All Zanki Final Stuff - Pathology Flashcards
(190 cards)
1
Q
Acute respiratory distress syndrome is a cause of _____ lung disease
A
- interstitial lung disease
2
Q
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis is usually seen in individuals with
A
- asthma
- cystic fibrosis
3
Q
An EGFR “driver mutation” is especially common in [race] female [smoking status] who have adenocarcinomas of the lung
A
- asian female nonsmokers
4
Q
Asthma is often associated with _______, ________ and a family history of ________
A
- allergic rhinitis
- eczema,
- atopy
5
Q
Asthma may present with a(n) […] inspiratory/expiratory ratio
A
- decreased
- prolonged expiration
6
Q
Asthma may present with ________ on CXR
A
- peribronchial cuffing
7
Q
diagnostics of ARDS
A
- Abnormal CXR
- Respiratory failure within 1 week of insult
- Decreases PaO2/FiO2 ratio
- Symptoms not due to Heart Failure
8
Q
Because the facial vein is valveless, infections of the face can spread to the […]
A
- cavernous sinus
9
Q
Berylliosis is characterized by a […] histology and therefore is occassionally responsive to treatment with steroids
A
- granulomatous
10
Q
Bronchial carcinoid tumor is characterized histologically by nests of […] differentiated _________ cells
A
- well
- neuroendocrine
11
Q
Bronchiectasis is due to chronic […] inflammation or obstruction which results in permanently dilated airways
A
- necrotizing
12
Q
Bronchopneumonia is often multifocal and […] (uni- or bilateral)
A
- bilateral
13
Q
central sleep apnea is treated with
A
- positive airway pressure
14
Q
Central sleep apnea may be also caused by delayed detection / response to changes in […] resulting in cyclic (…) breathing
A
- PaCO2
- Cheyne-Stokes
15
Q
Cheyne-Stokes breathing is defined by respirations that oscillate between […] and […] in response
A
- apnea
- hyper apnea
16
Q
Chronic bronchitis and bronchiectasis in a cystic fibrosis patient leads to a […] pattern on CXR
A
- reticulonodular
17
Q
Chronic bronchitis is associated with […], due to early-onset hypoxemia from shunting
A
- cyanosis
18
Q
Chronic complications of emphysema include […] (due to destruction of capillaries in the alveolar sac) with eventual cor pulmonale
A
- hypoxemia
19
Q
Clinical features of emphysema include dyspnea and cough with […] sputum production (quantity)
A
- minimal
20
Q
Bronchiectasis is due to chronic necrotizing inflammation or […] which results in permanently dilated airways
A
- obstruction
21
Q
Complications of bronchiectasis include secondary
[…] and hypoxemia with
cor pulmonale
A
- amyloidosis
22
Q
Compression / neuropathy of the phrenic nerve results in […] inspirations during maximal voluntary ventilation
A
- uniform weak (like always weak)
23
Q
Consolidation (lobar pneumonia, pulmonary edema) may present with late inspiratory ______________ (sound heard on lung exam)
A
- crackles
24
Q
Consolidation (lobar pneumonia, pulmonary edema) presents with ________ fremitus
A
- increased
25
COPD patients with oxygen induced hypercapnia suffer from excess oxygen induced generation of increased [...]
- physiologic dead space
26
Cystic fibrosis may present with [...] (volume)_____ (pH)
- contraction
| - alkalosis
27
Cystic fibrosis may present with [...]natremia
- hypo
28
buzzwords for Wegener's
- necrotizing
- granulomatous
- vasculitis
29
Death from a saddle pulmonary emboli is due to [...] dissociation
- electromechanical
30
during what days does red hepatization occur
congestion phase
gray hepatizaiton
- days 3-4
- days 1-2
- days 5-7
31
Emphysema is characterized by loss of [...], which inhibits the ability to exhale air from the alveoli (air trapping)
- elastic recoil
32
Emphysema is characterized by [...] of air spaces
- enlargement
33
Endothelial dysfunction of the pulmonary vasculature results in increased [...] and decreased [...]
