ALL YEARS – *Definitions For Key Words & Phrases*

Question 1

What does the following term mean?

Absorb

Answer 1

Absorb is when a particle(s) is taken into a liquid or gas. AMZ PLEASE CHECK THIS

Question 2

What does the following term mean?

Acid

Answer 2

Acid is a source of hydrogen ions (H+), and they are proton donors. Acids have a pH of less than 7.

Question 3

What does the following term mean?

Acid rain

Answer 3

Acid rain is when rain becomes acidic. This is due to crude oil being burnt and can produce sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. Sulfur dioxide comes from impurities in crude oil and nitrogen oxides form when the temperature is high enough for nitrogen and oxygen in the air to react (cars). When any of these mix with water vapour it forms dilute sulfuric acid or nitric acid. This then falls from clouds.

Question 4

What does the following term mean?

Activation Energy

Answer 4

Activation energy is the minimum amount of energy for reactants to collide with each other and react. This could be in endothermic and exothermic reactions. This is part of the theory that particles must have enough energy to collide AND enough energy to react.

Question 5

What does the following term mean?

Addition reaction

Answer 5

An addition reaction is where a halogen reacts with an alkene. This is because when they react the C=C double bond splits and a halogen atom is added to each of the carbons.

Question 6

What does the following term mean?

Addition

Answer 6

IN WHAT CONTEXT AMZ??

Question 7

What does the following term mean?

Alcohols

Answer 7

Alcohols have a functional group of -OH and a formula of CnH2n+1OH. Alcohols can be oxidised to for carboxylic acids.

Question 8

What does the following term mean?

Alkali metals

Answer 8

Alkali metals are group 1 on the periodic table. They are pretty reactive (commonly with water). As you go down group 1 they become more reactive. Atoms lose electrons more easily further down group 1 you go. Alkali metals are: Lithium(Li), Sodium(Na), Potassium(K), Rubidium(Rb), Caesium(Cs) and Francium(Fr).

Question 9

What does the following term mean?

Addition polymerisation

Answer 9

Addition Polymerisation is the process of making addition polymers. Polymers are large molecules made up of small repeating units (monomers). Monomers that make up an addition polymer have a double covalent bond. Eg. Alkenes can open up their C=C double bond and join to make polymer chains. Naming: poly(x).

Question 10

What does the following term mean?

Alkanes

Answer 10

Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons and have a carbon-carbon single bond. They can undergo substitution reactions and combustion reactions. Formula: CnH2n+2

Question 11

What does the following term mean?

Alkenes

Answer 11

Alkanes are unsaturated hydrocarbons with a carbon=carbon double bond. They can undergo addition reactions and are a product of cracking. Formula: CnH2n

Question 12

What does the following term mean?

Allotropes

Answer 12

Allotropes are different forms of the same element in the same state. Eg. Diamond is an allotrope of carbon.

Question 13

What does the following term mean?

Alloy

Answer 13

Alloys are metals made by adding other elements (typically other metals/carbon) to the metal. Different elements have different sized atoms, so it distorts the shape meaning it is harder for atoms to slide over each other. Alloys therefore are harder than pure metals. Alloys include steel (iron + carbon/other metals), brass (copper + zinc) and bronze (copper + tin).

Question 14

What does the following term mean?

Amphoteric

Answer 14

An amphoteric is a molecule or ion that can react as an acid or a base.

Question 15

What does the following term mean?

Anaerobic

Answer 15

Anaerobic means without oxygen. Eg. Anaerobic respiration is respiration without oxygen.

Question 16

What does the following term mean?

Anhydrous

Answer 16

Anhydrous describes a substance if it contains no water.

Question 17

What does the following term mean?

Boiling point

Answer 17

A boiling point is the point at which a liquid breaks the bonds and becomes a gas. Pure substances have a set boiling point, whereas mixtures boil over a range of temperatures.

Question 18

What does the following term mean?

Boiling

Answer 18

The stage where a liquid turns into a gas.

