Allergy 2 Flashcards
(74 cards)
1
Q
Whats chemical sensitivity?
A
- Acquired Intolerance of airborne chemicals
2
Q
Examples of chemical sensitivity?
A
- Products of combustion
- Perfumes and fragrances
- Products for Cleaning
- Pesticides
- Food additives and caffeine
- Paints and other solvent
3
Q
Symptoms of chemical sensitivity are similar to…
A
…that of a classical allergy
3
Q
Chemical sensitivity can be related to…
A
…fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome and, in some cases, post-traumatic stress disorder.
4
Q
What organ systems are involved in chemical sensitivity?
A
- Respiratory system
- Nervous system
5
Q
Classical allergy is also known as…
A
…type I hypersensitivity
6
Q
Classical allergies range from…
A
…hay fever to food allergy.
7
Q
Classical allergy is an […] condition, which is mediated by […] route.
A
Classical allergy is an acquired condition, which is mediated by IgE route.
8
Q
Classical allergies induces inflammation via…
A
…the release of histamine from mast cells
9
Q
Classical allergies can be …
A
…atopic (immediate) or non-atopic (delayed) in response
10
Q
Possible symptoms of allergy?
A
- Allergic Rhinitis: – Most common clinical expression of atopic hypersensitivity
- Allergic asthma– Allergen exposure results in bronchoconstriction
- Allergic Gastroenteropathy– Localized IgE reactions in the gut to an ingested food
- Urticaria– Diffuse hives or wheals
- Angioedema– localized tissue swelling that can occur in soft tissues throughout the body
11
Q
Whats anaphylaxis?
A
A sudden and severe allergic reaction
12
Q
Anaphylaxis occurs within…
A
…minutes of exposure
13
Q
Anaphylaxis is marked by…
A
… swelling of the throat or tongue, hives, and trouble breathing.
14
Q
During anaphylaxis, what is at risk?
A
Life is at risk and time is critical
15
Q
Anaphylaxis can lead to death within…
A
… 15 minutes if treatment is not received
16
Q
Methods of IgE Allergy Testing?
A
- Skin prick testing
- Elimination/Challenge diets
- Antibody testing – Didn’t work for my sesame allergy
- Hydrogen breath test (lactose)
- Coeliac test (gut biopsy)
17
Q
What are the two major types of anaphylaxis?
A
1) IgE mediated
2) Non-IgE mediated
18
Q
Whats IgE mediated anaphylaxis?
A
- True anaphylaxis that requires an initial sensitizing exposure, the coating of mast cells (and basophils) by IgE, and the explosive release of chemical mediators upon re–exposure.
19
Q
Whats Non-IgE mediated anaphylaxis?
A
- These reactions, the so called “anaphylactoid” reactions, are similar to those of true anaphylaxis, but do not require IgE.
– Usually caused by the direct stimulation of the mast cells and basophils.
– The same mediators as occur with true anaphylaxis are released and the same effects are produced.
20
Q
Mast cells may be triggered by other stimuli such as…
A
…exercise, emotional stress, chemicals.
21
Q
Non–IgE mediate Anaphylaxis does not require…
A
…sensitization
22
Q
IgE (atopic) allergies most often
develop in…
A
…childhood
23
Q
The genes of every child come…
A
…50% from the mother and 50% from
the father
24
half the proteins in the child are derived from...
...the father
25
The genes of every child come 50% from the mother and 50% from
the father.
* So half the proteins in the child are derived from the father
* This is a potential problem as the mothers immune system can...
...attack cells showing paternal derived proteins. Particularly since IgG can cross the placenta.
26
babies immune systems are...
...Th2 cell rich
27
So babies immune systems are Th2 cell rich and thus...
...drive IgE antibody producing cells
28
In most cultures kids are exposed to...
...lots of micro-organism from birth stimulating Th1 cells to develop and thus restoring the Th1/Th2 balance.
29
But if the environment is too
clean then this balance is...
...restored only slowly
30
When a B-cell is stimulated to change its antibody type, it is the...
...Th2 cells that direct the
change.
- Resulting in classic IgE type allergy
31
It is thought that the immature immune system of babies can be
‘educated’ by ...
...food antigens present in the
mothers milk
32
What are Th0 ?
virgin/naive T-helper cells
33
Th1 and Th2 helper cells differentiate from ...