- increased vasoconstrictors
| - decreased vasodilators
34
Granulomas due to sarcoidosis may have [...] bodies, which are calcium and protein inclusions inside of giant cells
- Schaumann
35
In an asthmatic response, inflammatory mediators, especially [...] from eosinophils, damages cells and perpetuates bronchoconstriction (late-phase reaction)
- major basic protein
36
DLCO in asthma
- chronic bronchitis
- emphysema
- normal or elevated
- normal
- decreased
37
In cystic fibrosis, increased intracellular Cl- results in compensatory increased Na+
[...] via epithelial Na+ channels
- reabsorption
38
In patients with long standing COPD, the main contributor to respiratory drive is arterial [...] levels
- PaO2
39
In ARDS, activation of [...] by proinflammatory cytokines induces free radical and protease-mediated damage of both type I and II pneumocytes
- neutrophils
40
Infections in the sphenoid or ethmoid sinus may extend to the [...] sinus and cause complications
- cavernous
41
Inflammation in the lung normally leads to release of [...] by neutrophils and macrophages
- proteases
42
Is bronchial carcinoid tumor related to smoking?
no
43
Is large cell carcinoma related to smoking?
- yes
44
Klebsiella pneumoniae is often complicated by [...] formation in the lungs and liver
- abscess
45
Large cell carcinoma is characterized histologically by [...] differentiated large cells
- poorly
46
Laryngeal papillomas may have [...] change on biopsy
- koilocytic
47
Laryngomalacia presents with __________ during infancy due to collapse of [...] during inspiration
- inspiratory stridor
| - supraglottic tissues
48
Lower limb DVT may be associated with [...] upon dorsiflexion of the foot (Homan sign)
- calf pain
49
Lung abscess commonly occurs in patients predisposed to [...] (e.g. alcoholics, epileptics)
- loss of consciousness
50
Lung abscesses may present with [...] on CXR, which suggests _______
- air-fluid levels
| - cavitation
51
Lung [...] is a localized collection of pus within the parenchyma
- abscess
52
Malignant otitis externa is an emergency that can progress to osteomyelitis of the [...]
- skull base
53
Malignant otitis externa is most commonly seen in the [...] population
- diabetic
54
Many patients with inhalation injury present secondary to [...], ____ inhalation, _______ poisoning, or _______ poisoning
- burns
- CO
- cyanide
- arsenic
55
Mesothelioma presents with recurrent [...], dyspnea, and chest pain
- pleural effusions
56
Mild exposure to carbon (e.g. pollution) results in [...], which is an asymptomatic condition characterized by collections of carbon-laden macrophages
- anthracosis
57
Most pulmonary emboli arise via a thromboembolus from the proximal [...] of the lower extremity
- deep veins
58
Mutant α1-antitrypsin polymerizes and accumulates in the [...] of hepatocytes, resulting in liver damage (e.g. cirrhosis)
- endoplasmic reticulum
59
Nasal polyps are associated with _______________ in adults
- aspirin intolerant asthma
60
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma often presents with involvement of ________ lymph nodes
- cervical
61
Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome is associated with diffuse granularity of the lung with a "[...]" appearance on CXR
- ground glass
62
Obstructive sleep apnea is associated with difficult to manage [...] due to increased sympathetic tone
- systemic hypertension
63
Obstructive sleep apnea is due to relaxation of [...] during sleep
resulting in
- pharyngeal muscle tone
| - closure of upper airway, decline PO2 and increased PCO2
64
Obstructive sleep apnea may be caused by excess [...] tissue in adults (age group)
- parapharyngeal
65
Obstructive sleep apnea may be caused by [...] hypertrophy in children (age group)
- adenotonsillar
66
Most pulmonary emboli arise via a thromboembolus from the [...] deep veins of the lower extremity
- proximal
67
Obstructive sleep apnea is associated with difficult to manage systemic hypertension due to increased [...]
- sympathetic tone
68
One complication of Mycoplasma pneumoniae is autoimmune [...] due to high concentrations of cold agglutinins (IgM)
- hemolytic anemia
69
One multifactorial cause of secondary pulmonary hypertension is due to _______ of the pulmonary vasculature by ______
- compression
| - tumor
70
One test for fetal lung maturity is the _____:_____ ratio in the amniotic fluid
- surfactant
| - albumin
71
Pancoast tumors may cause [...] syndrome, which is characterized by shoulder pain, Horner syndrome, atrophy of hand/arm muscles, and edema (due to vascular compression)
- Pancoast
72
Pathogenesis of asthma involves allergens inducing a TH[...] phenotype in CD4+ T cells of genetically susceptible individuals
- TH2
73
Patients who develop pulmonary infarction may develop right heart strain that generates a ______ EKG finding
- S1Q3T3
74
Patients with long standing COPD who are administered excessive oxygen can develop [...]