Question 19

What does the following term mean?

Chromatogram

Answer 19

A chromotogram is the end result of chromatography where you are left with a pattern of spots on the paper.

Question 20

What does the following term mean?

Chromatography

Answer 20

Chromatography separates a mixture of soluble solids. (Eg. Mixture of food dyes) Ones with higher solubility levels will travel further up the paper. Chromatography is used to calculate a substances Rf value.

Question 21

What does the following term mean?

Complete combustion

Answer 21

Complete combustion is where a substance (commonly alcohol or hydrocarbons) are burnt in a plentiful supply of air.

Question 22

What does the following term mean?

Combustion Reaction

Answer 22

Combustion reaction is where a substance reacts with oxygen when it is burned in air.

Question 23

What does the following term mean?

Compound

Answer 23

A compound is a substance made of 2 or more DIFFERENT elements chemicals bonded together.

Question 24

What does the following term mean?

Covalent bonding

Answer 24

Covalent bonding is where non-metals combine with other non-metals and the atoms share pair(s) of electrons to form a molecule. The atoms are held together by the shared electron(s) which completes their outer shells. This makes them very stable.

Question 25

What does the following term mean? | Composition (of a mixture)

Answer 25

Composition of a mixture is the distribution of individual substances in a mixture.

Question 26

What does the following term mean? | Crystallisation

Answer 26

Crystallisation is a way of separating a soluble solid from a liquid. It is done by heating until the liquid evaporates of leaving crystals. AMZ PLEASE CHECK COS I CANT FIND MY DEFINITION.

Question 28

What does the following term mean? | Condensing

Answer 28

Condensing is the process of a gas turning into a liquid.

Question 28

What does the following term mean? | Decanting

Answer 28

Decanting is the method of separating an insoluble solid from a liquid(eg. Sand from water).

Question 30

What does the following term mean? | Diffusion

Answer 30

Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, with the particles moving down a concentration gradient.

Question 30

What does the following term mean? | Delocalised electrons

Answer 30

Delocalised electrons are electrons that don’t belong to any particular atom. This means they are able to move through a structure. These are in metals and metallic bonding.

Question 32

What does the following term mean? | Displayed Formula

Answer 32

Displayed formula is a structural formula that is drawn out. It shows how the atoms can be arranged in a 3D space.

Question 33

What does the following term mean? | Electrons

Answer 33

Electrons have hardly any mass and are negatively charged. They are a subatomic particle and are found in the orbitals. They have a relative mass of 1/1840 and have a relative charge of -1.

Question 34

What does the following term mean? | Diatomic molecule

Answer 34

A diatomic molecule is a molecule that contains 2 atoms that re chemically bonded. Eg. O2 but NOT CO

Question 35

What does the following term mean? | Empirical Formula

Answer 35

Empirical formula is a formula that give the proportions of the elements present in a compound but not the actual numbers or arrangement of atoms. Eg. Octane= C4H9

Question 36

What does the following term mean? | Evaporation

Answer 36

Evaporation is the process of a liquid turning into a gas.

Question 37

What does the following term mean? | Dot and cross diagram

Answer 37

A dot and cross diagram displays the electron arrangement and how they would be in their shells.

Question 38

What does the following term mean? | Element

Answer 38

An element is one type of atom, which can be chemically bonded together, but often isn’t.

Question 39

What does the following term mean? | Electrostatic attraction

Answer 39

Electrostatic attraction is the electrostatic force caused by electrons that have transferred from one atom to another and then are held together by this????? PLEASE CHECK AMZ

Question 40

What does the following term mean? | Exothermic

Answer 40

An exothermic reaction is a reaction tat overall gives out heat.

Question 41

What does the following term mean? | Filtration

Answer 41

Filtration is a way of separating an insoluble solid from a liquid (eg. Sand from water)

Question 42

What does the following term mean? | Electron Arrangement

Answer 42

Electron arrangement is how electrons are distributed in the atom or molecule in the shells. (Also called electron configuration)

Question 43

What does the following term mean? | Freezing

Answer 43

Freezing is the process of a liquid turning into a solid.