...virgin/naive T-helper cells (Th0)
34
With frequent type 1 hypersensitivity, virgin T helper cells encouraged to...
...differentiate as Th2 cells
35
Low levels of Th1 cells mean
suffers get ...
...more systemic infections (e.g. bronchitis) and take longer to recover/heal.
36
Mast cells are very...
...long lived.
37
Memory B cells can last...
...50+ years
38
IgE stimulated allergy thus tend to...
... reoccur even after long periods of exclusion of the allergenic food from
the diet.
39
If one or two B cells bind the food allergen, but not enough to trigger a reaction then ...
...cells called T reg cells can instruct the B cell to suppress the response to the allergen.
40
Giving the sufferer very small amounts of the allergenic food – not enough to cause a reaction! – can lead to an...
...increase in the number of T reg cells
41
Giving the sufferer very small amounts of the allergenic food – not enough to cause a reaction! – can lead to an increase in the number of T reg cells and so the...
...suppression of the reaction when greater quantities of allergen is encountered.
42
What are the two types of intolerance?
1) Non-allergy intolerance
2) IgG based allergy
43
Whats a non-allergy intolerance?
This is where the digestive system is lacking an enzyme
44
Whats an IgG based allergy?
Caused when food gets through to the blood in a less than completely digested state
45
Non-allergy intolerance is where the digestive system is lacking an enzyme. For example,...
... The enzymes that digests lactose (lactase) for instance
46
Lactose passes through to the...
...lower gut
47
Lactose passes through to the lower gut where it is digested by ...
...microbes living in the gut
48
Some gut bacteria are friendly such as...
...vitamins and energy
49
Some bacteria will produce...
...gas, causing bloating
50
Other bacterias will produce...
...diarrhoea and malaise
51
What are Allergy-related food intolerances (Food-specific IgG related) ?
An actual food allergy, indicated by the
production of antibodies to the food allergen, and by the release of histamines and other chemicals into the blood
52
Many adverse reactions to foods do not involve...
...IgE antibodies
53
Many adverse reactions to foods do not involve IgE antibodies.
- They are called...
...food “sensitivities” or “intolerances.”
54
Many adverse reactions to foods do not involve IgE antibodies
- They are called food “sensitivities” or “intolerances.”
- Other immune mechanisms are used instead such as...
...IgG antibodies, immune complexes, or cell-mediated reactions are involved instead.
55
Allergy-related food intolerances can happen...
...quickly or can be delayed for two to
seventy-two hours or longer.
56
IgG are the most [...] and [...] antibody.
IgG are the most common and smallest antibody.
57
IgG allergy are the only...
...immunoglobulin to cross placenta
58
IgG are involved in fighting...
...the disease.
59
IgG is similar to...
...IgE
60
Other than mast cells, IgG antibodies can bind to several other cell types such as...
...Macrophages, monocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (including neutrophils).
60
IgG antibody can bind to ...
...mast cells (and thus anaphylaxis), but are usually free in the blood
61
Often the reaction is less intense as these other cells types do not have the
same ability as mast cells to...
...amplify the immune response.
(You have a reaction, but it is mild – perhaps barely noticeable – you just feel rough)
62
Expression of food intolerance may be influenced by...
- Physical exertion
- Stress
- Level of inflammation
- Increased permeability of the gut
63
Probiotics are...
... bacteria known to be beneficial
64
Probiotics help prevent...
... bad organism from adhering and causing problems such
as candidosis
65
There is evidence to suggest that
good bacteria can:
– Reduce the risk of cancer
– Lower serum cholesterol
– Reduce the severity of food allergies
– Stimulate the immune system
– Are anti-inflammatory
66
Allergens that cause food intolerance are often...
...repetitive in structure
67
Allergens that cause food intolerance are often repetitive in structure.
- They are often ...
...storage proteins in seeds, eggs or foods such as milk used to transport nutrients
68
virgin B cells can be partially activated by...
...binding of more that one surface antibody to the antigen.
69
If large amounts of any type of food is eaten that gets in to the body (via leaky gut for instance) then any virgin B cells reacting to the food could ...
... be activated
70
Because the B cell is not fully activated means that...
...the reaction is not necessarily fixed
71
About 95% of IgG-mediated reactions are...
...not fixed.
72