- hypercapnia
75
Patients with sarcoidosis may have scattered granulomas in their liver; most commonly affecting the [...]
- portal triads
76
Pleural effusion causes restricted lung [...] (inspiration or expiration)
- inspiration
77
Pneumothorax presents with [...] tactile fremitus on the affected side
- decreased
78
Presenting symptoms of lung cancer are non-specific and include cough, hemoptysis, weight loss, and post-obstructive [...]
- pneumonia
79
Primary pulmonary alveolar proteinosis is most commonly due to a defect in [...]
- macrophages
| - defect in surfactant production
80
Primary TB classically forms a [...], which is a calcified granulomatous lesion with hilar lymphadenopathy
- Ghon complex
81
Primary TB results in focal caseating necrosis in the [...] or [...] lobes of the lung and hilar lymph nodes
- lower or middle
82
Pulmonary hypertension is characterized by [...] of the pulmonary trunk
- atherosclerosis
83
Pulmonary hypertension is defined as a mean pulmonary artery pressure > [...] at rest
- 25
84
Pulmonary emboli are usually clinically silent due to the dual blood supply of the lungs via the ________ and ______ arteries
- pulmonary and bronchial
85
Pulmonary [...] may arise with chronic emboli that are reorganized over time
- hypertension
86
Pulmonary [...] due to PE occurs if a large- or medium-sized artery is obstructed in patients with pre-existing cardiopulmonary compromise
- infarction
87
Recovery of ARDS may be complicated by [...] due to loss of type II pneumocytes
- interstitial fibrosis/scarring
88
Restrictive lung diseases are most commonly due to [...] diseases of the lung
- interstitial
89
Sarcoidosis is a systemic disease characterized by widespread [...] granulomas
- noncaseating
90
Sarcoidosis may be visualized on CXR as
- bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy
| - coarse reticular opacities
91
Secondary pulmonary hypertension due to Heart Disease may arise due to increased [...] in the pulmonary circuit (e.g. left heart failure, congenital heart disease)
- volume
92
Secondary TB may involve the CNS, causing _______ with granulomas at the base of the brain
- meningitis
93
Secondary TB may involve the kidneys, causing sterile [...]
- pyuria
94
Severe, unrelenting asthma attacks can result in [...] and death
- status asthmaticus
95
Silicosis may present with "[...]" calcification of the hilar lymph nodes
- eggshell
96
Sleep apnea is associated with arrhythmias, especially [...]
- atrial fibrillation/flutter
97
Sleep apnea is associated with [...] due to nocturnal hypoxia
- pulmonary hypertension
98
Sleep apnea is characterized by a [...] Pao2 and Paco2 during the day
- normal
99
Stimulation of the [...] nerve can be used as a therapy for obstructive sleep apnea by increasing the diameter of the oropharyngeal airway
- hypoglossal
100
SVC syndrome can be caused by [...] from indwelling central venous catheters
- thromboemboli
101
SVC syndrome can raise [...] pressure (if obstruction is severe), leading to headaches and dizziness
- intracranial
102
SVC syndrome is characterized by impaired drainage of the head, resulting in "facial [...]"
- plethora
103
SVC syndrome is characterized by impaired drainage of the neck, resulting in [...]
- JVD
104
SVC syndrome is commonly caused by malignancy, such as:
- mediastinal mass
| - superior sulcus tumor
105
Symptoms of bronchial carcinoid tumor are related to
- mass effect
| - carcinoid syndrome
106
The BMPR2 gene normally inhibits _________ proliferation
- vascular smooth muscle
107
The cause of primary pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is often
- idiopathic
108
The causes of acute respiratory distress syndrome
- Sepsis
- Pancreatitis, Pneumonia
- Aspiration
- uRemia
- Trauma
- Amniotic fluid embolism
- Shock
109
The imaging test of choice for deep venous thrombosis is
- compression ultrasound
110
The most common pulmonary function test indicator of obesity related disease is a reduction in [...]
