173
Sect
A relatively small group that has broken away from an established denomination
174
Solstice
Time when the Sun is farthest from the equator
175
Universalizing religion
A religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location
176
Apartheid
Laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas
177
Balkanization
Process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities
178
Balkanized
A small geographic area that could not successfully be organized into one or more stable states because it was inhabited by many ethnicities with complex, long-standing antagonisms toward each other
179
Blockbusting
A process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that black families will soon move into the environment
180
Centripetal force
An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state
181
Ethnic cleansing
Process in which more powerful ethnic group forcible removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogenous region
182
Ethnicity
Identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions
183
Multi-ethnic state
State that contains more than one ethnicity
184
Multinational state
State that contains two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities
185
Nationalism
Loyalty and devotion to a particular nationality
186
Nationality
Identity with a group of people that share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular place as a result of being born there
187
Nation-state
A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality
188
Race
Identity with a group of people descended from a common ancestor
189
Racism
Belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences product an inherent superiority of a particular race
190
Racist
A person who subscribes to the beliefs of racism
191
Self-determination
Concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves
192
Sharecropper
A person who works fields rented from a landowner and pays the rent and repays loans by turning over to the landowner a share of the crops
193
Triangular slave trade
A practice, primarily during the eighteenth century, in which European ships transported slaves from Africa to Caribbean islands, molasses from the Caribbean to Europe, and trade goods from Europe to Africa
194
Balance of Power
Condition of roughly equal strength between opposing countries or alliances of countries
195
Boundary
Invisible line that marks the extent of a state's territory
196
City-State
A sovereign state comprising a city and its immediate hinterland
197
Colonialism
Attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory
198
Colony
A territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than completely independent
199
Compact state
A state in which the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly
200
Elongated State
A state with a long, narrow shape
201
Federal State
An internal organization of a state that allocates most powers to units of local government
202
Fragmented State
A state that includes several discontinuous pieces of territory
203
Frontier
A zone separating two states in which neither state exercises political control
204
Gerrymandering
Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power
205
Imperialism
Control of territory already occupied and organized by an indigenous society
206
Landlocked State
A state that does not have a direct outlet to the sea
207
Microstate
A state that encompasses a very small land area
208
Perforated State
A state that completely surrounds another one
209
Prorupted State
An otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension
210
Sovereignty
Ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states
211
State
An area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government with control over its internal and foreign affairs
212
Unitary State
An internal organization of a state that places most power in the hands of central government officials
213
Developing Country
Term that analysts use instead of the term "less
| developed country"
214
Economic Development
Process of improving economic/material conditions of people through the diffusion of knowledge and technology
215
Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM)
Compares the ability of men and women to participate in economic and political decision making
216
Gender-Related Development Index (GDI)
Compares the level of development of women with that of both sexes
217
Gross Domestic Product
Value of the total number of goods and services produced in a country in a given period of time (normally one year). Also known as GNI (Gross National Income)
218
Gross National Product
Like "gross domestic product," only the incomes that people earn abroad are also considered
219
Human Development Index (HDI)
Created by the United Nations to recognize a country's level of development as function of three factors: economic, social, and demographic factors
220
Less Developed Country (LDC)
Country in an earlier stage of development. Several analysts prefer the term "developing country"
221
Literacy Rate
Percentage of a country's people who can read and write
222
More Developed Country (MDC)
Also known as a relatively developed country or a developed country, country that has progressed further along the development continuum
223
Neo-Colonialism
Country that displays economic dependence on another country; a country that displays so much economic independence on another country, that it seems to be a colony of the independent country
224
Primary Sector
Where workers extract materials from Earth through agriculture, and sometimes by mining, fishing, and forestry; the portion of the economy concerned with the direct extraction of materials from Earth's surface, generally through agriculture, although sometimes by mining, fishing, and forestry
225
Productivity
Value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it
226
Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)
What a state's dollar can actually buy compared to another state's dollar; what a country is able to buy
227
Quarternary Sector
Sector that includes jobs that focus on business services, such as trade, insurance, banking, advertising, and wholesaling
