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1
Q

Maximum magnification of a light microscope

A

1500;

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2
Q

Maximum magnification of a transmission electron microscope

A

500 000;

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3
Q

Definition: resolution

A

ability to see (two) objects (that are close together) as separate objects
see detail

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4
Q

one function of xylem tissue

A

transports water (up plant);
transports, minerals / ions, (up plant);
support (plant / stem / shoot);

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5
Q

the function of this spiral band of lignin and explain why it is important that the xylem vessel becomes lignified in this way.

A

Functions:
- (lignin), strengthens / thickens, the (xylem) wall;
- waterproofing (wall) / AW;
- (improving) adhesion of water (molecules);
- (spiral) pattern allows flexibility / stretching / movement;
Flexibility / stretching must ref, pattern of lignin laid down i.e. spirals
Explanation:
- prevents collapse of xylem;
- (water) under tension / at low pressure / negative pressure;
- reduces (lateral) loss of water, through wall;
- increases capillarity / AW;
- prevents stem breaking / AW;

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6
Q

the function of the pits in xylem tissue

A

(pits) allow water to move, in / out / between, vessel(s);
to bypass blockage;
supply water to other, tissues / (other types) cells / parts of plant;

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7
Q

Definition: tissue

A

collection / group, of cells (of one or more types);
(cells), working together OR with, common / same, function;
specialised (cells);

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8
Q

type of epithelial tissue found in the lungs

A

squamous / ciliated;

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9
Q

why the lungs can be considered to be an organ

A

(organ is) a collection of tissues / named tissues

(working together) to enable gas exchange

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10
Q

Cellular structure with the function: release of energy

A

mitochondria

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11
Q

Cellular structure with the function: movement of cilia

A

cytoskeleton

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12
Q

Cellular structure with the function: secrete mucus

A

Golgi (vesicle)

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13
Q

the functions of glycoproteins in the cell surface membrane

A

1 (acting as) antigens;
2identification / recognition, (of cells) as, self / non-self
3 cell signalling
ACCEPT description e.g. communication between cells / cell responds to, chemical / signal, from another cell
4 receptor / binding site, for, hormone / (chemical) signal / (medicinal /
named) drugs
5 ref. to receptor / binding site / trigger, on transport proteins /
6 cell adhesion / to hold cells together (in a tissue);
7 attach to water molecules (to stabilise membrane / cell)
8 three technical terms used and spelt correctly;
receptor, antigen, hormone, cell signal(ling), adhesion, recognition, facilitated diffusion, active transport

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14
Q

steps a student should take when setting up the potometer to ensure that the apparatus works correctly

A

shoot is healthy
assemble apparatus / cut shoot, under water
cut last 2-3 cm off cut end / cut at an angle
check there are no air bubbles in apparatus
apparatus, water tight / air tight / has no leaks
leaves dry

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15
Q

possible reasons, other than light and temperature, why the rate of transpiration was lower in the afternoon than in the morning

A 
in afternoon:
plant dying / less healthy / wilting
ref to stomatal closure
more humid / higher water (vapour) potential in air
less air movement / wind / draughts
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16
Q

why the potometer only gives an estimate of the rate of transpiration

A

(potometer) measures (water) uptake
not all water (taken up) is lost
some water used (in photosynthesis / making cells turgid)

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17
Q

State two other ways in which the wall of an artery is different from the wall of a vein

A

Arteries have:
no valves
endothelium / tunica intima, folded
more / thicker, muscle / elastic tissue / tunica media
more / thicker, collagen / tunica externa

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18
Q

how this hydrostatic pressure is generated in the heart

A

contraction of ventricle, wall / muscle

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19
Q

why the hydrostatic pressure of the blood drops as blood moves away from the heart

A

more, (smaller) vessels / named vessels
(vessels) have larger, total lumen / cross sectional area
reduced resistance to blood flow
arteries, stretch / expand
loss of, fluid / plasma, from capillaries

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20
Q

plasma fluid

A

plasma / fluid, moves out of, capillary / blood
enters / forms, tissue fluid
(plasma) proteins, remain in capillary / too large to pass through
capillary wall
(fluid moves) down pressure gradient
hydrostatic pressure greater than, water potential / Ψ

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21
Q

Outline the mechanism of inspiration

A

diaphragm / intercostal muscles, contract:
diaphragm moves down / ribs move upwards and outwards;
volume of thorax increased;
pressure inside thorax falls;
to below atmospheric pressure (so air enters lungs);
accept any three from: diaphragm, intercostal, volume, pressure, thorax, thoracic cavity

22
Q

A person breathes through the mouthpiece of a spirometer.

State what happens to the air chamber in the figure above during inspiration.