- ERV
111
The normal mean pulmonary artery pressure is between [...] and [...] mmHg
- 10 and 14
112
The reduction of respiratory compliance in obesity is in part due to a reduction in [...] compliance, due to increased weight
- chest wall
113
The ________:________ ratio in amniotic fluid is used to screen for lung maturity
- lecithin:sphingomyeiln
114
what tidal volume do we give for treatment of ARDS
- low
| - 4-6 mL/kg of body weight
115
Treatment of cystic fibrosis includes [...], which is used as an anti-inflammatory agent
- azithromycin
116
Villous adenomas can cause [...] diarrhea, hypovolemia, and electrolyte abnormalities
- secretory
117
Viral pneumonia may damage the [...], which consequently predisposes to superimposed bacterial pneumonia
- mucociliary escalator
118
What are the most common presenting symptoms (2) of pulmonary sarcoidosis?
- cough and dyspnea
119
What demographic is associated with Coxiella burnetii pneumonia?
- farmers and veterinarians
120
What demographic is associated with small (oat) cell carcinoma?
- male smokers
121
What demographic is classically associated with angiofibroma?
- adolescent males
122
What demographic is classically associated with primary pulmonary hypertension?
- young adult females
123
What demographic is commonly affected by Mycoplasma pneumoniae?
- young adults in close quarters
| - military or college students
124
What drug is commonly used to treat lung abscesses?
- clindamycin
125
What flow-volume pattern would diffuse intraalveolar hemorrhage cause?
- restrictive
126
What histological finding may be associated with mesothelioma?
- psammoma bodies
127
What is empyema?
- pus in pleural space
128
What is the most common cause of acute epiglottitis?
- H. flu type b
129
What is the most common cause of laryngotracheobronchitis (croup)?
- parainfluenza virus
130
What is the most common symptom of pulmonary embolus?
- most often clinically silent
131
What is the prognosis of bronchial carcinoid tumor?
- excellent prognosis
132
What is the prognosis of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma?
- excellent prognosis
133
What is the prognosis of large cell carcinoma?
- poor prognosis
134
What kind of flow volume pattern would compression atelectasis cause?
- restrictive
135
What lecithin:sphingomyelin ratio is indicative of adequate surfactant production?
>2
136
What liver pathology is associated with α1-antitrypsin deficiency?
- cirrhosis
137
What may be seen on spiral CT in a patient with a pulmonary embolism?
- vascular filling defects
138
What type of carcinoma are most head and neck cancers?
- squamous cell carcinoma
139
What type of pneumonia is characterized by acute inflammatory infiltrates from bronchioles into adjacent alveoli?
- bronchopneumonia
140
What type of pneumonia is typically caused by S. pneumoniae, S. aureus, H. influenzae, and Klebsiella?
- bronchopneumonia
141
When supplemental oxygen is administered to a patient with chronic COPD, the rapid increase in PaO2 can reduce [...] stimulation
- peripheral chemoreceptor
142
Which obstructive lung disease is associated with secondary (AA) amyloidosis?
- bronchiectasis
143
Which obstructive lung disease may be caused by allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis?
- bronchiectasis
144
Which two pneumoconioses increase the risk for Caplan syndrome?
- Coal worker's pneumonconiosis and Silicosis
145
Which two pneumoconioses increase the risk for cor pulmonale?
- Berylliosis and Silicosis
146
Which type of lung carcinoma may present with cavitations on CXR?
- squamous cell carcinoma
147
[...] is the most common cause of primary lung carcinoma (40%)
- adenocarcinoma
148
[...] presents with "Ivory white", calcified
| supradiaphragmatic and pleural plaques
- asbestosis
149
[...] is characterized by a triad of asthma, aspirin-induced bronchospasms, and nasal polyps
- aspirin-intolerant asthma
150
[...] is a pneumoconiosis that presents with noncaseating granulomas in the lung, hilar lymph nodes, and systemic organs
also similar to
- Berylliosis
| - similar to sarcoidosis
151
[...] is an obstructive lung disease that may be caused by cystic fibrosis
- bronchiectasis
152
[...] is characterized by scattered, patchy consolidation centered around bronchioles
- Bronchopneumonia
153
[...] sleep apnea can occur due patients having marginal ventilation when awake (e.g. CNS disease, neuromuscular disease, severe kyphoscoliosis, heavy dose narcotics)
- central
154
[...] is a common cause of atypical pneumonia in post-transplant patients on immunosuppressive therapy
- cytomegalovirus
155
common causes of pneumonia superimposed on COPD
- legionella
- Moraxella catarrhalis
- H. flu
156
pathologic presentation of IPF known as
- UIP (usual interstitial pneumonitis)
157
[...] is often a complication from smoke inhalation from fires or other noxious substances
- inhalation injury
158
[...] is a cause of pneumonia that most commonly effects the elderly, alcoholics, and diabetics (due to aspiration)
- Klebsiella pneumoniae
159
[...] pulmonary emboli may cause sudden death
why?