228
Rostow's "Modernization Model"
Model created by W.W. Rostow in the 1950's that gives an idea of where a country is in their stage of development. There are five stages in this model, including: 1. "The traditional society," 2. "The preconditions for takeoff," 3. "The takeoff," 4. "The drive to maturity," 5. "The age of mass consumption"
229
Secondary Sector
Portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing the process, transformation, and assembly of raw materials into useful products
230
Structural Adjustment Programs
Economic policies that encourage international trade
231
Tertiary Sector
Portion of the economy concerned with the transportation, communications, and utilities, sometimes extended to the provision of all goods and services to people in exchange for payment
232
Value Added
Gross value of the product minus the cost of raw materials and energy
233
Agribusiness
System of commercial farming found in the United States and other relatively developed countries
234
Boserup Hypothesis
Based on the observation that explains how population increase necessitates increased inputs of labor and technology to compensate for reductions in the natural yields of swidden farming
235
Carl Sauer
First to observe vegetable planting
236
Commercial Agriculture
Found in more developed countries; production of food primarily for sale off the farm
237
Crop Rotation
Practice of rotating the use of different fields from crop to crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil
238
Desertification
Process in semiarid regions where human actions are causing land to deteriorate to a desert-like condition
239
Domestication
Process of making something commercialized for larger production
240
Fallow
When farmers grow crops on a clear field for only a few years until the soil nutrients are depleted. The farmers then leave the soil for a few year so the nutrients in the soil can be restored; uncropped land
241
Green Revolution
Invention and rapid diffusion of more productive agricultural techniques during the 1970s and 1980s
242
Horticulture
Growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers
243
Intensive Subsistence Agriculture
Term applied to subsistence agriculture that means that farmers must work more intensively to subsist on a parcel of land
244
Luxury Crops
"Hard to get" crops; delicacies; crops that you would not normally see
245
Market Gardening (Truck Farming)
Commercial gardening and fruit farming named because "truck" means bartering
246
Mediterranean Agriculture
Form agriculture that takes place along the coasts of the Mediterranean Sea. The sea winds provide moisture for the crops and moderate winter temperatures, and this form of agriculture takes place in hilly, mountainous regions. The two primary cash crops in this form of agriculture are olives and grapes
247
Milkshed
Ring surrounding a city from which milk can be supplied without spoiling
248
Paddy
Inaccurate name given by Europeans and North Americans to the flooded field in which wet rice is planted; Malay word for wet rice
249
Pastoral Nomadism
Form of agriculture based on herding domesticated animals
250
Plantation
Large farm that specializes in one or two crops
251
Ranching
Commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area
252
Ridge Tillage
System of planting crops on ridge tops to reduce farm production costs; promotes soil conservation
253
Seed Agriculture
Reproduction of plants through annual planting of seeds that result from sexual fertilization
254
Shifting Cultivation
People shift actively from one field to another
255
Slash-and-Burn (Swidden)
Farmers clear land for planting by slashing vegetation and burning the debris. Swidden is the cleared area that is known by a variety of names in different regions (swidden is the name in one specific region)
256
Subsistence Agriculture
Found in LDCs. Production of food primarily for consumption by the farmer's family
257
Sustainable Agriculture
Agricultural practice that preserves and enhances environmental quality
258
Thomas Malthus
First one to observe that rapidly increasing population will cause overpopulation and not enough resources for all of the people
259
Transhumance
Seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pasture areas
260
Truck Farms
Horticultural or "market gardening" farms
261
Vegetative Planting
Reproduction of plants by direct cloning from existing plants, such as cutting stems
262
von Thunen's Model of Agriculture
Model that shows that the uses to which panels were put was a function of the differing "rent" values placed on seemingly identical lands
263
Agglomeration
Phenomenon of economic activity congregating in or close to a single location, rather than being spread out uniformly across space
264
Assembly Line
Arrangement of tools, machines, and workers in which a product is assembled by having each perform a specific, successive operation on an incomplete unit as it passes by in a series of stages organized in a direct line
265
Break-of-Bulk
Point of location where transfer among transportation modes is possible
266
Bulk-Gaining Industry
Industry that makes something that gain volume or weight during production
267
Bulk-Reducing Industry
Economic activity in which the final product weighs less than its inputs
268
Capital
Wealth, whether in money or property, owned or employed in business by an individual, firm, or corporation
269
Cottage Industry
Home-based manufacturing. An example of this is textile manufacturing
270
Export Processing Zone
Industrial parks for foreign companies to conduct export-oriented manufacturing
271
Footloose Industry
Industry that locate in a wide variety of places without a significant change in its cost of transportation, land, labor, and capital
272
"Fordism" (Post-Fordism)
Approach that explains how many industries are attracted to locations with relatively skilled labor to introduce new rules. Traditionally, in large factories, each worker was assigned one specific task to perform repeatedly. Relatively skilled workers are needed to master the wider variety of assignments given to them, which are more flexible rules under the _________ approach.