A

it falls / goes down

23
Q

why a person using the spirometer to measure their vital capacity should wear a nose clip

A

to ensure all air breathed comes from chamber OR
to prevent, escape of air / entry of air, through nose
make results invalid

24
Q

other precautions that should be taken when using a spirometer to measure vital capacity

A 
use (medical grade) oxygen / fresh air;
disinfect mouthpiece;
ref. to health of subject;
e.g. asthmatics
ref to correct functioning of equipment;
25
Outline the sequence of events following the production of extracellular proteins that leads to their release from the cell.
proteins moved to Golgi (apparatus / body); processed / modified ; e.g. carbohydrate group added into vesicles; (vesicle) moved to, plasma / cell surface, membrane; (vesicles) fuse with membrane; exocytosis;
26
Explain, using the term water potential, what has happened to cell M
water moves out of cell; by osmosis; cell has, higher / greater / less negative, water potential (than surrounding solution) / ORA; (water moves) down water potential gradient/from high to low water potential;
27
How they enter a cell through the plasma (cell surface) membrane small, non-polar substances
diffuse (through membrane / phospholipid bilayer);
28
How they enter a cell through the plasma (cell surface) membrane large substances
using), transport / carrier, proteins; | endocytosis / phagocytosis / described;
29
How they enter a cell through the plasma (cell surface) membrane polar substances
through, pore / channel, proteins; | (using), transport / carrier, proteins
30
Definition: stem cell
a cell that is, unspecialised / not differentiated; capable of, division / mitosis; able to, differentiate / specialise / become other cell types
31
one tissue in plants that contains stem cells
cambium / meristem / early embryonic cells
32
reasons why mitosis is important to organisms
``` growth (of tissue / organism); replace (cells) / repair (tissues); asexual reproduction/cloning / producing genetically identical cells; maintain chromosome number in all cells; ```
33
Explain, using the term surface area to volume ratio, why large, active organisms need a specialised surface for gaseous exchange
large / active, organisms have high(er), demand for oxygen / need to remove CO2; small(er), surface area to volume ratio / SA:V / surface area:volume; surface area too small / distance too large / diffusion takes too long (to supply needs);
34
How the feature improves the efficiency of gaseous exchange | many alveoli
this increases the surface across which oxygen and carbon dioxide can diffuse
35
How the feature improves the efficiency of gaseous exchange | the epithelium of the alveoli is very thin
short (diffusion) distance;
36
How the feature improves the efficiency of gaseous exchange | there are capillaries running over the surface of the alveoli
delivers carbon dioxide (to be removed from blood) / carries oxygen away (from alveoli); short (diffusion) distance;
37
How the feature improves the efficiency of gaseous exchange the lungs are surrounded by the diaphragm and intercostal muscles
ventilation / supply of oxygen (to alveoli) / | removal of carbon dioxide (from alveoli);
38
Outline how the diaphragm and intercostal muscles cause inspiration
diaphragm (contracts / flattens and) moves downwards; intercostal muscles contract to move ribs, up / out; increase volume of thorax; reduce pressure inside thorax; to below atmospheric pressure/creates pressure gradient
39
Definition: single circulatory system
blood passes through the heart once for each, circulation / circuit / cycle, of the body;
40
Definition: closed circulatory system
the blood is maintained inside vessels
41
Fish circulatory system type
Single closed circulatory system
42
Describe how the action of the heart is initiated and coordinated
/ SAN, creates / initiates / starts / originates, excitation; wave (of excitation) spreads over atrial, wall / muscle; ref to, AVN / U; atria contract / atrial systole; contraction is synchronised / AW; delay at AVN; (excitation spreads) down septum; ref to, bundle of His / Purkyne fibres; ventricles contract / ventricular systole, from, apex / bottom; any three from: pacemaker, sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, excitation, atrial / atrium / atria, septum, Purkyne, bundle of His, ventricle(s) / ventricular, apex, systole.
43
Definition: source
site where, sucrose / sugars / assimilates, loaded (into phloem)
44
Definition: sink
site where, sucrose / sugars / assimilates, unloaded / removed (from phloem)
45
When the bark is removed from a tree, the phloem is also removed. If a complete ring of bark is removed, the tree trunk can be seen to swell above the cut. Suggest two reasons why the trunk swells above the cut.
``` (sugars) cannot pass the cut / AW; decrease water potential; water moves into cells; (damage triggers) increased cell division; to produce cells to store sugars; cut causes, gall / infection; ```
46
Types of cell that line the bronchus
goblet / mucus (secreting) cell; | ciliated (epithelium);
47
How goblet cells and ciliated epithelium cells work together to keep the lung surface clear of dust and other particles
(A / goblet cells) release mucus / AW; (mucus) traps, dust / particles / named particle; ciliated cell / B / cilia, wave / waft / move, mucus; to, top of trachea / back of mouth / AW;
48
the function of the smooth muscle fibres in the bronchus wall
to constrict the bronchus
49
why blood capillaries and alveoli are very close together
short, distance / path (so that) diffusion / concentration, gradient is, high / steep; high rate of, (gas) exchange / diffusion
50
the function of these elastic fibres in the walls of the alveoli
recoil / expel air / prevent bursting

all biology (26 decks)

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