- large saddle
| - blocks both left and right pulmonary arteries
160
[...] is a cause of pneumonia in immunocompromized patients that is best visualized by silver stain
- Legionella
161
[...] is the most common cause of atypical pneumonia in young adults
- mycoplasma pneumoniae
162
[...] syndrome is a condition in which severely overweight people fail to breathe rapidly or deeply enough
- obesity hypoventilation (Pickwickian syndrome)
163
[...] lesions are small, vascular channels that may be seen with severe, long standing pulmonary hypertension
- plexiform
164
particularly mutagenic carcinogens found in cigarette smoke
- polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
| - arsenic
165
[...] exposure is the 2nd most frequent cause of lung carcinoma in the U.S.
- radon
166
[...] is the most common cause of atypical pneumonia in infants
- RSV
167
[...] is an eye complication associated with supplemental O2 therapy in NRDS patients (due to neovascularization)
- retinopathy of prematurity
168
[...] pneumothorax may be due to diseased lung (e.g. bullae in emphysema, infections) or meconium aspiration
- secondary spontaneous
169
what cancers arise from neuroendocrine cells?
- small cell carcinoma
| - bronchial carcinoid tumor
170
[...] carcinoma of the lung is the most common tumor in male smokers
- squamous cell carcinoma
171
[...] pneumothorax may be due to iatrogenic causes, such as bronchoscopy, subclavian line placement, thoracentesis, barotrauma
- traumatic
172
__________ used for prophylaxis and acute management of DVT
- unfractionated or LMW heparin
173
Adenocarcinoma in situ is a subtype of adenocarcinoma that typically arises from [...] cells
- Club (Clara) cells
174
Adenocarcinoma in situ of the lung presents similarly to [...] on CXR (hazy infiltrates, consolidation)
- pneumonia
175
Adenocarcinoma of the lung is associated with
- hypertrophic osteoarthropathy
176
Horner syndrome is a triad of ipsilateral [...], [...], and [...]
- ptosi, miosis, anhidrosis
177
Klebsiella pneumoniae infection is characterized by a thick mucoid capsule that results in gelatinous, '[...]' sputum
- currant jelly
178
Large cell carcinoma of the lung may secrete the hormone [...]
- beta-hCG
179
_______ pleural effusion occurs due to [...] injury from trauma or malignancy
- lymphatic
| - thoracic duct
180
Small (oat) cell lung carcinoma may produce the anterior pituitary hormone [...] leading to [...]
- ACTH
| - Cushings
181
Small (oat) cell lung carcinoma may produce the posterior pituitary hormone [...] leading to [...]
- ADH
| - SIADH
182
Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung may produce [...] leading to hyper-[...]
- PTHrP
| - hypercalcemia
183
Adenocarcinoma of the lung is characterized histologically by a [...] pattern that often stains positive for _____
- glandular
- stain positive for mucin
think glands and adeno
184
Small (oat) cell carcinoma of the lung is characterized by positive staining fo
- chromogranin A
- neuron-specific enolase
- synaptophysin
- NCAM (CD56)
185
Small (oat) cell lung carcinoma may produce antibodies against [...] causing _________
- antibodies against presynaptic Ca2+ channels
| - causing Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome
186
Smoking results in ______ emphysema that is most severe in the _____ lobes of the lung
- centriacinar
| - upper lobes
187
Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung is characterized histologically by
- keratin pearls
| - desmosomes (intercellular bridges)
188
α1-antitrypsin deficiency results in [...] emphysema that is most severe in the _____ lobes of the lung
- panacinar
| - lower lobes
189
α1-antitrypsin deficiency is characterized by pink/purple colored, [...]-positive globules in hepatocytes
- PAS positive
190
______________ of the lung is associated with activating mutations in the KRAS, EGFR, and ALK genes
- adenocarcinoma