Question 43

What does the following term mean? | Fractional distillation

Answer 43

Fractional distillation is the process of separating a mixture of liquids with different boiling points. You heat the mixture up, and in order from lowest to highest boiling point, they will evaporate, and then go into the condenser, and turn back into a liquid and can be collected.

Question 44

What does the following term mean? | Functional Group

Answer 44

A functional group is a group of atoms that determine how a o pound typically reacts.

Question 45

What does the following term mean? | Fraction

Answer 45

Fractions are the different sections of substance that you end up with after fractional distillation.

Question 46

What does the following term mean? | Galvanising

Answer 46

Galvanising is the coating of zinc to iron or steel to prevent rusting.

Question 47

What does the following term mean? | Gas

Answer 47

A gas is a state of matter. Gases expand freely to fill the whole container, have no fixed shape, and no fixed volume.

Question 48

What does the following term mean? | General Formula

Answer 48

A general formula is an algebraic formula that sets out a rule which is followed by all members of the homologous series. Eg. Alkanes= CnH2n+2

Question 49

What does the following term mean? | Homologous Series

Answer 49

Homologous series is a group of organic compounds that have the same functional group and similar chemical properties.

Question 50

What does the following term mean? | Impure substance

Answer 50

Impure substances are substances that are made of 2 or more types of element or compound that are not chemically bonded together. You can test this by checking whether they boil over a range of temperatures.

Question 51

What does the following term mean? | Incomplete combustion

Answer 51

Incomplete combustion is where a substance (commonly hydrocarbons or alcohols) is burnt in a poor supply of oxygen.

Question 52

What does the following term mean? | Hydrocarbon

Answer 52

A hydrocarbon is a compound made of hydrogen and carbon ONLY.

Question 53

What does the following term mean? | Isotope

Answer 53

An isotope is an atom (or molecule) that has the same amount of protons and electrons, but a different amount of neutrons. This means its charge stays the same but its mass changes.

Question 54

What does the following term mean? | Liquid

Answer 54

A liquid is a state of matter that flows freely (can be poured), takes the shape of its container but doesn’t necessarily fill it, has a constant volume and no fixed shape.

Question 55

What does the following term mean? | Melting

Answer 55

Melting is the state change for a solid to turn into a liquid.

Question 56

What does the following term mean? | Ions

Answer 56

Ions are atoms (or molecules) that have the same number of protons and neutrons but a different amount of electrons. This means it has the same mass but a different charge.

Question 57

What does the following term mean? | LIP GIN

Answer 57

It is for remembering the charges of ions: Loss Gain Is Is Positive Negative

Question 58

What does the following term mean? | Isomer

Answer 58

An isomer is a compound with the same molecular formula but a different displayed formula. They have the same number of each atom but may have different physical and chemical properties.

Question 59

What does the following term mean? | Mixture

Answer 59

A mixture contains different substances that AREN’T chemically bonded together.

Question 60

What does the following term mean? | Molecule

Answer 60

A molecule is a group of 2 or more atoms joined together by covalent bonds. (It can be the same OR different element, so compounds are also molecules).

Question 61

What does the following term mean? | Ionic bonding

Answer 61

Ionic bonding is where a metal and a non-metal react together, the metal atom loses electrons to form a positive ion and the non-metal gains electrons to become a negative ion. The oppositely charged electrons are strongly attracted to each other by electrostatic attractions.

Question 62

What does the following term mean? | Neutrons

Answer 62

Neutrons are a subatomic particles, that have a mass of 1, a relative charge of 0, and are found in the nucleus.

Question 63

What does the following term mean? | Orbitals/Shells

Answer 63

Orbitals/shells are where the electrons are found, and are around the nucleus. The first shell has a maximum of 2 electrons, second shell has a maximum of 8, and the third shell has a maximum of 8.