273
Industrial Revolution
Revolution that transformed how goods are produced for a society and the way people obtain food, clothing, and shelter
274
Infrastructure
Fundamental facilities and systems serving a country, city, or area, as transportation and communication systems, power plants, and schools
275
Labor-Intensive
Type of industry in which labor cost is a high percentage of expense
276
Least-Cost Theory
States that optimum location of a manufacturing firm is explained in terms of cost minimization
277
Site Characteristics
Characteristics that result from the unique characteristics of a location, such as land, labor, and capital
278
Situation Characteristics
Characteristics that involve transporting materials to and from a factory
279
Alfred Weber
Creator of the model that states that the optimum location of a manufacturing firm is explained in terms of cost minimization
280
Right-to-Work State
State that has prevented a union or company from negotiating a contract that requires workers to join a union as a condition of employment
281
Trading Block
Type of "industrial competition" in which the countries within a group cooperate through trade, and these groups compete against the other two (there are three total)
282
New International Division of Labor
Selective transfer of skilled jobs in MDCs to LDCs that still allow skilled jobs to exist in MDCs
283
Basic Industry
Industry producing goods or services for sale to other regions
284
Economies of Scale
Lower production costs as a result of larger volume of production
285
Nonbasic Industry
Industry producing goods or services for sale within the local region
286
Primary Industry/Activity
Economic activity that directly extracts or harvests resources from the Earth
287
Secondary Industry/Activity
Economic activity that transforms raw materials into usable products, adding value in the process
288
Raw Material Oriented
Tendency for an industry to locate near the source of raw materials in order to save on transport costs, which usually occurs when raw materials lose weight in the production process
289
Tertiary Industry/Activity
Economic activity that links the primary and secondary sectors to the consumers and other businesses either by selling goods directly or by performing services utilizing those goods
290
Basic Industries
Industries that sell their products or services primarily to consumers outside the settlement
291
Business Services
Services that primarily meet the needs of other businesses
292
Central Business District (CBD)
The area of the cty where retail and office activities are clustered
293
Central Place
A market center for the exchange of services by people attracted from the surrounding area
294
Central Place Theory
A theory that explains the distribution of services, based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther
295
City-State
A sovereign state comprising a city and its immediate hinterland
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Clustered Rural Settlement
A rural settlement in which the houses and farm buildings of each family are situated close to each other and fields surround the settlement
297
Consumer Services
Businesses that provide services primarily to individual consumers, including retail services and personal services
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Dispersed Rural Settlement
A rural settlement pattern characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages
299
Economic Base
A community's collection of basic industries
300
Enclosure Movement
The process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the eighteenth century
301
Gravity Model
A model that holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach this service
302
Market Area (Hinterland)
The area surrounding a central place, from which people are attracted to use the place's goods and services
303
Nonbasic Industries
Industries that sell their products primarily to consumers in the community
304
Personal Services
Services that provide for the well-being and personal improvement of individual consumers
305
Primate City
The largest settlement in a country, if it has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement
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Primate City Rule
A pattern of settlements in a country, such that the largest settlement has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement
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Producer Services
Services that primarily help people conduct business
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Public Services
Services offered by the government to provide security and protection for citizens and businesses
309
Range (of a service)
The maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service
310
Rank-Size Rule
A pattern of settlements in a country such that the nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement
311
Retail Services
Services that provide goods for sale to consumers
312
Service
Any activity that fulfills a human want or need and returns money to those who provide it
313
Settlement
A permanent collection of buildings and inhabitants
314
Threshold
The minimum number of people needed to support the service
315
Transportation and Information Services
Services that diffuse and distribute other services
316
Annexation
Process of legally adding land area to a city
317
Concentric Zone Model
Model created by EW Burgess in 1923, which explains that a city grows outward from a central area in a series of concentric rings, like the growth rings on a tree
318
Density Gradient
Density change in an urban area
319
Edge City
City around a beltway that is a node of consumer and business services
320
Filtering
Process of subdivision of houses and occupancy by successive waves of lower-income people
321
Gentrification
Process by which middle-class people move into deteriorated inner-city neighborhoods and renovate the housing
322
Greenbelts
Rings of open space. New housing is built in the older suburbs within the rings and planned extensions, small towns, and new towns are built beyond the rings
323
Megalopolis
Greek word for "great city." Region described as an MSA that may overlap and cause several large metropolitan areas to come so close together that they form one continuous urban complex
324
MSA (Metropolitan Statistical Area)
Area studied using a method created by the US Bureau of the Census that measures the functional area of a city
325
MSA (Micropolitan Statistical Area)
