alpha bais Flashcards
(24 cards)
gender bias
refers to the misrepenstion in attitudes and beleifs based on prejudce or pre-existing ideas concerning gender
e.g women more nurtuning then men
alpha bias-refers to theories which exageerate iffences between men and women
these may enhance or undervalue members of either sex, typically undervalue females
example-evouioney explanarions
evoluiton explans humans need to surive therefore reproduce. explains how males and females are innately different in adapation to ehir role in surival ofthir offsprin g
e,g men more domiat adn femals have ore time and parental invetemtn into suvial off offspring
beta bias-referes tothiors which ignore or minimse sex differences
may assume male findings can be applied wually to femals
e.g ash study inoto conformity involved all male sample
assumed findings from males could be applied equally to males ahd that they had same rate sof conformity
howveer, mori and arai from reacent replications showed that gender difefrenecs in confomrity
research ifgnores gender differenc though assumption femalses would behave the same
Feminsit sychologists found way to avoid gender bias
worrell and renner set criteis for resaechers t follow to avoid gender bias
incolves female taking part in real life contects and partipcating frtaher then object of study
strength as avoids gender bias more than lab-based research
promotes sexism in reserach process
females underrepresented in uni departments e.g science
female intake of undergradaute psyhcologists is muschhigher but amount of male lectrues are mainly males meaning more leikly to conduct research
males may assume women cannot compelte complex tasks therefore giving them easier tasks whetehr they undepreform
culture bias-a tendancy to ignore cultural differnces and interpret all phenomena through lends of owns own culture
etic construct-looks from otide cyulture and desives behavioru as universal
emic construct-looks from within/inside cultural and identifies behaviour more specific to culture
ethnocentism-judging other cultures stadnards and values by ones own culture
eg aisnworth SS
only rflects norms and values of american culture
suggested that secure attchment
ethnocentirsm
judging other cultures by the standards and values of ones culture
e.g ainsowth SS
only reflects the norms and values of american culture
ainsworth suggested that secure attachment was demonstrated by the infant shadowing moderate amounts of distress when left alone from mother figure
descibred as imposed etic, a technique develoed in one culture and then IMPOSED on another
cultural relativism
idea thats norms and values as well as ethics can only be menigul and understodd whithin specific social and cultural contects
exmaple of culutral relativsm
sternberg
meaning of intelligence diffres within cultures
suggests that corrdination skills in pre-literate society i.e tribes
amy be mostly irrelvent to intelligent behvaiour for most people in literate well developed society
strength
disticntion betweeen individualsim and collectivism
indivisult culture is asssocited with western counteries who are thought to value independence and personal freedom
wheras, collectivist cultures are said to put more emphasis on interdependence and needs of group
however, pshycoloists argue that this is simplistic distinction which no longer applies
fodun that 14 out of 15 studies betweeen us and japan foudn no evidence of the tradiaitonal distinction
strength as suggests cutlural bias is less of an iissue then it once was
strengt-cross cultural rsearch challenges Western assumptions
one of the great beenfits of conduction cross culural research is that it may challenge our typically western ways of thinking and viewing the world
weakness-cross cutlural research is prone to demand charcaeristids
when conducting research in western culture, pts are assuemd to know the aims and objectives of resaerch
however, in cultures without historical experince of resaerch, local popualtions may be more affected by demand charcteristdics than western participants
nature v nurture
nature-view that behaviour is a product of innate (biolgical and genetic) factors
example of nature-bowlbly proposed child ks born biologically programmed to form attachments to enable them to survive. suggetss attachment bvehaviour is NATURALLY SELECTED and passed on as result of geentic inheritance
supoirted by animal research from lorenz and harlow
nurture-view that behaviour is a porduct of enviromental infleunecs
behaviourst explain attachment in terms of classical conditioning
food (UCS) is assocuted with mohter (ns)
throgh many repeated pairings, the mother becomes hthe CR and prompts CR in child
child forms atatchment based on pleasure experinced as result of being given food
demonstrates role of nurture in attachment
measuring nature and nurture
herability coefficent can be used to quanity the extend to which the charactiertsic has a gentic basic
e.g intelligence has 0.5
diastress model
suggests behaviour is CAUSED By biological or envireomtnal vulnervbaility
(diathestsi) whcih is nly EXPRESSED when coupled up with bilogical and envriomental trigger (stressor)
epigentics
refers ti a change in our genetic activoty without the change of the gene themselves
due to interaction with envrioment
intercationist approach
whether our behaviour is more infleuneced by nature or nurture
bowbly who laiemd that baby attchament type is determined by warmth and continutiry of parental love #propsedd by babys innate perosnaility (temperent)
envireomnt and heredity interact
strength
support for energetics
how envrioemtnal influences can affect generatiosn
main example is the second wold war
in 1944, nazis blocked the distibtuion of food to the DUcth causing 22,000 people to die of starvation
found that women who became pregannt during famine, went on to have low birth weight baies
more itnersting is that these babies were twice as likely to develop SZ when they grw up compared ti more typical population rates
strength–interactionsim can be usedd to explain neural plasticty
suggess that life experibces (nuture) shour our bioldagy (nature)
e.g maguire et al investiagted hippocampus (brain area heavily involved in saptial skills) volume of london taxi drivers brains
found that this region of the brain was larger in taxi drivers in comparison to non-taxi drivers
strength-adoption studies
if adoted children are found to be more simailr to thier adoptive parents, suggests the enviroment is
free will v determism debate
the extent to whcih behaviour is infleunced by forces wee have no control of or that we can DECIDE for ourselves how to act and behave
free will
humans play an active role and can make choices in how we behave
individuals are free to choose their ebhaviour and are NOT detemried by biolfgical or external factors
exmaple of free will
humanistic pshycologis-sugegsts we are ultmailny reposnive for our own behaviour (active agents) regardles sof external events in past or present
determinsim-view that invidivals behaviour is shaped or cntrolled by envireomtnal ir intneral factors rather then individuals willto do somethig
Hard detemism-free will is NOT possible as our behaviour is alwasy casued by internal or external events beyond our control
Soft-contrained by envrioment or biological make up but onyl to ceratin extent, there is an eleemnt of free will in all behaviour
Biological-beahvioru is casued by biolgical influences that we cannot control
Enviromental-behaviour is caused by features of enviroemtn and punsihment we cannot control
Psychic-caused by unconcious cnflicts that we cannot control
strength
internal validty
robert found that adolescents with a internal LOC are LESS likle yto develop depression and more liekly to have better mental health then adolesneces with external locus of control
strength as these differnces supports idea that free will can be sued to help us determine what controls our life eents
holism v reeduction
conerned with level whcih is appropraite to explain human behaviour
redcutionsit explanations attempt to break throught down into its simples, smallest parts . whereas, holsitci explanations consider person as a WHOLE
holims
view that human behaviour can ONLY be udnerstod by analysying the preson or behaviour as a WHOLE rather then consistent parts
reductionsm
analysing beahviour by breaking it down into more cimple compenets
gender bias
referes to mis