Question 64

What does the following term mean? | Metal

Answer 64

A metal is a solid (mostly, except mercury) material, which is typically (not always) hard, shiny, malleable, ductile, electricity conductor, thermal conductor.

Question 65

What does the following term mean? | Melting point

Answer 65

A melting point is the temperature/reagent of temperatures that the state change from a solid to a liquid happens.

Question 66

What does the following term mean? | Protons

Answer 66

Protons are a subatomic particle that are found in the nucleus. They have a relative atomic mass of 1, and a relative charge of 1.

Question 67

What does the following term mean? | Pure substance

Answer 67

A pure substance is a substance that contains one type of element or one type of compound. You can check by if they boil at one specific temperature (eg. Water 100°c)

Question 68

What does the following term mean? | Metallic Bonding

Answer 68

Metallic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between positive metal ions and the “sea” of delocalised electrons.

Question 69

What does the following term mean? | Molecular Formula

Answer 69

Molecular formula is a chemical formula for a compound that gives the total number of atoms of every element in the molecule. Eg water = H2O

Question 70

What does the following term mean? | Metallic lattice

Answer 70

A metallic lattice is the arrangement of ions surrounded by the delocalised electrons. (It is the shape basically.)

Question 71

What does the following term mean? | Relative Atomic Mass (Ar)

Answer 71

Relative atomic mass is how heavy isotopes are compared to the mass of a carbon-12 atom. A carbon-12 atom has a mass of exactly 12. It is the average mass of all the isotopes of an element. It is worked out by: Mass of isotope(s) ————————————- Sum of relative abundances

Question 72

What does the following term mean? | Noble gas configuration

Answer 72

Noble gas configuration is how atoms lose or gain electrons to complete their outer shell, like Nobel gases.

Question 73

What does the following term mean? | Relative Charge

Answer 73

Relative charge is the charge of a particle in comparison to a proton(+1)

Question 74

What does the following term mean? | Oxidation

Answer 74

Oxidation is a type of reaction where a substance gains oxygen, eg. Combustion.

Question 75

What does the following term mean? | Oxidising Agent

Answer 75

Oxidising agent is a substance that oxidises something by electron gain or loss.

Question 76

What does the following term mean? | Saturated

Answer 76

Saturated means a substance that’s atoms are naked by single bonds.

Question 77

What does the following term mean? | Relative Mass

Answer 77

Relative mass is the same as relative atomic mass (Ar): Relative atomic mass is how heavy isotopes are compared to the mass of a carbon-12 atom. A carbon-12 atom has a mass of exactly 12. It is the average mass of all the isotopes of an element. It is worked out by: Mass of isotope(s) ————————————- Sum of relative abundances

Question 78

What does the following term mean? | Reactivity

Answer 78

Reactivity is the tendency of a substance to undergo a chemical reaction.

Question 79

What does the following term mean? | Reducing Agent

Answer 79

A reducing agent is an element/compound that loses an electron to an electron recipient(oxidising agent) in a chemical reaction.

Question 80

What does the following term mean? | Reduction

Answer 80

Reduction means the gaining of electrons in a chemical reaction. It refers to the element that accepts the electrons.

Question 81

What does the following term mean? | Redox

Answer 81

Redox means an oxidation reduction in a chemical reaction where an atom, molecule or ion, gains or loses electrons.

Question 82

What does the following term mean? | Rf value

Answer 82

Rf value is the ratio between the distance travelled by the solute, and the distanced travelled by the solvent in chromatography: Distance travelled by solute ————————————- Distance travelled by solvent

Question 83

What does the following term mean? | Rusting

Answer 83

Rusting means the oxidising of iron. Iron reacts with water and oxygen to form hydrated iron(III) oxide (rust).

Question 84

What does the following term mean? | Solid

Answer 84

A solid is a state of matter that has a definite shape (lattice), definite volume, can’t be poured, the particles in the solid cannot move about, but vibrate, and the particles have strong forces of attraction between them.

