Allergic Rhinitis

Question 1

How long does chronic Rhinosinusitis typically last for?

1 - >4 weeks
2 - >2 months
3 - >4 months
4 - >6 months

Answer 1

3 - >4 months

Question 2

Rhinitis = inflammation of the lining of the nose (allergic vs non-allergic)

Rhinosinusitis: Inflammation of the lining of the nose and paranasal sinuses

Which of these 2 causes the following symptoms?

1 - nasal obstruction
2 - rhinorrhoea/post-nasal drip
3 - hyposmia/anosmia
4 - sneezing, itching
5 - watery eyes/swelling

Answer 2

Rhinitis = inflammation of the lining of the nose (allergic vs non-allergic)

This is typically the cause can be allergic in nature, causing sneezing and itching

Question 3

Which of the following is most effective at identifying specific allergies that may be triggering allergic rhinitus?

1 - clinical diagnosis
2 - RAST test
3 - nasoendoscopy
4 - naso imaging

Answer 3

2 - RAST test

RAST = Radio-allergosorbent test

Allows the identification of specific allergens

Wheels on the skin will become evident

Question 4

Anosmia (loss of small) and hyposmia (reduced smell) can be categorised into conductive or sensorineural. Which of the following is NOT a conductive cause of smell loss?

1 - Rhinitis
2 - Rhinosinusitis +/- polyps
3 - Nasal masses
4 - Infection (post-viral)

Answer 4

4 - Infection (post-viral)

Question 5

Anosmia (loss of small) and hyposmia (reduced smell) can be categorised into conductive or sensorineural. Which of the following is NOT a sensorineural cause of smell loss?

1 - Rhinitis
2 - Infection (post-viral)
3 - Head injury
4 - Medications (aminoglycosides, carbimazole)

Answer 5

1 - Rhinitis

Typically causes conductive loss of smell

Question 6

All of the following are paranasal sinuses that help amplify your voice, if blocked your voice sound changes. Which of the following are above the eyes?

1 - frontal sinuses
2 - ethmoidal sinuses
3 - sphenoidal sinuses
4 - maxillary sinuses

Answer 6

1 - frontal sinuses

Question 7

All of the following are paranasal sinuses that help amplify your voice, if blocked your voice sound changes. Which of the following are below the eyes?

1 - frontal sinuses
2 - ethmoidal sinuses
3 - sphenoidal sinuses
4 - maxillary sinuses

Answer 7

4 - maxillary sinuses

Question 8

All of the following are paranasal sinuses that help amplify your voice, if blocked your voice sound changes. Which of the following are behind the eyes?

1 - frontal sinuses
2 - ethmoidal sinuses
3 - sphenoidal sinuses
4 - maxillary sinuses

Answer 8

2 - ethmoidal sinuses

Question 9

All of the following are paranasal sinuses that help amplify your voice, if blocked your voice sound changes.Which of the following are above the pharynx and infront of the ears?

1 - frontal sinuses
2 - ethmoidal sinuses
3 - sphenoidal sinuses
4 - maxillary sinuses

Answer 9

3 - sphenoidal sinuses

Question 10

The nasal cavity is lined by hairs that are lined by mucus. Which of the following is not a characteristic of mucus?

1 - salty
2 - sticky
3 - lysozyme containing
4 - macrophage containing

Answer 10

4 - macrophage containing

• lysozyme are enzymes able to degrade pathogens
• mucus collects dust, pollen and pathogens

Question 11

Which of the following is a function of the paranasal sinuses?

1 - echo our voice
2 - goblet cells that produce mucus to trap pathogens and foreign particles
3 - circulate, moisten and warm air
4 - columnar cells with cilia that can move mucus and foreign bodies
5 - all of the above

Answer 11

5 - all of the above

Question 12

What type of hypersensitivity is an IgE reaction?

1 - Type I: IgE antibody mediated
2 - Type II: cytotoxic reaction mediated by IgG or IgM antibodies.
3 - Type III: reaction mediated by immune complexes.
4 - Type IV: delayed reaction mediated by cellular response.

Answer 12

1 - Type I: IgE antibody mediated

Question 13

Allergic rhinitis is an IgE inflammatory disorder of the nose caused by sensitisation of nasal mucosa to allergens. What symptoms can this present with?

1 - sneezing
2 - nasal itching
3 - discharge/congestion
4 - all of the above

Answer 13

4 - all of the above

Question 14

Allergic rhinitis is an IgE inflammatory disorder of the nose caused by sensitisation of nasal mucosa to allergens. Which of the following is NOT typically a complication of allergic rhinitis?

1 - impaired school performance
2 - disturbed sleep
3 - cystic fibrosis
4 - asthma
5 - sinusitis and nasal polyps
6 - eczema

Answer 14

3 - cystic fibrosis

Essentially associated with atopy conditions that can be triggered by pollen, dust, smoke, change in temperature etc..

Question 15

Which of the following is the main stay of treatment for allergic rhinitis?

1 - Allergen avoidance
2 - Nasal irrigation
3 - Steroid sprays or drops (betamethasone, fluticasone, mometasone)
4 - Anithistamines (fluticasone and azelastine)

Answer 15

1 - Allergen avoidance

Question 16

The main stay of treatment for allergic rhinitis is allergy avoidance. Which of the following is NOT a topical treatment for allergic rhinitis?

1 - Nasal irrigation
2 - Steroid sprays or drops (betamethasone, fluticasone, mometasone)
3 - Leukotriene antagonists, e.g. montelukast
4 - Anithistamines (fluticasone and azelastine)

Answer 16

3 - Leukotriene antagonists, e.g. montelukast

These are systemic

Question 17

The main stay of treatment for allergic rhinitis is allergy avoidance. Which of the following is NOT a systemic treatment for allergic rhinitis?

1 - Steroid sprays or drops (betamethasone, fluticasone, mometasone)
2 - Oral antihistamines, e.g. fexofenadine
3 - Leukotriene antagonists, e.g. montelukast
4 - Desensitisation immunotherapy – increased exposure increases tolerance (sublingual or subcutaneous)

Answer 17

1 - Steroid sprays or drops (betamethasone, fluticasone, mometasone)

These are sprayed into the nose

Surgery to reduce nasal obstruction can also be performed, typically the inferior turbinates

Question 18

Are paranasal sinuses typically sterile or non-sterile?

Answer 18

• sterile