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Physiology 3001 > Allergy and Hypersensitivity > Flashcards

Allergy and Hypersensitivity Flashcards

(42 cards)

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1
Q

What is the definition of an allergy?

A

Disease following a response by the immune systen to an otherwise innocous antigen

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2
Q

What is the definition of ‘Hypersensitivities’?

A

Harmful immune responses that produce tissue damage

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3
Q

What immune reactant causes a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction?

A

IgE

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4
Q

What is the effector mechanism for a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Mast cell activation

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5
Q

What is an example of a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Allergy, asthma

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6
Q

What immune reactant is involved in the type 2 hypersensitivity reaction?

A

IgG

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7
Q

What are the five main classes of immunoglobulins?

A
  • IgG
  • IgM
  • IgD
  • IgA
  • IgE
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8
Q

What immunoglobulin has the highest concentration in the bloodstream?

A

IgG

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9
Q

What immunoglobulin has the shortest half-life?

A

IgE (2 days)

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10
Q

What immunoglobulin has the longest half-life?

A

IgG (21 days)

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11
Q

What does IgE trigger?

A

Mast cell degranulation

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12
Q

What cells produce IgE?

A

Plasma B cells in lymph nodes or locally at site of unflammation

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13
Q

What route is thought to favour IgE production?

A

Transmucosal

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14
Q

What do CD4+ T cells do?

A

They produce IL4 cytokines that favour IgE responses

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15
Q

What cells force B cells to switch the isotype of the Ig they secrete from IgM to IgE?

A

Th2 T cells

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16
Q

What are some of the common inhaled allergens?

A
  • Plant pollens
  • Dander of domesticated animals
  • Mold spores
  • Feces of very small animals (e.g house dust mites)
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17
Q

What injected materials are a source of allergy?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Injected venoms
  • Vaccines
  • Drugs
  • Therapeutic proteins
18
Q

What ingested materials can be a source of allergy?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Food

- Orally administered drugs

19
Q

What contacred materials can be source of allergy?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Plant leaves
  • Industria; products made from plants
  • Synthetic chemicals in industrial products
  • Metals
20
Q

What are some of the common features of inhaled allergens?

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A
  • Proteins induce T cell responses
  • Allergens are often proteases
  • They often favour IL4 producing CD4 T cells
  • They can diffuse out of particle (highly soluble)
  • They are highly soluble
  • They can survive dessictation (dry) (stable)
21
Q

What is the allergen produced in feces of house dust mites?

22
Q

How do Der p 1 allergens work?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Can cleave tight junctions between epithelial cells in airway, thus enhancing access
  • Der p 1 then taken up by Dendritic cells, presented to T cells which become Th2, and cause B cells to secrete IgE
23
Q

What is the pathway of allergies from when the substance enters to when IgE is produced?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Crosses lung tissue
  • Antigen presenting cells (APC) e.g dendritic cells or macrophages
  • Processed by by protoletic enzymes typically
  • Presented as antigenic peptides on MHC molecules
  • T cells will be activated and coordinate with B cells the production of IgE
  • IgE binds to mast cells
24
Q

What is the most important factor in what symptoms occur in the allergic reaction?

Study These Flashcards
A

Location and distribution

25
What is the name of the allergic response to inhaled antigens which affect nasal epithelium?
Allergic rhinitis
26
What can allergen induced degranulation further down the respiratory tract result in?
Allergic asthma
27
What does allergic asthma include?
- Bronchial constriction - Increased secretion of fluid and mucus trapping inhaled air - Chronic inflammation may ensue with presesence of Th2 T cells, eosinophil, neutrophils -
28
What causes the second decrease in FEV1 in asthmatics?
Influx of inflammatory cells and influx of fluid and therefore oedema
29
What is the first appearence of a skin allergy referred to as?
Wheal and Flare, first appearing within a few minutes as a result of vasodilation after Mast cell degranulation, localised redness
30
What happens roughly 8 hours after the 'wheal and flare' which is a result of a skin allergy?
More diffuse oedema at site due to influx of lymphocytes and other leukocytes, attracted by cytokines
31
What are the two main symptoms of ingested allergens?
- Diarrhea and vomitting
32
What happens if an ingested allegen enters the bloodstream?
- Generalised disseminated rash, Urticaria (hives) | - severe cases life threatening generalised anaphylaxis can occur
33
What do mast cell granules contain?
- Lipids - Leukotryienes - Histamine - Prostaglandins - Heparin
34
What cytokines amplify Th2 response?
IL-4 and IL-13
35
What chemokine attracts macrophages and neutrophils?
MIP-1alpha
36
What are the two main types of treatment of allergies?
- Desensitisation | - Blockade of effector pathways
37
What is the aim of allergy treatments?
- Shift from IgE dominated to IgG dominated
38
What does injecting patients with higher and higher doses of allergen cause?
A gradual shift from Th2 to Th1 T cells
39
What is the dosage for adrenaline?
0.3mg in adults (0.15 in children)
40
What are the hypotheses for having increased allergy levels in developed countries?
- Exposure to infectious diseases in childhood decreases allergy chances - Early childhood exposure to Th1 inducing pathogen may prevent bias towards Th2 responses later decreasing allergy responses - Increased pollution levels decrease asthma levels - Allergies and athma lower in areas with high helminth burdens
41
What kind of organism is IgE thought to fight against?
Helminths
42
Promotion of what type of cells favours IgE response?
Th2 T cells

Physiology 3001 (20 decks)

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