Question 85

What does the following term mean? | Sacrificial protection

Answer 85

Sacrificial protection is putting a more reactive metal on iron. The water and oxygen then react with the sacrificial metal rather than the iron. Zinc is often used for this.

Question 86

What does the following term mean? | Sublimation

Answer 86

Sublimation is the process of a solid turning into a gas or a gas turning into a solid without going into a liquid.

Question 87

What does the following term mean? | Sub-atomic Particle

Answer 87

A subatomic particle is a unit of matter that makes up an atom. They are protons, neutrons and electrons.

Question 88

What does the following term mean? | Solubility

Answer 88

Solubility is the ability for a solute to dissolve into a solvent. It is measured in the maximum amount of solute that can go into a specific amount of solvent, until it is saturated.

Question 89

What does the following term mean? | Saturated

Answer 89

A saturated substance is a solution that contains the maximum amount of solute per specific amount of solvent.

Question 90

What does the following term mean? | Solute

Answer 90

A solute is the substance that gets dissolved by the solvent.

Question 91

What does the following term mean? | Solution

Answer 91

A solution is formed when a solute dissolves into a solvent.

Question 92

What does the following term mean? | Simple distillation

Answer 92

Simple distillation is a method of separating a solvent from a solution.

Question 93

What does the following term mean? | Substitution Reaction

Answer 93

A substitution reaction is where a halogen and an alkane react. They are called substitution reactions because atoms are swapped. They need UV (ultra violet) light to react.

Question 94

What does the following term mean? | Solvent

Answer 94

A solvent is the substance that does the dissolving.

Question 95

What does the following term mean? | Stick diagram

Answer 95

A stick diagram is a way of displaying how atoms are arranged in a molecule using sticks/lines.

Question 96

What does the following term mean? | Structural Formula

Answer 96

Structural formula is chemical formula for a compound which shows the arrangement of the atoms in a molecule. Eg. Propane = CH3CH2CH3

Question 97

What does the following term mean? | Unsaturated

Answer 97

Unsaturated means that a molecule that has double/triple/ring bonds in it meaning that it can easily react.

Question 98

What does the following term mean? | Viscosity

Answer 98

Viscosity is how runny/ thick a substance is.

Question 99

What does the following term mean? | Anion

Answer 99

An anion is an ion that has a negative charge(gained electron(s)).

Question 100

What does the following term mean? | Anode

Answer 100

An anode is a positive electrode during electrolysis.

Question 101

What does the following term mean? | Anomalous result

Answer 101

An anomalous result is a result that doesn’t fit the pattern of the other results.

Question 102

What does the following term mean? | Aqueous

Answer 102

Aqueous means an aqueous solution. This is where a substance dissolves in water.

Question 103

What does the following term mean? | Array

Answer 103

An array is a collection of items?

Question 104

What does the following term mean? | Ash

Answer 104

Ash/ soot is the powdery substance left after burning something.

Question 105

What does the following term mean? | Atom

Answer 105

An atom is the simplest particle of an element. They make up everything. They are made of 3 subatomic particles: protons, neutrons and electrons.

Question 106

What does the following term mean? | Catalyst

Answer 106

A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a reaction, without itself ring chemical changed or used up. catalysts work by decreasing the activation energy needed for a reaction to happen.

Question 107

What does the following term mean? | Atomic number

Answer 107

The atomic number tells you how many protons there are. This determines the element. It also tells you the number of electrons.

Question 108

What does the following term mean? | Alkali

Answer 108

An alkali is a soluble base. It is a source of hydroxide ions (OH-) and have a pH greater than 7.

Question 109

What does the following term mean? | Base

Answer 109

A base is a substance that can neutralise acids. They are proton acceptors. Alkalis are a type of base (soluble).

Question 110

What does the following term mean? | Relative abundance

Answer 110

Relative abundance is the ratio/fraction/percentage of each isotope there is compared to the total amount of the element in the world.