Smaller urban areas that the census has designated to include in part of their measure
326
Multiple Nuclei Model
Model created by CD Harris and EL Ullman in 1945, which explains that a city is a complex structure that includes more than one center around which activities revolve
327
Peripheral Model
Model created by Chauncey Harris, which describes how an urban area consists of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road
328
Public Housing
Housing provided to low-income households, who pay 30% of their income as rent for the housing
329
Redlining
Drawing of lines on a map to identify areas in which banks will refuse to loan money
330
Renovated Housing
Housing maintained as result of the alternative to demolishing houses
331
Sector Model
Theory developed by land economist Homer Hoyt in 1939, which explains that a city develops in a series of sectors rather than rings
332
Smart Growth
Legislation and regulations to limit suburban sprawl and preserve farmland
333
Sprawl
What US suburbs are characterized by; the progressive spread of development over the landscape
334
Squatter Settlement
Settlement where a large percentage of poor immigrants to urban areas in LDCs live because of a housing shortage
335
Underclass
What inner-city residents are frequently referred to because they are trapped in an unending cycle of economic and social problems
336
Urban Renewal
Something under which cities identify blighted inner-city neighborhoods, acquire the properties from private owners, relocate the residents and businesses, clear the site, and build new roads and utilities
337
Zone in Transition
Name given to the second ring of the concentric zone model, which surrounds the CBD, in the concentric zone model. This place typically contains industry and poor-quality housing
338
Zoning Ordinances
Rules developed in Europe and North America in the 20th century that encouraged spatial separation. They also prevented mixing of land uses within the same district
339
Galactic City
Mini edge city that is connected to another city by beltways or highways
340
Scattered Site
Site in which dwellings are dispersed throughout the city rather than clustered in a large project
341
Acid Deposition
Sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides, emitted by burning fossil fuels, enter the atmosphere-where they combine with oxygen and water to form sulfuric acid and nitric acid-and return to Earth's surface
342
Acid Precipitation
Conversion of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides to acids that return to Earth as rain, snow, or fog
343
Active Solar Energy Systems
Solar energy system that collects energy through the use of mechanical devices like photovoltaic cells or flat-plate collectors
344
Air Pollution
Concentration of trace substances, such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and solid particulates, at a greater level than occurs in average air
345
Animate power
Power supplied by people or animals
346
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
Amount of oxygen required by aquatic bacteria to decompose a given load of organic waste; a measure of water pollution
347
Biodiversity
The number of species within a specific habitat
348
Biomass Fuel
Fuel that derives from plant material and animal waste
349
Breeder Reactor
A nuclear power plant that creates its own fuel from plutonium
350
Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)
A gas used as a solvent, a propellant in aerosols, a refrigerant, and in plastic foams and fire extinguishers
351
Conservation
The sustainable use and management of a natural resource, through consuming at a less rapid rate than it can be replaced
352
Ferrous
Metals including iron ore, that are utilized in the production of iron and steel
353
Fission
The splitting of an atomic nucleus to release energy
354
Fossil Fuel
Energry source formed from the residue of plants and animals buried millions of years ago
355
Fusion
Creation of energy by joining the nuclei of two hydrogen atoms to form helium
356
Geothermal Energy
Energy from steam or hot water produced from hot or molten underground rocks
357
Greenhouse Effect
Anticipated increase in Earth's temperature, caused by carbon dioxide (emitted by burning fossil fuels) trapping some of the radiation emitted by the surface
358
Hydroelectric Power
Power generated from moving water
359
Ideograms
The system of writing used in China and other East Asian countries in which each symbol represents an idea or a concept rather than a specific sound, as is the case with letters in English
360
Inanimate power
Power supplied by machines
361
Nonferrous
Metals utilized to make products other than iron and steel
362
Nonrenewable energy
A source of energy that is a finite supply capable of being exhausted
363
Ozone
Gas that absorbs ultraviolet solar radiation, found in the stratosphere, a zone between 15 and 50 kilometers (9 to 30 miles) above Earth's surface
364
Passive Solar Energy Systems
Solar energy system that collects energy without the use of mechanical devices
365
Photochemical Smog
An atmospheric condition formed through a combination of weather conditions and pollution, especially from motor vehicle emissions
366
Photovoltaic Cell
Solar energy cells, usually made from silicon, that collect solar rays to generate electricity
367
Pollution
Addition of more waste than a resource can accommodate
368
Potential Reserve
The amount of energy in deposits not yet identified but thought to exist
369
Preservation
Maintenance of a resource in its present condition, with as little human impact as possible
370
Proven Reserve
The amount of a resource remaining in discovered deposits
371
Radioactive Waste
Particles from a nuclear reaction that emit radiation; contact with such particles may be harmful or lethal to people and must therefore be safely stored for thousands of years
372
Renewable Energy
A resource that has a theoretically unlimited supply and is not depleted when used by humans
373
Resource
A substance in the environment that is useful to people, is economically and technologically feasible to access, and is socially acceptable to use
374
Sanitary Landfill
A place to deposit solid waste, where a layer of earth is bulldozed over garbage each day to reduce emissions of gases and odors from the decaying trash, to minimize fires, and to discourage vermin
375
Sustainable Development
The level of development that can be maintained in a country without depleting resources to the extent that future generations will be unable to achieve a comparable level of development
